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REPORTS OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30
1908
ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS
IN 2 VOLUMES
VOLUME I
SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAUS, EXCEPT OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS
ELEEMOSYNARY INSTITUTIONS
NATIONAL PARKS AND RESERVATIONS
WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1908
REPORTS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
Administrative reports, in 2 volumes.
Vol. I. Secretary of the Interior.
Bureaus, except Office of Indian Affairs.
Eleemosynary Institutions.
National parks and reservations.
Vol. II. Indian Affairs.
Territories.
Report of the Commissioner of Education, in 2 volumes.
CONTENTS.
Page,
Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1
Bureaus of the Interior Department 2
General statement 3
Inspection 3
Personnel 4
Buildings 4
Office of Assistant Attorney-General *5
General Land Office 8
General discussion 8
Opening of Indian lands 11
Conservation of natural resources 11
Protection of public lands 13
Coal lands 14
Alaska coal lands 15
Fencing 15
Timber and stone 16
Rights of way 16
Desert land and dry farming 17
Indian Office 18
Five Civilized Tribes 20
Lands 20
Osage Reservation 27
Schools 27
Coal lands 29
Timber lands 30
Oil 30
Pensions 32
Appeals in pension and bounty land claims 34
Patent Office 36
Bureau of Education 38
Geological Survey 40
Geologic branch 41
Topographic branch 42
Water-resources branch 42
Technologic branch 43
Publications 45
The nation's mineral resources 45
Reclamation Service 46
Salt River project, Arizona 49
Yuma project, Arizona 50
Orland project, California 51
Grand Valley project, California 51
in
IV CONTENTS.
Report of the Secretary of the Interior — Continued.
Reclamation Service — Continued. Page.
Uncompahgre Valley project, Colorado 51
Minidoka project, Idaho 52
Payette-Boise project, Idaho 52
Garden City project, Kansas 52
Huntley project, Montana 52
Milk River project, Montana 53
St. Mary project, Montana 53
Sun River project, Montana 53
Lower Yellowstone projects, Montana-North Dakota 53
North Platte project, Wyoming-Nebraska , 54
Truckee-Carson project, Nevada , 54
Carlsbad project, New Mexico 54
Hondo project, New Mexico 55
Rio Grande project, New Mexico-Texas 55
Buford-Trenton and Williston projects, North Dakota 55
Klamath project, Oregon-California 56
Umatilla project, Oregon 56
Belle Fourche project, South Dakota 56
Strawberry Valley project, Utah 57
Okanogan project, Washington 57
Sunnyside project, Washington 57
Tieton project, Washington 57
Shoshone project, Wyoming 58
Printing and publications 58
Territories 59
Arizona .' 59
New Mexico 60
Alaska 61
Hawaii 63
Porto Rico 65
Guam and Samoa 65
National parks and reservations 66
Hot Springs Reservation 66
The preservation of American antiquities 67
Bird reserves 68
Eleemosynary institutions '. 69
Government Hospital for the Insane 69
Freedmen's Hospital 70
Howard University 71
Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 71
Maryland School for the Blind 72
Washington Hospital for Foundlings 72
The Superintendent of the United States Capitol Building and Grounds. . 73
( reneral education board 73
Dintrict of Columbia corporations 74
The Maril Line ( lanal ( ompany of Nicaragua 74
Report of the ( iommissioner of the General Land Office 75
General statement 77
Cash receipts 80
Area of land entered 80
New system of keeping records and accounts in district land offices 80
Salaried of employees 81
CONTENTS. V
Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office — Continued. page.
Legislation 83
Lands under reclamation projects 83
Rights of way 83
Administrative law 84
Plats destroyed by fire 86
Undelivered patents 86
Surveys 87
Withdrawal of irrigable arid lands 88
Restoration of lands to entry 89
Registers and receivers 89
California school grant 90
Surveyors-general 91
Inspection of land offices 91
Index of patents 92
Bird reservations 92
National monuments 93
Condition of building 94
Maps 95
National forests 95
Changes in regulations 96
Amendments of homestead entries 96
Homesteads in reclamation projects 96
Homesteads in Alaska 96
Contests — affidavits for publication 97
Proceedings on special agents' reports 97
Lists of lands sold 97
Certified copies and fees of United States surveyors-general 97
Timber in Alaska 98
Coal lands 98
Evidence of title to mining claims and of water rights 98
Locations of warrants script, certificates, soldiers' additional rights, etc. 98
Isolated tracts 98
Payments to public creditors 99
New forms of applications, etc 99
Credit for prior payment in second application to commute homestead
entries 99
Forest lieu land frauds 99
Creek lands in Alabama 102
Opening of Indian lands 103
Statistics relating to the disposition of the public domain 104
Report of the Commissioner of Pensions 127
Commissioners of Pension since 1833 128
General statement 129
Pensions of the several wars and of the peace establishment 138
Pensions on account of the war with Spain and the insurrection in the
Philippine Islands 138
Examining surgeons 139
Special acts 140
Attorneys 140
Order 78 and act of April 24, 1906 14]
Act of February 6, 1907 142
Act of April 19, 1908 144
Ten years' summary 145
VI CONTENTS.
Report of the Commissioner of Pensions — Continued. Page.
Bounty-land warrants 145
Criminal prosecutions 146
Revolutionary pensioners 147
War of 1812 148
Miscellaneous . 148
Report of the Commissioner of Patents 167
Additional room 172
Force and salaries 173
Condition of the work 176
Models 176
Changes in the rules of practice 177
Additional gains in efficiency and economy 179
Treaties and proposed conventions with foreign countries 182
Statement of the Commissioner of Education 183
Editorial division and division of statistics 185
Library division 187
Division of correspondence and records 189
Reports required by statute 189
Agricultural and mechanical colleges 189
General Education Board 190
Education in Alaska and reindeer for Alaska 190
Education in Alaska 190
The Alaska reindeer service 194
Recommendations 195
Report of the Director of the Geological Survey 199
Special features of the work. 201
Land classification 201
Mining geology 202
Mining technology 202
Alaskan surveys 203
Mineral statistics 204
National conservation 205
Coal resources 205
Water resources 206
Need of investigation 206
Floods 206
Inland navigation 207
Irrigation 207
Drainage of wet lands 208
Water power 208
Technologic investigations 209
Map publication 209
Organization 210
Work of the year 211
Publications 211
Field work by the Director 221
Geologic branch 221
Administration 221
Publications 221
Division of geology and paleontology 221
Organization 221
Geologic work in Eastern and Southeastern States 222
Geologic work in Central States east of 97 degrees 227
CONTENTS. VII
Report of the Director of the Geological Survey — Continued.
Work of the year — Continued.
Geologic branch — Continued.
Division of geology and paleontology — Continued. Page.
Geologic work in the sixteen Western public-land States and
Territories 230
General geologic and paleontologic work 237
Division of Alaskan mineral resources 240
Personnel 240
Field operations in season of 1907 240
Field operations in season of 1908 243
Office work 244
Geologic results 244
Division of mineral resources 245
Division of chemical and physical research 246
Topographic branch 247
Organization 247
Personnel 248
Summary of results 248
Atlantic division 249
Field work 249
Summary 249
Details of work by States 250
Office work 256
Central division 258
Field work 258
Summary 258
Details of work by States 258
Drainage surveys in Minnesota 262
Office work 262
Rocky Mountain division 263
Field work 263
Summary 263
Details of work by States 264
Office work 266
Pacific division 266
Field work 266
Summary 266
Details of work by States 267
Office work 270
Compilation of special national-forest maps 271
Instruments and topographic records 271
Inspection of topographic surveying and mapping 272
Water-resources branch 272
Organization 272
Stream-flow investigations 273
Ground- water investigations 276
Investigations of quality of water 278
Technologic branch 270
Organization 279
Fuels division 279
Chemical section 279
Steam-engineering section 280
Producer-gas section
VIII CONTENTS.
Report of the Director of the Geological Survey— Continued.
Work of the year — Continued.
Technologic branch — Continued.
Fuels division — Continued. Page.
Inspection and sampling section 281
Smoke-abatement section 281
Coking and washery sections 281
Briquet section 282
Coal waste and mine explosives section 282
Structural-materials division 282
Laboratory work 283
Field work 283
Publications 284
Special investigations 284
Publication branch 284
Book-publication division 284
Section of texts 284
Section of illustrations 285
Section of geologic maps 286
Section of topographic maps 286
Section of distribution 286
Division of engraving and printing 287
Maps, folios, and illustrations 287
Instrument shop 287
Photographic laboratory 288
Administrative branch 288
Executive division 288
Division of disbursements and accounts 291
Library 291
Report of the Government Hospital for the Insane 293
Officers of the hospital 295
Report of the superintendent 297
Movements of population 297
Buildings and grounds 298
Steam tables 298
Manure pit 299
Coal storage 299
Home for male nurses 299
Laundry 299
Sterilizer 299
Stone steps 299
West Lodge skylight 299
New plumbing 299
Fireproofing 299
New stairways 299
Fire engine 299
Old pump house 300
New crib ". 300
Recitation room 300
Gymnasium 300
Circulating library 300
Record room 301
Tree 301
Amusement ball 301
CONTENTS. IX
Report of the Government Hospital for the Insane — Continued.
Report of the superintendent — Continued. Page.
Engineering department 301
Electrical 301
Plumbing 301
Sewers 301
Steam fitting 301
Water system 301
Boiler house 302
Machine work 302
Administrative department 302
Office of the steward 302
Matron 302
Mattress shop 302
Laundry 302
Tin shop 302
Diagram, showing the organization of the Government Hospital for
the Insane 302
Medical and scientific departments 303
Training school 303
Hydrotherapy 303
Ophthalmologist 303
Dentist 303
Photography 303
Contagious and infectious diseases 303
Surgery 304
Tuberculosis 304
Vaccination 304
Staff meetings 305
Pathological department 305
Clinical pathology 308
Psychological laboratory 308
Investigations 309
Publications 311
Farm and industrial departments 312
Stock 314
Legislation 315
Estimates for the fiscal year 1910 316
Medical staff 321
Appointments 321
Separations 321
Promotions 321
Assignments 321
General considerations 321
Additional accommodations 323
Additional land 324
Dairy herd, barns, etc 325
Changes in electrical plant 326
Per capita cost 326
Statistical tables 327
Report of the Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 34 1
Officers of the institution 342
Health 343
X CONTENTS.
Report of the Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb — Continued. page.
Courses of instruction 343
Lectures 343
In the college 343
In the Kendall School 344
Receipts and expenditures 344
Estimates for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910 345
The exercises of presentation day 346
Presentation of candidates for degrees 346
Remarks of President Gallaudet conferring honorary degrees 347
President BuePs address 348
Conferring of degrees 350
Meeting of the Convention of American Instructors of the Deaf 350
Catalogue of students and pupils 351
In the college 351
In the Kendall School 352
Regulations 353
Report of the Freedmen's Hospital 355
Roster of officers of the hospital 356
Medical and surgical work 358
Training School for Nurses 369
Recommendations 374
Report of the President of Howard University 377
Board of trustees ■, 378
School of Medicine 379
School of Law 380
First year 380
Middle year 380
Senior year 381
School of Theology 381
College of Arts and Sciences 382
Teachers' College 382
Department of Manual Arts 383
Commercial College 383
Academy (preparatory department) 383
Appendix 385
Account pertaining to current expenses of academic branches, officers,
and professors 386
Report of the superintendent of the Capitol building and grounds : 393
The Capitol 395
Capitol grounds 396
Engine house, Senate and House stables : 396
Court-house, District of Columbia 396
Botanic Garden 396
Expenditures 396
Senate and House office buildings 398
Report of the superintendent of Yellowstone National Park 401
Travel 403
Roads, culverts, and bridges 404
Fish 405
Wild animals 406
Antelope 406
Buffalo 407
CONTENTS. XI
Report of the superintendent of Yellowstone National Park— Continued.
Wild animals — Continued. Page.
Bear 407
Beaver and marmot 408
Coyotes 408
Deer 408
Elk 408
Moose 409
Mountain lions 409
Birds 409
Forest fires 409
Poaching 409
The hold-up of August 24, 1908 410
Estimates 412
Recommendations 412
Rules and regulations 413
Regulations of July 2, 1908 413
Instructions of July 2, 1908 414
Fires 414
Camps 414
Bicycles 415
Fishing 415
Dogs. 415
Grazing animals 415
Hotels 415
Boat trip on Yellowstone Lake 415
Driving on roads of park 415
Miscellaneous 416
Regulations of October 11, 1900, governing the impounding and dis-
position of loose live stock 416
Report of the acting superintendent of Yosemite National Park 419
Patrols 421
Grazing 422
Forest fires 422
Game 423
Fish 424
Fencing 424
- Patented lands 424
Telephone service 425
Roads, trails, and bridges 425
Hetch Hetchy Valley 427
Concessions 427
Hotels and camps 428
Rights of way 429
San Francisco water supply 430
Employees 431
Buildings 431
Power plant, water distribution, and sanitation 431
Underbrush 432
Visitors 432
Estimates 433
Recommendations 433
XII CONTENTS.
Report of the acting superintendent of Yosemite National Park — Continued. page.
Appendixes : 435
A — Reports of L. C. Hill on roads 435
B — Reports of M. O. Leigh ton on sanitary conditions and water supply. 437
C — Report of Chief Electrician C. W. Tucker on the power plant 442
D — Rules and regulations 443
Regulations of February 29, 1908 443
Instructions to tourists 444
Regulations governing impounding and disposition of loose live
stock 446
Report of the acting superintendent of the Sequoia and General Grant national
parks 447
Sequoia National Park 449
General Grant National Park 449
Guarding the parks 450
General conditions 451
Park regulations 451
Forest fires 451
Game 451
Fish and fishing 452
Driving live stock through parks 452
Big trees and other natural features 452
Table showing points of interest in Sequoia and General Grant national
parks T 453
Patented lands 455
Headquarters camp 455
Military post 455
Post-office 456
Accommodations 456
Tourists 456
Roads and trails 456
Telephone lines 457
Park rangers 457
Acting superintendent 458
Mount Whitney Power Company 458
Sanitation 458
Camp sites 459
Disposal of kitchen refuse and other waste 439
Water source 459
Animals 459
Latrines, sinks, privies 459
Abandonment of camp 459
Estimates for fiscal year 1910 459
Sequoia National Park 459
General Grant National Park 460
Conclusion 460
Rules and regulations '. 461
Sequoia National Park 461
General regulations of March 30, 1907 461
Regulations of March 30, 1907, governing the impounding and dis-
position of loose live stock 462
( reneral Giant National Park 463
CONTENTS. XIII
Page.
Report of the acting superintendent of Mount Rainier National Park 465
Patrols 467
Forest conditions 469
Game 469
Fish 470
Roads, trails, and automobiles 470
Ranger cabins 471
Prospecting 471
Travel 472
Hotels and camps 473
Privileges ( 473
Estimates 473
Recommendations 473
Rules and regulations 475
General regulations of June 10, 1908 475
Regulations of June 10, 1908, governing the impounding and dispo-
sition of loose live stock 476
Regulations of June 10, 1908, governing the admission of automobiles. . 477
Report of the superintendent of Mesa Verde National Park 479
General statement 482
Roads and trails 483
Water supply 484
Excavation and repair of ruins 484
Travel 485
Forest fires 485
Game 485
Order in the park 485
Lands 485
Privileges 486
Recommendations 486
Road building 486
Excavation and repair of ruins 486
Local museum 486
Custodian's house 487
Telephone line 487
Legislation 487
Estimates 487
Rules and regulations 487
General regulations of March 19, 1908 487
Regulations of March 19, 1908, governing the impounding and dispo-
sition of loose live stock 489
Report of J. Walter Fewkes 490.
Introduction 490
Educational ideal 490
Repair not restoration 491
Method of excavation and repair 491
Protection from torrents 492
Repair of walls . -. 492
Ground plan of ruin 493
Number of rooms and dimensions 493
General character of walls 494
Refuse heaps 495
XIV CONTENTS.
Report of J. Walter Fewkes — Continued. Page.
Classification of rooms 495
Secular rooms 495
Wooden beams and ladders 496
Balcony 497
Stone bins 497
Circular rooms 497
Warriors' room 498
Details of construction 498
Mural paintings 498
Likeness to pueblos 499
Ceremonial rooms or kivas 499
Excavation and repair of kivas 499
Construction of a kiva 500
Ventilators of kivas 501
Entrances to kivas 501
Construction of kiva A 502
Restoration of a kiva 502
Sign boards and labels 503
Approaches to ruin 503
Collections 504
Report on Wind Cave, Crater Lake, Sullys Hill, and Piatt national parks, Casa
Grande Ruin, and Minnesota National Forest Reserve 507
Wind Cave National Park 509
Crater Lake National Park 511
Sullys Hill Park 514
Piatt National Park 514
Casa Grande Ruin 519
Minnesota National Forest Reserve 523
Report of the superintendent of Hot Springs Reservation 527
General statement 529
The Fountain street cold spring 530
Receipts and expenditures for fiscal year 1908 531
Bath houses 532
Bath rates and attendants' fees 532
Water rents • 534
Ground leases to bath houses 535
The government free bath house 536
Leases 537
Hot Springs Mountain Observatory 538
New rules and regulations 538
The drumming evil 539
Government lots 540
Conclusion 540
Appendixes 541
A — Schedule of appraisements of unsold lots on Hot Springs Reservation . 541
B — Schedule showing status of lots platted on Hot Springs Reservation. 544
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
Map of United States, showing areas covered by geologic surveys 220
Map of United States, showing areas covered by topographic surveys 248
Key map of the grounds of the Government Hospital for the Insane 340
Map of the grounds of the Government Hospital for the Insane 340
Map of Yellowstone National Park 418
Map of Yosemite National Park 446
Map of Sequoia and General Grant National parks 464
Map of Mount Rainier National Park t 478
Plate I. Wild elk on the alfalfa field in the northern portion of the Yellow-
stone National Park near the town of Gardiner, Mont 406
II. Partly deforested tract on patented land near Atwell's Mill 456
III. A. — Atwell's Mill on patented lands, Sequoia Park 456
B. — Marble Fork Bridge, Grant Forest Road 456
IV. Buena Vista Point, Grant Forest Road 456
V. Spruce-Tree House, from the southwest, before and after repair. . . 493
VI. Spruce-Tree House, Plaza D, before and after repair 493
VII. Plan of Spruce-Tree House 493
VIII. Fig. 1, interior of kiva and ventilator; fig. 2, roof of kiva C 501
IX. Casa Grande, compound B 521
X. Casa Grande, clan house A 521
xv
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
r>S920— INT 1908— vol 1 1
BUREAUS OF THE INTERIOR DEPARTMENT,
GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Organized as a bureau of the Treasury Department under act of April 25, 1812
(2 Stat. L., 716).
First Commissioner, Edward Tiffin, of Ohio; appointed May 7, 1812.
Became a bureau of the Interior Department when that Department was
organized under the act of March 3, 1849 (9 Stat. L., 395).
INDIAN OFFICE.
Organized as a bureau of the War Department under act of July 9, 1832 (4 Stat.
L., 564),
First Commissioner, Elbert Herring, of New York; appointed July 10, 1832.
Became a bureau of the Interior Department when that Department was
organized.
BUREAU OF PENSIONS.
Organized as a bureau of the War Department under act of March 2, 1833
(4 Stat. L., 622).
First Commissioner, James L. Edwards, of Virginia; appointed March 3,
1833.
Became a bureau of the Interior Department ^vvhen that Department was
organized.
PATENT OFFICE.
Organized as a bureau of the State Department under act of March 4, 1836
(5 Stat. L., 117).
First Commissioner, Henry S. Ellsworth, of Connecticut; appointed July 4, 1836.
Became a bureau of the Interior Department when that Department was
organized.
BUREAU OF EDUCATION.
Organized under act of March 2, 1867 (14 Stat. L., 434).
Became a bureau of the Interior Department July 1, 1869, under act of July 20,
1868 (15 Stat. L., 106).
First Commissioner, Henry Barnard, of Connecticut; appointed March 14,
1867.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Organized as a bureau of the Interior. Department under act of March 3,
1879 (20 Stat. L., 394).
First Director, Clarence King, of New York; appointed April 14, 1879.
RECLAMATION SERVICE.
Organized under act of June 17, 1902 (32 Stat. L., 388), under the Director of the
Geological Survey, Charles I> Walcott.
First Director, F. II. Newell, of Pennsylvania; appointed March 9, 1907.
2
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Department of the Interior,
.Washington, D. C, December 23, 1908.
Sir : I have the honor to submit the annual report of the Depart-
ment of the Interior. The reports of the bureaus, offices, institutions,
and Territories under the supervision of the department are pre-
sented herewith.
GENERAL STATEMENT.
The year's work has proved the value of the reorganization of the
Department. By throwing full responsibility upon the heads of the
bureaus, by coordinating their work, and by close cooperation be-
tween the Secretary's office and the heads of the offices and bureaus
it has been possible to constantly improve the methods of administra-
tion. The changes made have for their purpose the simplification of
business without any loss in accuracy or responsibility.
The frequent conferences between the Secretary and the heads
of the bureaus and offices have grown in usefulness. They have
brought about a closer cooperation between the bureaus engaged in
similar or kindred work, and have resulted in doing away entirely
with causes for friction, misunderstanding, and consequent delay in
transacting business.
One interesting result of the new organization has been the per-
sonal interest which it has aroused among the officials and employees.
The knowledge that improved methods, when found adaptable to
government business, would be accepted has induced some employees
to give great care and attention to the thoughtful study of methods
for the simplification and improvement of their own work and its
relation to the general work of the department.
The loyal support given by the employees of the department in
the work of reorganization is especially gratifying.
During the summer I visited the Territory of Hawaii and various
reclamation projects, Indian agencies and reservations, and land
offices.
INSPECTION.
The change in the method of inspection of the outside services of
the department has been very beneficial. The country is now divided
into six inspection districts, to each of which a special inspector is
3
4 KEPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
assigned. His duties cover the inspection of all the various outside
offices under the department. Inspections of each office are fre-
quently and thoroughly made. They cover the examination of
accounts, the inspection of the physical condition of the public prop-
erty, and an investigation into the general conduct of the official
in charge and his employees. The inspections have resulted in
many improvements.
PERSONNEL.
The total number of persons employed is 18,770. Of these, 4,396
are in Washington. The classified service has been extended to posi-
tions under the Land Office, the Indian Office, the Bureau of Educa-
tion, and the National Parks, covering a total of 618 positions.
It is to be hoped that Congress will provide for a reclassification of
all the employees of the Government and a readjustment of the sala-
ries. No one administrative change is more needed than this. It
would enormously increase the efficiency of the public service. In ad-
dition to reclassification, adequate provision should be made for the
retirement of employees who have given long and meritorious service.
Under the law providing for the compensation of employees injured
in the public service there have been about 50 cases reported by the
Interior Department since the 1st of July of this year.
While it is too early to judge the value of this law, I am confident
that it is a wise one, and is based upon the proper principle.
BUILDINGS.
The total rent roll of the department is $44,200, and I again urge
the need of providing permanent quarters for the offices and bureaus
which are now in rented buildings. It is false economy to provide
inadequate and nonfireproof buildings. Property of the Govern-
ment under the control of the Geological Survey, the Bureau of Edu-
cation, and the Reclamation Service, of very great value and much
of which could not be reproduced, is in buildings not fireproof. A
fire occurred in the Geological Survey building on December 16.
Fortunately the promptness and efficiency of the fire department
averted a serious loss, but this accident emphasizes the need of a
proper building. The estimated loss is $20,000.
I have used some space in the Pension Office for the growing needs
of the Indian Office, Geological Survey, and the Civil Service Com-
mission, yet these changes are but makeshifts. The old Post-Office
building is seriously overcrowded. Both that and the Patent Office
building are in need of extensive repairs. I can not urge upon Con-
gress too strongly the need and the wisdom of providing buildings
in accordance with the submitted estimates.
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 5
OFFICE OF ASSISTANT ATTORNEY-GENERAL.
The force in the office of the Assistant Attorney-General was used
during the fifteen months prior to July 1, 1908, principally to bring
the routine work of that office more nearly current. At the same
time greater activity in the field and the bureaus caused an increase
of more than 20 per cent in the number of appeals received. Appeals
pending were nevertheless reduced from 958 on March 1, 1907, to
330 on July 1, 1908. When it was found that the appealed cases, the
principal routine work of the office, were nearly current, some of the
force of the office was detailed for other important work. Thus, in
cooperation with the Department of Justice there was instituted a
closer scrutiny of the land litigation both in the District of Columbia
and throughout the public-land States. As a result it was found
that nearly 100 suits had lain dormant for periods varying from
ten to twenty years, and that in three or four hundred actions noth-
ing had been done for more than two years prior to that time. All
these cases were taken up in the field in a conference between the
United States attorney, an examiner from the Department of Justice,
and the chief of field division of the General Land Office, or the
corresponding field officer of the Indian Office, Reclamation Service,
or Geological Survey, respectively. These committees reported con-
cerning each suit in each district with recommendation (1) that
certain definite cases, in which there was no possibility of obtaining
convictions or judgments, should be dismissed and cleared from the
docket; (2)- that those cases in which there was not sufficient evi-
dence at hand, but reasonable hope of supplementing the evidence,
should be handed over to the chief field officer of the bureau con-
cerned to procure the necessary additional evidence under direction
of the United States attorney; and (3) that those cases where the
evidence on hand was sufficient should be pressed vigorously to a
definite judicial determination.
In the District of Columbia there have been instituted an unusual
number of mandamus and injunction actions against the Secretary of
the Interior growing out of the settlement of the affairs of the Five
Civilized Tribes. The Assistant Attorney-General's office has vig-
orously cooperated with the Department of Justice in the defense of
these suits, the work in this direction requiring the time of at least one
assistant attorney. The rules and regulations of the department have
been scrutinized with great care to see whether the practice now in
vogue meets the conditions of the present time, and assistant attorneys
in this office have been continuously assisting to prepare reasonable
modifications of these rules. It has also been found wise to detail as-
sistant attorneys from this office upon specially important work in
the field, either because of their peculiar knowledge of the particular
work or to supplement the work of the bureaus.
b REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
The result of this new routine work in the Assistant Attorney- Gen-
eral's office has been that the force available on the old routine work
has been cut down from 21 assistant attorneys on March 4, 1907, to
16. Since the work has increased over 20 per cent, it is found that
the diminished force is obliged to exert itself to the fullest reasonable
extent to keep abreast and maintain the work in a current condition.
The new assistant attorneys provided for in the appropriation act of
last year are detailed by the Secretary for such work in his own office
or the bureaus as he may find necessary and economical. The need
for them was caused by the breaking up of the old divisions in the
Secretary's office and the necessity for watchful care to see that the
change, with all its economies, should not do harm to the interests of
the Government.
In cooperation between this office and the Indian Office a new plan
was inaugurated for protecting the allottees of the Five Civilized
Tribes. When it was found that Congress would undoubtedly remove
the restrictions from 70,000 of those allottees, thus taking restrictions
from approximately 9,000,000 acres of Indian land, Congress was
asked and gave an appropriation of $90,000 for the maintenance of
local district offices advantageously scattered throughout the Five
Civilized Tribes ; also, $50,000 for the use of the Attorney-General in
bringing suits to clear cloud from the title of Indian land. Imme-
diately after Congress adjourned the Department of Justice, the
Assistant Attorney-General's Office, and the Indian Office joined
together in arranging to discover the existing clouds, to bring suits
to remove them, and to establish the most effective and economical
district agent force possible. The result is that there are 14
district agents continuously in touch with the Indians and their
needs; also that thousands of suits to remove clouds from title,
especially of those lands which would be unrestricted on July 27,
1908, were instituted before that date. The need for such action is
shown by the fact that this department has found over 23,000 such
clouds upon the title of the Indians. The bringing of these suits,
the establishment of the district agent's offices, the conferences held
with the more ignorant Indians at various places throughout eastern
Oklahoma, have all led to their protection from the loss of millions
of dollars. If the suits had not been started or had not been in
immediate contemplation each of these Indians would have been at
the mercy of the person who had the invalid deed recorded as a
cloud upon the title. They would have been obliged to sell to these
men at practically their own price, or to others at an exceedingly low
price, on account of the outstanding cloud. The district agents were
able in the case of minors' estates alone to save over $400,000 to the
Indians within five months, and now that they are fairly organized
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 7
and established the return from their services will be much greater.
The principal value of this action has been the deterring influence
upon those who previously felt that they would need to account for
their actions to the ignorant Indians only.
Another new class of work delegated to this office was the consid-
eration of disbarment cases. I found that there seemed to be great
looseness of ideals concerning the duties of attorneys to their clients,
especially in the military bounty land warrant work. Certain firms
of attorneys had obtained these valuable warrants for clients who
knew nothing about the value of the warrant. Although the law
specifically limits the attorneys' fees to $25 for any such case, some
attorneys took advantage of their own knowledge that the warrant
was ready for delivery and that it had great value to treat with their
clients for the purchase of the subject-matter of the employment
without disclosing the real value of the warrant involved. In this
way they made exorbitant profits out of the purchase and subsequent
sale. When cited to show cause why they should not be disbarred
they pleaded, among other things, that they should not be held to as
high a plane of ethics as attorneys before a court. On this question
I held and hold the contrary. Their admission to practice is a prac-
tical notice that this department vouches for their integrity. The
class of clients they are allowed to represent are often people needing
help, such as old soldiers or their widows and orphans, pioneer home-
makers, and Indians. The Government has always thrown every
protection possible around these people. The courts have officially
declared that they should be treated " tenderly.*' Congress has made
it a criminal offense to directly or indirectly obtain from them more
than a definite and small attorney's fee in connection with pension
and bounty warrant cases. This department would be derelict in its
duty, therefore, if it did not require attorneys practicing before it to
conform to the highest professional standards. Three mandamus
suits have been instituted to try to compel the restoration of names
stricken from the rolls of practitioners for the reasons given above.
The court of appeals has decided that the courts have no jurisdiction
to review the Secretary's judgment in disbarment cases unless there
was failure to give the disbarred attorneys w; due process of law."
Just what procedure constitutes " due process " will probably be
determined in the Supreme Court before these mandamus suits are
finally concluded. In the meantime attorneys will be notified, heard.
and disbarred in all 'cases where I am satisfied beyond a reasonable
doubt that their conduct as attorneys has been disreputable, fraudu-
lent, illegal, or undoubtedly unprofessional. This duty is specifically
imposed on the Secretary of the Interior by section 5 of the act of
July 4, 1884 (23 Stat., 98). -
8 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
GENERAL DISCUSSION.
During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, there were entered
19,090,356.78 acres of public land, a decrease of 1,907,209.80 acres
over the preceding year. There were embraced in entries completed
during the year 8,068,044.85 acres which had been reported in orig-
inal entries made in previous years and are not included in the above
statement. Entries of all classes made last year numbered 205,459, a
decrease of 2 per cent over the preceding year.
Total cash receipts from the disposal of lands during the last
fiscal year were $12,490,426.28. Receipts from other sources were
$225,283.18, making a total of $12,715,709.46, or an increase of 10
per cent over the receipts of the preceding year. The total expense
of the district land offices for salaries, commissions, incidental ex-
penses, and cost of depositing moneys during the last year was
$842,112.45, an increase of $31,255.49. The aggregate expenditures
and estimated liabilities of the public land service were $2,381,359.79,
leaving a net balance of $10,334,349.67 in the Treasury.
Nine additional national forests were created during the year
and 10 reduced in area. There are 165 national forests, embracing
167,976,886 acres.
Of the lands temporarily withdrawn under the forestry act,
1,283,851 acres have been restored to entry during the last year.
There were surveyed during the year 5,801,934 acres. These lands
are located as follows:
Public lands surveyed during year ended June 30, 1908.
Acres.
Alaska 5,175
Arizona 234,269
California 4,801
Colorado 6S8,923
Florida 36, 622
Idaho 732,162
Minnesota 90,747
Montana 1, 607, 965
Nevada 64, 773
Acres.
New Mexico 433, 341
North Dakota 185, 790
South Dakota 280,091
Oregon ___• 273,316
Utah 354, 159
Washington 193, 150
Wyoming 616, 650
Total 5,801,934
The land office in Iowa is no longer needed. A bill was presented
to Congress at its last session, but has not yet been acted upon. Its
receipts during the last five years have been $5,085.21, and its expenses
$7,817.18. This office should be immediately abolished and the rec-
ords transmitted to the General Land Office, as has been done in the
cases of the older States.
The reorganization in the General Land Office has been of the
greatest advantage. After the changes in the office in Washington
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
9
had been completed the entire field service was reorganized. With
the additional appropriations given by Congress 46 men have been
added to the number of special agents since May 27, 1908, upon
which date the 1908-09 appropriation became available, and the effi-
ciency of the force has been greatly increased. Not only have the
special agents been assigned to the different districts, but capable
clerks from the General Land Office have been sent to the local land
offices for the purpose of clearing up congested dockets and putting
the local offices on a proper business basis. The result of these
changes has been a very marked increase in the amount of business
transacted. The following table shows the gain in the amount of
work done during the years 1907 and 1908 :
Business transacted by the General Land Office during fiscal years 1907 and 1908.
Hearings before registers and receivers
Reports received from special agents
Reports disposed of
Unlawful inclosures of public land reported
Acres restored (unlawful inclosures)
Timber depredations reported
Fraudulent entries disposed of
Fraudulent entry hearings ordered
Homestead and timber and stone entries approved for patent
State selections disposed of (acres)
Original desert entries examined
Final desert entries approved for patent
Indian allotments approved
Swamp indemnity approved (acres)
Swamp indemnity rejected (acres)
Lieu selections (act June 4, 1897) disposed of
Soldiers' additional homestead applications disposed of
Mineral contests closed
Mineral hearings ordered
Mineral entries approved for patenting or cancellation
Coal entries approved or canceled
Hearings ordered
Private appealed (docket) cases decided
Private unappealed cases decided
Entries canceled
Private land claims approved for patent
Small holding claims approved for patent
Lands in national forests restored to entry (acres)
Withdrawals and restorations of national forests examined. . .
Reports upon new forests proposed
Patents issued
Patents transmitted
Certified copies of records furnished
Maps, diagrams, etc., for official use
Determination of cases of coal entries
Letters received and recorded or answered without recording .
1907.
1908.
Per cent
increase.
300
1,115
271
3,903
8, 700
122
3,399
9,500
179
136
254
86
259,918
762,941
193
278
480
72
9, 251
11,662
26
304
1,436
372
40,538
58,209
43
818,014
2,404,973
194
6,298
8,310
31
2,114
2,462
16
7,195
10, 117
40
0
30, 639
All.
4,120
70, 160
1,627
478
1,269
165
95
702
639
215
365
70
75
128
70
1,445
1,847
28
157
205
30
75
128
70
1,223
1,462
19
5,590
8,816
58
5,146
8,042
56
53
S9
68
41
50
24
49,335
204, 514
314
515
1,596
209
108
137
27
45, 978
90,522
97
47, 185
95,331
102
18, 517
19, 120
5
2,799
3, 288
17
20,000
33,853
69
262, 693
300. 532
14
10 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
The reorganization of the field districts, the improvement in
the force of special agents, and their methods of procedure have
greatly increased the efficiency of the work of protecting the public
domain against improper entries. Under present methods the honest
entrymen have been helped in perfecting entries, dockets in the con-
gested land offices have been cleared off or materially relieved, and the
laws against illegal entries more rigorously enforced than ever before.
The most serious condition in a local land office is delay in action upon
pending cases; it not only results in great annoyance to individual
entrymen, but affords the opportunity for speculators to initiate
frivolous contests merely to compel the entrymen to pay something
for a reliquishment or withdrawal of contest.
These entries, which may properly be termed " blackmail entries,"
almost wholly disappear when the business of a land office is current,
because such an entryman never appears at a hearing to contest. His
only chance for reward is delay, which will annoy and perhaps com-
pel the real entryman to pay something to buy off the contest.
Great improvement has been made in the local land offices during
the past year. I am endeavoring to obtain as registers men who are
lawyers or who have such full knowledge of the public-land laws
and practice as will insure a judicial disposition of the cases pre-
sented. Receivers must be men of good common sense; they must
have a knowledge of bookkeeping and accounting. Both officers
should be personally acquainted with the character and condition of
the land within their district. I have found it necessary to recom-
mend a change in a number of registers and receivers in order to ob-
tain men with such qualifications.
The work of the special agents' force during the past year has been
particularly gratifying. It is not yet large enough to take care of
the growing business, but, as shown by the table above, its efficiency
has been tremendously increased. A number of agents have been
dropped, and others will be if they fail to show proper adaptability
to the work. I have endeavored to obtain men who are acquainted
with western conditions, who are qualified as experts if they be placed
upon expert work, who are in full sympathy with the policies of the
department, who are desirous of aiding in every way the honest
entryman, and who are keenly alive to the need of preventing the dis-
honest man from illegally acquiring public land. It is extremely
difficult to get men who have the all-around qualifications required
of a good special agent. Of course the highest personal integrity is
absolutely necessary, and in addition to the special qualifications I
have above referred to a special agent needs tact and an ability to
get along with all kinds of men.
The agents have been definitely instructed that they are. not to pre-
sume any man guilty of violating the law; that they are to keep their
own counsel and report to the department facts, not suspicions or
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 11
rumors; but they likewise understand that whenever the facts war-
rant they are to report against any man, no matter what his position.
We have passed the stage when we can now permit ignorance of
the law or a belief that its nonenforcement was a custom to be offered
as an excuse for its violation. It is gratifying to know that the
action of the department through the agents and the local officers
during the past year has met with the hearty approval of the citizens
of the public-land States.
There of course have been and will be individual instances of con-
duct by public officials not in conformity with the policies I have
outlined, but wherever such instances are brought to my attention I
have endeavored to correct the fault and, in proper cases, to impose
a penalty upon the public officer who has failed in his duty.
OPENING OF INDIAN LANDS.
In opening the Kosebud Indian lands in Tripp County, S. Dak.,
a new method of procedure was followed, which resulted in great
saving not only to the Government and the individual applicants,
but to the Indians as well. Heretofore, under similar openings, the
services of 25 or more employees of the General Land Office have
been required, while in this instance only 4 assisted Superintendent
Witten. Therefore, the time and other expenses of such officers were
saved to the Government.
The registration points were so selected as to greatly lessen the
cost of transportation and other expenses to the homeseekers, and
the designation of a number of such places prevented a congestion
of the applicants in the vicinity of the land, and, while a detailed
report of the expenditures has not yet been completed, I am advised
that the cost to the Indians will be materially less than under
previous openings.
The registration and drawing were held during the present autumn
and the opening delayed until next March, to give the successful
applicants time in which to provide themselves with funds necessary
to make the required first payment, which, with the fees, will amount
to $206 for a 160-acre tract entered prior to June 2, 1909. More-
over, the dates set for making entry are such that the homeseeker
will be permitted either to move on the land selected by him and put
in a crop during the season of 1909, or he may, if he so elect, post-
pone the establishment of his residence until September 1, 1909, or
later if the entry is made after March 1, 1909, and thereby be enabled
to put in a crop elsewhere.
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES.
The movement for the conservation of our natural resources shows
that the people of the United States have fully awakened to the
vital necessity of caring for what is left of the public domain. Con-
12 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
servation means not only preservation of our resources, but, as well,
their wise and immediate use and the prevention of their misuse,
whether by way of waste or monopolistic and speculative control.
The public domain has been placed by Congress under the Interior
Department, and ample authority is vested in the Chief Executive
and the Secretary of the Department to take such action as is neces-
sary to care for the public domain. During many years the Execu-
tive has, in the exercise of this general authority, withdrawn at dif-
ferent times and for various purposes areas of the public domain
and for the time being prevented those areas from being entered for
private use.
Full power under the Constitution was vested in the executive
branch of the Government, and the extent to which that power may
be exercised is governed wholly by the discretion of the 'Executive,
unless any specific act has been prohibited either by the Constitution
or by legislation.
In the exercise of this power it is the duty of the Executive to
take such action as will protect the interests of all the people of the
United States in their property rights, and, if the occasion requires
and the facts warrant, it is the duty of the Executive to prevent the
acquisition of the public domain by private interests if such acquisi-
tion be detrimental to the public welfare.
If there be no power to affirmatively provide for the ultimate use
or disposition of the public domain in accordance with the needs of
the public welfare, it is the duty of the Executive to temporarily
prevent its acquisition until Congress may have an opportunity to
consider the question and adopt appropriate legislation.
This stewardship duty of the Executive is most concretely mani-
fest in the care of the specific property known as the public lands
and their resources. From the earliest days the Executive has found
it necessary in the public interest to take action concerning the public
lands by withdrawing areas from entry. There was no specific pro-
vision of law for many of those withdrawals, and yet they were made
unhesitatingly by the Executive as steward and were approved by
Congress in acts granting land for the purpose for which it was
withdrawn. These were purely the acts of stewards farsighted
enough to foresee and protect the interests of their principal, the
people of the United States.
President Roosevelt's withdrawal in 1906 of more than 60,000,000
acres of land supposed to contain coal, in order that it might be
classified and saved for its best use, and the recent withdrawal of
phosphate lands for the benefit of our farms, are notable examples
of the exercise of this power in protecting the public use of our re-
sources.
The courts have upheld the power of the Executive to withdraw
public lands, not only for public use, but also for the public welfare,
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
13
when in the judgment of the Executive the public good demands such
action. The following are some of these cases : Grisar v. McDowell
(6 Wall., 364) ; Wilcox v. Jackson (13 Pet., 498) ; Walcott v. Des
Moines Co. (5 Wall., 681) ; Hamblin v. Lands Co. (147 U. S., 531) ;
No. Pac. Ky. v. Musser-Sauntry Co. (168 U. S., 607) ; Spencer v.
McDcugal (159 U. S., 62) ; U. S. v. Payne (8 Fed. Rep., 883) ;
U. S. v. Tichenor (12 Fed. Rep., 415) ; No. Lumber Co. v. O'Brien
(139 Fed. Rep., 614) ; Russian Packing Co. v. U. S. (39 Ct. Cls.,
460) ; U. S. v. Blendauer (122 Fed. Rep., 703) ; Florida Town Imp.
Co. v. Bigalsky (33 So. Rep., 450) ; O'Connor v. Gertgens (89 N. W.,
866) ; Hewitt v. Schultz (76 K W., 230).
The Secretary of the Interior as the representative of the Execu-
tive in the care of the public lands and their resources often needs to
take steps neither prohibited nor specifically provided for by law to
prevent some great harm or to gain some great good for all the
people. However, withdrawals of and protective measures for public
land, if made or taken, will be for one purpose only, namely, con-
servation of the public lands and their resources for their highest
uses in the interests of the people. It would be a grave dereliction of
duty if the Executive failed to act promptly in preventing public
injury by the misuse of the public domain and its resources.
PROTECTION OF PUBLIC LANDS.
There have been collected for timber trespasses without suit
$67,902.39, and there have been recovered through suits against tres-
passers $30,785.92, while one timber trespass suit recently investigated
has led to negotiations for a settlement which will probably bring
the Government $150,000. Two hundred and fifty-four cases of
unlawful inclosure, involving 1,323,050 acres, have been reported.
The inclosures have been removed from 762,941 acres. The record
of criminal proceedings of all kinds from June 30, 1907, to June 30,
1908, is as follows:
Criminal proceedings for protection of public lands d
30, 1908.
uring year ended June
Indict-
ments.
Convic-
tions.
Acquit-
tals.
16
34
4
95
4
8
5
64
2
2
8
0
6
0
3
31
14
Perjury
7
Subornation of perjury
0
Conspiracy
28
Forgery
0
Securing false affidayits
2
Boxing trees
0
Unlawful inclosure
.S
Forest fires
0 2
Misappropriations, funds of United States ^
0 2
Total
234
63
14
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
From June 30, 1908, there have been 54 new indictments, with 35
convictions, fines amounting to $36,607.94, and prison sentences
amounting to a total of nine years and nine months.
COAL LANDS.
The Geological Survey has continued the examination of coal lands
in accordance with the plan reported last year. The restorations and
classifications completed up to date appear in the following table :
Status of classification and restoration of coal lands.a
State.
Area re-
stored prior
to January
1, 1908. b
Area classified after
January 1, 1908.
Total area
classified or
restored.
Approximate
area of orig-
inal with-
drawals re-
Coal.
Noncoal.
maining to
be classified.
Acres.
8,811,400
11,393,660
7,410,920
2,684,160
552, 960
5,201,880
668,160
36,590,052
Acres.
1,273,744
192, 900
1, 120, 600
Acres.
1,825,776
1, 871, 740
794,840
Acres.
11,910,920
13, 458, 300
9, 326, 360
2, 684, 160
552, 960
5,201,880
668, 160
21,089,252
Acres.
2,812,800
3, 156, 480
2,027,520
299,520
384,000
668, 160
299, 140
4,020,480
New Mexico
North Dakota
Utah
Washington
2,421,800
2,077,400
Total
53, 313, 192
5, 009, 044
6, 569, 756
c 64, 891, 992
d 13, 668, 100
a The total area originally withdrawn was 67,134,640. Of this amount 66,938,800
acres were withdrawn by various departmental orders between July 26, 1906, and Decem-
ber 13, 1907, and 195,840 acres were, without withdrawal, classified as coal lands from
information obtained in the field.
b These figures include 24,599,532 acres of land actually classified by geologic work and
28,713,660 acres of land which were found to contain no coal or the coal was of such low
grade as to be worth only the minimum price fixed by law.
e This area is now subject to entry under the public-land laws.
d As a result of geologic field examination additional coal acreage is being discovered
and classified each year. Of the 24,599,532 acres of land actually classified, about
11,425,452 acres had not been withdrawn from entry.
During the last year there have been taken up under the coal-land
laws 44,821.12 acres at the total purchase price of $636,663.18.
Many difficulties still arise under the existing coal law. Another
year's operation under the law shows still more convincingly the
need of its radical amendment. It is most earnestly to be hoped that
Congress at this session will consider favorably the pending measure,
which has for its purpose the segregating of the coal from the surface
and the sale or lease of the coal in such quantities as will permit its
development in accordance with the needs of the country, and in
great measure prevent private interests from either monopolizing or
holding for speculative purposes the great fuel deposits remaining
in the public domain.
The pending bill provides for alternative methods of sale and
lease, so thai the system best adapted to any special section of the
country may be used.
REPORT OF SECRETARY OP THE INTERIOR. 15
I am still of the opinion that the leasing system will afford the
best method for protecting, conserving, and developing the coal
fields in accordance with the needs of the community. When once
the surface can be used for the purposes to which it is best adapted
there will be no retarding of the development of that surface by
withholding the disposition of the coal until such time as it can be
profitably and wisely mined.
ALASKA COAL LANDS.
According to data collected by the Geological Survey, the coals of
Alaska are divided into four classes — anthracite, semibituminous,
bituminous, and lignite — and are widely distributed. The area of
known workable coal is 792,320 acres, and the area containing coal-
bearing rock 8,092,160 acres.
November 12, 1906, all coal lands in Alaska not theretofore located,
filed upon, or entered were withdrawn pending consideration by
Congress of their conservation and future disposition. Since the
coal-mining laws were made applicable to Alaska, June 6, 1900, a
total of 47 coal entries have been made, embracing approximately
7,520 acres, and 90 applications to enter have been received, em-
bracing 14,400 acres. The exact number of locations made prior to
November 12, 1906, and for which applications have not been re-
ceived, can not be stated at this time.
The act of May 28, 1908, which permitted locators of coal lands
in Alaska to consolidate their claims so as to include in a single pur-
chase not exceeding 2,560 acres of lands, was given publicity and a
circular of instructions issued, but up to the present time no applica-
tions to enter consolidated claims under its provisions have been
filed, though numerous communications received indicate an interest
in the provisions of the law. Since the date of this act 14 coal
entries have been made in Alaska under the provisions of the general
coal-land laws.
FENCING.
I again call attention to the law prohibiting the inclosure of the
public domain or the placing of obstructions thereon. Many miles of
fence and many obstructions have been removed, and many hundreds
of thousands of acres of land have been thus restored to the public
domain; but the enforcement of the existing law does not meet the
need of the present time. The law should be so amended as to regu-
late the use of the public range in such manner as will be equitable
to the stockmen in each locality. Such a system means the preserva-
tion and improvement of what is left of the great ranges. It would
not prevent their ultimate agricultural development, as a settler
16 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
should be given the right of homestead entry and a preference to
use such portion of the range as may be necessary to graze his stock.
TIMBER AND STONE.
As the timber and stone act has not been repealed, I have, under
the following provision of that act, provided for the classification
of timber and stone lands. Section 1 reads as follows:
That surveyed public lands of the United States within the States of Cali-
fornia, Oregon, and Nevada, and in Washington Territory, not included within
military, Indian, or other reservations of the United States, valuable chiefly
for timber, but unfit for cultivation, and which have not been offered at public
sale according to law, may be sold to citizens of the United States or persons
who have declared their intention to become such, in quantities not exceeding
one hundred and sixty acres, to any one person or association of persons, at
the minimum price of two dollars and fifty cents per acre ; and lands valuable
chiefly for stone may be sold on the same terms as timber lands: Provided,
That nothing herein contained shall defeat or impair any bona-fide claim under
any law of the United States, or authorize the sale of any mining claim, or the
improvements of any bona-fide settler, or lands containing gold, silver, cinnabar,
copper, or coal, or lands selected by the said States under any law of the United
States donating lands for internal improvements, education, or other purposes:
And provided further, That none of the rights conferred by the act approved
July twenty-sixth, eighteen hundred and sixty-six, entitled "An act granting
the right of way to ditch and canal owners over the public lands, and for other
purposes," shall be abrogated by this act ; and all patents granted shall be sub-
ject to any vested and accrued water rights, or rights to ditches and reservoirs
used in connection with such water rights, as may have been acquired under
and by the provisions of said act; and such rights shall be expressly reserved
in any patent issued under this act.
This section provides that timber and stone lands may be sold " at
the minimum price of two dollars and fifty cents per acre." These
lands have heretofore been sold at a flat rate of $2.50 per acre. I
interpret this language to be equivalent to " not less than two dollars
arid fifty cents per acre." Under the new regulations such lands will
be appraised and sold at the appraised value, but in no instance will
the price of such lands be less than $2.50 per acre. These regulations
do not apply to timber and stone applications pending at the time of
the adoption of the regulations.
RIGHTS OF WAY.
In June and July, 1908, I had made field investigations of all
rights of way for reservoirs, ditches, canals, pipe lines, telephone and
telegraph lines, electric transmission lines and tramroads, which had
been granted up to that time under the provisions of the acts of
March 3, 1891 (26 Stat., 1095), May 11, 1898 (30 Stat, 404), Febru-
ary 15, 1901 (31 Stat., 790), January 21, 1895 (28 Stat, 635), and
February 1, 1905 (33 Stat, 628), for irrigation, power, and other
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 17
purposes. Up to the present time 242 reports have been received
from the special agents who made the examinations, of which 152 are
favorable to the applicants, they having constructed the works and
are using the rights of way in accordance with law. Ninety reports
are unfavorable, and recommendations are made that steps be taken
to revoke the grants because of the nonconstruction of the works or
the abandonment after partial construction, or the use of the right
of way for purposes other than those allowed by the acts under which
the rights of way were granted. In 20 of these 90 cases no action can
be taken at this time because the five years from the date of the
approval of the application allowed the applicant within which to
construct the works have not expired, and no action is necessary, as
some of the applicants have transferred their rights to others who
have later obtained a right of way for the same site. Action has
been taken on 16 of the 90 cases by this office by allowing the appli-
cants 60 days to show cause why steps should not be taken to have
the rights of way declared forfeited. One response has so far been
made. The other 54 cases reported upon adversely will receive action
by this office at the earliest practicable moment.
The right-of-way laws are neither equitable, certain, nor just.
Some of these laws give everything to the grantee without protecting
the people's interests. Others fail absolutely to give the grantees
that business security which must be the foundation for great devel-
opment. Another class is so uncertain in wording that it can not be
administered without friction. All right-of-way laws should be codi-
fied and revised so that they will be just, reasonable, and certain.
The grantees should have security against revocation, except because
of nonuse or misuse, and a sufficient period of enjoyment, so that they
can afford to spend the necessary money for development. The peo-
ple's interests should be protected by provision for the return of the
grant to their control at some reasonable time in the future, in order
that it may be disposed of again according to the demands of the
public welfare at that time. The best public interest also demands
that the right-of-way laws provide a definite and speedy procedure
for the revocation of rights of way because of willful and continued
nonuse or misuse.
DESERT LAND AND DRY FARMING.
The development of dry farming and the extension of irrigated
areas has brought under cultivation many thousands of acres of the
public domain that hitherto were considered practically worthless.
It is therefore necessary to very carefully consider how the remaining
portions of the public domain should be used. I think it clear that
the remaining lands should be classified in accordance with the gen-
eral plan outlined in the report of the Commissioner of the General
58920— int 1908— vol 1 2
18 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Land Office. Under such a classification the Government could
readily provide means for the disposition of these lands in such man-
ner as to afford to the homemaker the opportunity to acquire the
necessary kind and quantity of land. The homestead law is not
applicable to much of the balance of the public domain. If the land
is irrigated a much smaller amount than 160 acres may be required.
If it be a dry-farming section, more than 160 acres may be required.
It is probable in certain sections, where dry farming is feasible, that
residence upon the land itself will not be possible because of the
absence of potable water. It may thus be necessary and wise to
permit the cultivators of such areas to live in communities some
miles distant from the farms and base final proof upon cultivation
and actual residence in the neighborhood. In other words, it is
unwise to attempt to apply to these areas now under consideration
the laws that were applicable to a totally different kind of lands.
Another great advantage of such a classification would be the pos-
sibility of classifying grazing areas in accordance with the condi-
tions and needs of special communities.
INDIAN OFFICE.
The Commissioner of Indian Affairs followed his usual custom
and spent a large portion of the summer in a personal examination
of conditions in the field. This work of personal investigation, espe-
cially in agencies far removed from ordinary routes of travel, has
been of immense benefit in handling the many difficult Indian prob-
lems.
The Indian Office and its field service have been radically reor-
ganized in accordance with the general plan of departmental and
bureau reorganization. There has been a gradual extension of the
cooperative method of work with the General Land Office and the
Reclamation Service in this department, and with the Forest Serv-
ice, the Bureau of Plant Industry, and the Bureau of Animal Indus-
try in the Department of Agriculture.
The work of opening reservations in accordance with acts of Con-
gress has steadily proceeded. While there have been delays in some
places, the general work has been carried on with such speed as is
consistent with the determination of the rights of the Indians.
The present great problem with the Indians is education. I indorse
most heartily the recommendation of Commissioner Leupp regard-
ing the discontinuance of certain nonreservation schools, and the
establishment in their places of schools on the reservations where
children can live in their customary surroundings and be taught
those things which will make it possible for them to earn an honest
living upon their own land.
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 19
The employment of Indians has proved successful. Many hun-
dreds have been employed upon railways and the irrigation works
being constructed by the Government. No single idea is more im-
portant for the Indian to learn than that of the necessity of work.
As long as he is a mere dependent it is difficult, if not impossible, to
make him appreciate the need of individual effort, but until he does
appreciate this need he can not perform the duties of citizenship
which are placed upon him as soon as he is allotted his land.
Patents in fee are being given to Indians whenever in individual
cases it is shown that the Indian is capable of caring for his own prop-
erty. These patents will not be issued, except after such investigation
by the local agent as will give the department all necessary informa-
tion upon which to determine the competency or incompetency of
the individual. The degree of competency is not placed too high,
but it must be sufficient to justify the department in believing that
the Indian will be able to so manage his own property as to avoid
being swindled in disposing of it and thus becoming a public charge.
Every competent Indian should receive his patent in fee and assume
the full obligations of citizenship, and the department endeavors to
prevent any competent Indian from shirking this responsibility.
The irrigation work upon various reservations is proceeding satis-
factorily so far as the work itself is concerned, but there is, and
necessarily will be, great difficulty in teaching the Indian agriculture
upon the irrigated areas. In most cases he is not accustomed to
individual ownership of land. He dislikes confinement to a small
farm, and finds both irksome and unintelligible a system of agri-
culture which compels him to intensively cultivate 10, 20, or 40 acres.
The local schools which are teaching the ordinary rudiments of
agriculture will be far more helpful to Indians living upon irrigated
lands than the higher education received in the present nonreserva-
tion schools.
The conditions on the different reservations are, on the whole,
exceedingly good. There has been vigorous enforcement of the
laws against the introduction and use of liquor; careful study has
been made of sanitary conditions, and special efforts are being made
to provide homes and schoolhouses that will prevent the spread of
tuberculosis. The method of inspection has made it possible to read-
ily and thoroughly examine all complaints. There have been no
outbreaks, and the Utes who left their reservation in Utah have
voluntarily returned to their own reservation. The questions that
arose in the Kickapoo tribe between those who had gone to Mexico
and those who remained in New Mexico were fortunately amicably
settled, and the division of the fund appropriated by Congress for
the tribe was agreed to at a council of all the Indians, held in New
20 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Mexico. The only remaining difficulty with the Kickapoo question
is that of clearing the titles of many of the allotments, which have
been clouded by the action of certain white men who have endeav-
ored to acquire, contrary to law, many of these allotments. Actions
have been brought in Oklahoma to clear these titles, and the rights
and the properties of the Indians will be safeguarded as far as the
law permits.
FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES.
LANDS.
The work accomplished in the old Indian Territory, now a por-
tion of the State of Oklahoma, during the last fiscal year is shown
very largely in the printed reports of the Commissioner to the Five
Civilized Tribes; the United States Indian agent, Union Agency;
superintendent of schools; supervisor of schools of the Creek and
Seminole nations; supervisor of schools of the Choctaw Nation;
supervisor of schools of the Cherokee Nation; supervisor of schools
of the Chickasaw Nation ; and supervisor of mines on the segregated
coal lands. The report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs also
gives a brief synopsis of much of the work accomplished during
the year.
In my report last year I called attention to the fact that by the
advent of statehood many questions of law and policy had arisen,
and I also call attention to some of the problems presented. Dur-
ing the last fiscal year and up to the present time many and varied
have been such questions affecting the property of the Five Civilized
Tribes, as well as the problems of the proper policy and plans to be
instituted and carried out in order that the acts of Congress affect-
ing the status of the members of these tribes, as well as their prop-
erty, might be properly enforced.
Since my last report the most radical change in the status of
much of the property of the Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes
was brought about by an act of Congress approved May 27, 1908,
entitled "An act for the removal of restrictions from part of the
lands of allottees of the Five Civilized Tribes, and for other pur-
poses," commonly known as the " restriction bill." The first section
of the bill relates to the removal of restriction on the alienation of
lands allotted to members of the Five Civilized Tribes in Oklahoma,
and removes the restrictions on all lands allotted to intermarried
whites, freedmen, and mixed-blood Indians having less than one-half
Indian blood, including minors. It also removes the restrictions on
all lands allotted to members of said tribes of mixed Indian blood
having one-half or more Indian blood and less than three-fourths In-
dian blood, except their homesteads.
REPORT OP SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
21
^Restrictions on the alienation of homesteads of allottees enrolled
as mixed bloods, having one-half or more Indian blood, including
minors, are not removed, nor on any of the lands allotted to those
enrolled as of three-fourths or more Indian blood, including minors,
and these lands are not subject to sale, power of attorney, or other
incumbrance, prior to April 26, 1931, except that the Secretary of
the Interior may remove the restrictions from any such lands wholly
or in part.
The classes from which restrictions are removed are shown in the
following table, as well as approximately the number of allottees
and number of acres of land affected :
Classes from which restrictions have been removed.
Number of
allottees.
Number of
acres.
Ohoctaws and Ohickasaws:
11,048
2,690
2,220
10,664
3,535,360
430,400
355,200
426,560
One-half and less than three-fourths (except homesteads) _- .
Total —
26,622
4,747,520
Oherokees:
24,809
3,248
286
4,925
2,728,990
227,360
11,440
197,000
One-half and less than three-fourths (except homesteads) —
Intermarried whites
Freedmen - ._
Total
33,268
3,164,790
Creeks:
3,048
121,920
One-half and less than three-fourths (except homesteads)
Intermarried whites
6,807
272,280
Total _
9,855
394,200
Seminoles:
Less than one-half Indian blood
242
165
29,040
19,800
One-half and less than three-fourths (except homesteads) __ __.
Intermarried whites
Freedmen
968
39,440
Total
1,375
88,280
Total:
39,147
6,103
2,506
23,364
6,415,310
677,560
One-half and less than three-fourths (except homesteads)
Intermarried whites
Freedmen __ . __ ___
366,640
935,280
Grand total under this law
71,120
8,394,790
Up to the time the bill was passed restrictions had been removed
heretofore by the Secretary of the Interior on the alienation of
838,200 acres.
22 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
By the act of April 21, 1904 (33 Stat, L., 189), the restrictions
were removed on the alienation of lands allotted to intermarried
whites and freedmen, except homesteads, and except Choctaw and
Chickasaw freedmen. Under the law as it existed at the time the
bill was passed the allotments of Choctaw and Chickasaw freedmen
were homesteads, and consequently the act of April 21, 1904, did
not apply to them.
The restrictions on the alienation of all the lands allotted to mem-
bers of the Creek Nation, except a 40-acre homestead in each in-
stance, and except full bloods, were removed by operation of law
on August 7, 1907, as the five-year limitation within which the lands
could be alienated expired on that date. There are no intermarried
whites on the rolls in either the Creek or Seminole Nation.
In the old Indian Territory there are about 19,600,000 acres, and
under the act of May 27, 1908, there was relieved from restriction an
excess of 8,394,790 acres. This, together with land rendered alien-
able under former legislation, makes a total of approximately
11,000,000 acres from which the restrictions have now been removed.
Restrictions have been retained upon all lands of three-fourths or
more and full-blood Indians and the homesteads of all persons who
have one-half or more of Indian blood, it being recognized that such
persons were still entitled to the protection which such restriction
affords.
It is a wise policy, with proper safeguards, to require the wards
of the Government who have been made citizens to assume as soon
as they properly can the full obligation of citizenship. There are in
the Five Civilized Tribes 30,244 citizens of three-fourths or more
Indian blood and 6,829 of one-half to three-fourths Indian blood.
All lands allotted to those of the first class and that allotted to the
second class as homesteads remain inalienable except where the
restrictions have been removed in accordance with the provisions
of previous acts of Congress. There remain inalienable approxi-
mately 6,000,000 acres of allotted lands in the Five Civilized Tribes.
Of the unallotted lands which are not subject to sale, there are in
round numbers about 2,100,000 acres.
Under section 1, however, of the act of May 27, 1908, certain re-
stricted lands may be subject to alienation under such rules and regu-
lations as the Secretary of the Interior may prescribe. The rights
of minors with regard to their restricted lands are safeguarded by a
provision in said act authorizing the Secretary of the Interior, under
rules and regulations to be prescribed by him, to appoint such local
representatives within the State of Oklahoma as he may deem neces-
sary; to inquire into and investigate the conduct of guardians or
curators having in charge the estates of such minors, etc. There is
also a provision that no restricted lands of living minors shall be sold
REPORT OP SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 23
or encumbered, except by leases authorized by law by order of the
court or otherwise.
Appropriations of $90,000 and $50,000 were made to enable the
Secretary of the Interior and the Department of Justice to carry out
the provisions of the law referred to and protect the rights of the
Indians and the freedmen, without cost to them, in the disposition of
their lands and to set aside any illegal transfers attempted before the
removal of restrictions. Immediately after the passage of said act
I directed the Assistant Secretary of the Interior, the Assistant
Attorney-General for the Interior Department, and a representative
from the office of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to go among
the Five Civilized Tribes in order to more fully acquaint the depart-
ment with the conditions there, preparatory to the preparing of such
rules and regulations as might be necessary in order to carry out the
provisions of the act referred to.
After such investigation a set of rules and regulations, under date
of June 20, 1908, governing appointees made by me under said act,
and the leasing of restricted lands, as well as the removal of restric-
tions, was promulgated. For convenience in administering said law,
the old Indian Territory, which consists of 44 counties, was divided
into 15 districts, and I appointed district agents for each district,
and provided offices for them within their respective districts, and
required that the offices should be kept open from 8.30 a. m. to 5
p. m. each day, Sundays and legal holidays excepted, and all counsel
and advice desired by allottees concerning deeds, leases, and other
instruments are furnished by such agents. Each district agent gives
his entire time to his official duties. The agents are also directed to
visit different localities for the purpose of procuring information and
making necessary investigations as the law provides and as he is
directed. They also are required to examine the records of each
county within their respective districts at least once each month, for
the purpose of ascertaining the nature of transactions involving all
lands and estates of all minor allottees, and also of restricted lands
of adults. These agents report at the end of each month the work
performed during such period. Special reports are made concern-
ing any apparently illegal transaction involving the estates of allot-
ments or allottees. Adult members of the Five Civilized Tribes,
whose allotments can not be sold or encumbered, except after removal
of restrictions therefrom by the Secretary of the Interior as directed
in said law, and who desire to have their restrictions removed from
all or part of such allotments, are required to apply to the United
States Indian agent, Union Agency, through the district agent of the
district in which the applicant resides, the application to be made
on forms which have been prescribed and which are furnished on
application to the party desiring such restrictions removed.
24 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
The classes of restricted lands to which the provisions of law and
the regulations promulgated apply are as follows: Homesteads of
adult mixed-blood allottees having half or more than half and less
than three- fourths Indian blood; all allotted lands of the adult
mixed blood of three-fourths or more Indian blood ; all allotted lands
of adult full-blood allottees.
When an application is made full investigation, including a per-
sonal interview with the applicant, is required. If from this investi-
gation the Secretary of the Interior finds that any applicant for the
removal of restrictions should have the unrestricted control of his
allotments, the restrictions, wholly or in part, without conditions, are
removed. When, however, it is found to be for the best interest of
any applicant that all or part of his restricted lands should be sold
with conditions concerning terms of sale and disposal of proceeds,
the restrictions are removed and become effective only with the exe-
cution of the deed by said applicant to the purchaser. Before said
deed is executed the designated tract or tracts of land is to be sold
upon such terms as may be in each case specifically directed. As to
the manner of conducting said sales and the disposition of the pro-
ceeds derived therefrom, attention is invited to the rules and regu-
lations heretofore referred to.
It is gratifying to note that the representatives appointed by me
were gladly received by most all classes of citizens. The Indians
were particularly anxious to learn about the new laws, frequently
asking them to address meetings, which were largely attended by
the full-blood element.
A great deal of attention has been given to certain recalcitrant
Indians of the Creek and Cherokee tribes, those of the Creek Nation
being known as the " Crazy Snake " faction and those of the Chero-
kee Nation being known as the " Night Hawk " element. As evidence
of the good work that is being done in the various districts and of
the esteem and gratitude which the Indians have for the influence
of the department in securing the law which brought about the
appointment of the district agents, the Creek and Choctaw councils
have expressed their feelings in resolutions commending the work
of the department and asking for a continuance of the system for
next year.
The department notes with a great deal of pleasure that most of
the probate judges having charge of the minors' estates within the
districts have not only expressed their entire willingness to cooperate
in every way with the department and the district agents for the
mutual benefit of the Indian citizens, but are cooperating and calling
upon the agents in the various districts to assist them relative to the
proper handling of minors' estates. A kindly feeling exists between
most of the district agents and county judges, and many of the judges
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 25
have by word and letter expressed their appreciation of the assist-
ance given them by these departmental officials, and a very great
reform is being accomplished in the manner in which curators' and
guardianship matters are being handled. In the Choctaw and Chick-
asaw nations, especially, a class of so-called " professional guardians "
have been very prodigal of all the estates intrusted to them, as will
appear from some of the reports of the agents. The estates of minors
for whom they are guardians have been found to be in a most de-
plorable condition. As an example of the manner in which these
curators have conducted the estates of their wards, attention is called
to the following extract compiled from the reports of 18 estates of
minor citizens of the Choctaw and Chickasaw nations. The total
amount received as rentals and income on these estates during the
last year was reported by the curator as $1,378.28, and the disburse-
ments were as follows :
Schooling $10.00
Maintenance 286.20
Interest on two previous annual reports passed on by the United
States court 160. 76
Amount due curators 1,458.06
These 18 cases were not culled out because they were particularly
bad, but were taken from the probate dockets at random and may
therefore be considered as a fair sample of the manner in which many
of the estates had been handled by this class of guardians. It will be
noticed that the indebtedness exceeds the income, in spite of the fact
that each of these minors have received 320 acres of average allotable
land in the Choctaw Nation.
The saving made to individual Indians in assisting the court rela-
tive to the guardianship matters, in seeing to it that proper consid-
eration is paid when inherited lands are sold, and assisting the In-
dians in the matter of leasing contracts on unrestricted lands or tracts
not requiring the approval of the department, has been enormous. It
has been estimated that during the time these district agents have
been assisting in this work there has been saved to the Five Civilized
Tribes some $400,000. The result of this work has inspired a spirit
of confidence and the Indians do not hesitate to call upon these agents
for advice. The faith placed in them produced many good results.
Among them, and perhaps of the most importance, are that it assists
the Indian in his business transactions and teaches him that he must
be careful in such matters, and it also relieves the various offices of
the department of a great deal of correspondence which would accom-
plish but very little, it having been found by experience to be impos-
sible to advise many Indians by letter and have them follow instruc-
tions.
26 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
More than 2,000 applications for the removal of restrictions have
been filed since July 27, 1908. Each of these requires careful investi-
gation at the hands of the district agent, and it has been the plan to
have the district agents become personally acquainted with the appli-
cant and to find out his needs and necessities. In almost every
instance the agent recommends that if restrictions are removed and
the land sold that it be sold under the supervision of the department.
The proceeds of such sales are delivered to the allottees for the mak-
ing of necessary improvements or for the purchase of such supplies as
may be needed for the support and comfort of the family. Thus by
careful counseling and advising those making application and assist-
ing them in the wise expenditure of their moneys for improvements,
it is believed that these agents will develop into potent educational
factors and redound to the great benefit of these Indians.
There are approximately 30,000 Indians of the Five Civilized
Tribes who still have restricted lands, and about 15,000 minors and
other classes that properly come within the jurisdiction of the district
agent. Most of these minor citizens reside in 44 counties of the State
of Oklahoma and are under the jurisdiction of the county courts.
With but few exceptions the relations with the various county judges
with whom the various offices of the department have been associated
have been most cordial and most all voiced the sentiment that this
work as yet is only in its infancy, and expressed confidence that the
assistance of these representatives of the department is and will be
absolutely necessary to aid and supplement the work of the probate
courts.
In my last report I called attention to the fact that under the laws
the transfer of land by the Indian whose restrictions had not been
removed was positively prohibited, but there were persons who were
taking deeds and only paying a very small fraction of the real value
to the Indians. During the past summer investigations have been
made relative to these transactions and as a result suits have been
brought or directed involving more than 23,000 tracts of land covered
by illegal instruments of conveyance. In a large number of cases
the lands obtained by these illegal instruments and deeds have been
reconveyed to the Indians from whom they were received.
Attention is again called to the fact that in the Creek Nation many
suits are still pending to set aside a large number of deeds for town
lots. Since the bringing of these suits settlement has been made for
$10,000 for the land on which Kendall College is now situated.
Other offers of settlement are now under consideration.
In relation to insane persons not Indians, the contract entered into
with St. Vincent's Institution for the Insane, in St. Louis County,
Mo., expired on June 30, 1908, at which time the patients, 80 in
number, were turned over to the state authorities of Oklahoma.
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 27
OSAGE RESERVATION.
The commission allotting the lands of the Osage Reservation is
still engaged in this work. On April 28, 1908, the tribal roll, which
contains the names of 2,230 persons, of whom all but one are entitled
to allotments, was approved.
SCHOOLS.
The report of the superintendent of schools, as well as the various
supervisors under him, is published in connection with the annual
report of the Commissioner to the Five Civilized Tribes, and shows
very satisfactory progress made and results obtained during the
year. Data relating to the schools are given also in the report of the
Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
It appears that the Indians are manifesting a more lively interest
than ever before in the education of their children. The boarding
schools are all crowded. Since tribal relations are broken up, and
the Indian being thrown very largely upon his own resources, the
need of individual education and training has become more and
more apparent. The full-blood Indians when associated with white
children in schools easily become discouraged in their work. They
are naturally bashful, timid, and diffident, especially in the presence
of white persons. For these reasons, among others, the Government
should hereafter give special attention to the education of the full-
blood. During the year ending June 30, 1908, there were main-
tained 45 more day schools from tribal funds, 379 more day schools
from the congressional appropriation, and 2 more day schools
from surplus court fees than were maintained during the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1907. There were also enrolled 12,074 more pupils
during the year 1908 than during the previous fiscal year. The
former Indian Territory, since statehood, has been divided into
school districts, and those districts having a reasonable amount of
taxable property are preparing to build schoolhouses by issuing
bonds. These districts, however, will have very little money for
conducting schools until the amount of their taxable property can
be determined and taxes levied and collected for school purposes.
The department has been cooperating with the state authorities
concerning the management of the schools for the present year, and
the agreement approved by me relative to such cooperation received
the unanimous indorsement of the legislature of the State of Okla-
homa. A copy of the agreement will be found in the report of the
superintendent of schools and the annual report of the Commis-
sioner of Indian Affairs.
Those districts having sufficient taxable property to bear the ex-
pense of their own schools should do so, but many districts, especially
28 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
those having a large Indian population, have at the present time
comparatively little taxable property, and therefore will be able to
raise but a very small amount of money by taxation. These distinctly
Indian neighborhoods should, in my opinion, receive special aid and
encouragement from the Government. The Indian boys and girls,
being all owners of land, and a very large majority of the white
boys being farmers, there has been an endeavor to give some special
attention to the teaching of practical agriculture.
The instructions which the teachers receive at the summer normals
have enabled them to accomplish some good results, as is found in
the fact that some of the Indian boys are becoming interested in
the study of soils, and are awakening to a realization of the fact
that the land possesses many good qualities of genuine worth. One
thousand two hundred teachers attended the summer normals that
were conducted during the month of June. These normals were
all conducted in strict accordance with the laws of Oklahoma, and
teachers passing the examination at the close of the normal were
given certificates by. the state and by the federal school officials.
With relation to the future of the schools it is difficult to make any
definite recommendation, for the reason that instead of building up a
system of schools it is realized that they must be gradually abolished,
as far as any Government supervision over them is concerned. In
the natural course of events a state school system will supplant the one
in operation at the present time. The act of Congress now in force
provides that the Secretary of the Interior shall have the right to
continue the tribal schools until a State is formed and ready to take
charge of the education of the children. The state schools must be
sustained by local taxation, but inasmuch as most of the lands of
full-blood Indians are not subject to taxation, it will be impossible
for the State to provide proper educational facilities for the full-
blood children for some time to come. The full bloods should there-
fore receive special attention in the future, to the end that they may
be prepared to understand and appreciate their rights and duties as
citizens, and be prepared to properly manage and conserve their
property interests.
In addition to 1,421 day schools provided for during the past
year, there were 35 boarding schools maintained. The attendance at
the Indian boarding schools during the year just closed has been the
best in their history. It is claimed that an Indian child puts forth
greater effort in the boarding schools than in the mixed day schools,
for the reason that he does not feel the embarrassment among his own
people that he feels among the whites, and a very large percentage
of the attendants at the day schools are white children. Statistics
of enrollment, average attendance, months of school, amount paid
teachers, amount paid for supplies, etc., of the various schools will
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 29
be found in a table submitted by the superintendent of schools and
printed in connection with his annual report and the annual report
of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. The instructions given by
the department to the persons managing the day schools were to
the effect that these schools should be conducted, as far as possible,
in the interest of full-blood children, and, other things being equal,
they should receive preference in enrollment.
COAL LANDS.
The printed reports of the Commissioner to the Five Civilized
Tribes, United States Indian agent, Union Agency, supervisor of
mines and mining, and trustees of the Choctaw and Chickasaw
nations for the year ending June 30, 1908, are referred to for a
detailed statement showing the status of the coal and asphalt lands
within the old Indian Territory.
There has been very little change in the condition of the segregated
coal lands belonging to the Choctaw and Chickasaw nations since
my last report. Three new mines have been opened during the year,
making the present number of openings on said lands 94. The num-
ber of accidents has decreased. The ventilation of the mines has
been in compliance with the law, except in a few instances, which
cases were remedied when the matter was brought to the attention
of the operators. The total value of coal produced during the year
ending June 30, 1908, was $5,815,700.98, representing 2,780,649 tons,
the average selling price being $2.09 per ton. The production of
coke during the year was 7,368 tons, the average selling price being
$4.51 per ton.
One lease, covering 960 acres, was canceled by the department
during the year. One thousand five hundred and eight tons of
asphalt was mined during the year. The royalty received during the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1908, on coal was $270,351.62 ; on asphalt
$2,845.20. Five assignments of leases have been approved during the
year.
In my last report I referred to the investigations being made of
the 338,352 acres of unleased coal lands to determine the locality and
character of the underlying coal. Since November, 1907, two drilling
outfits have been in operation under the supervision of the supervisor
of mines and a representative of the Geological Survey, and to June
30, 1908, 20 holes of depths ranging from 175 to 1,500 feet have been
drilled on the land to ascertain the depth, thickness, and quality of
coal veins, and a complete record of all drilling is being preserved.
I recommended last year that a law be passed authorizing the sale
of the surface of said lands, giving my reasons therefor. Since that
time nothing has come before the department that would justify any
change in my views relative to the opinion expressed therein. I
30 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
also suggested in my last report how the coal might be handled or
leased, etc. I therefore renew my recommendations made in said
report concerning the same.
TIMBER LANDS.
There has been practically no change in the status of the timber
lands belonging to the Indians since my last report, and I have had no
sufficient reason presented to me that would justify any change in my
views relative to the recommendation made in said report concern-
ing the 2,000,000 acres in the southeastern part of the old Indian
Territory.
The policy expressed in my last report relative to said timbered
land has been continued. I therefore renew my recommendation con-
cerning the same as expressed in last year's report that this area be
purchased from the Indians and be reserved as a national forest.
OIL.
In my report for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1907, 1 called atten-
tion to the remarkable increase in the production of oil in the Terri-
tory and to the fact that it had been impossible for transportation
companies to remove it as fast as produced. Two large trunk lines,
built by the Gulf and Texas companies from the Glen Pool to the Gulf
of Mexico, were completed during the year, and other small addi-
tional lines. The work in connection with oil leases at the close of
the fiscal year wag in splendid condition, there being but 549 leases
pending in the office of the United States Indian agent, Union
Agency, and 516 pending in the office of the Commissioner of Indian
Affairs and the Secretary's office, as against 5,009 at the close of the
previous year.
During the year there was submitted to the department for con-
sideration a total of 7,597 leases. Up to June 30, 1908, there has been
filed a total of 17,727 mineral leases, almost entirely oil leases. Of
those considered by the department 10,525 had been approved, some
of which have since been canceled, and 6,137 disapproved. State-
ments showing in detail the work during the fiscal year and the status
of oil leases are embodied in the report of the United States Indian
agent, Union Agency, which is printed with the report of the Com-
missioner to the Five Civilized Tribes, and the report of the Com-
missioner of Indian Affairs.
On April 20, 1908, the department modified its rules, regulations,
and forms to a considerable extent, making the minimum rate of
royalty 12 J per cent for oil instead of 10 per cent, and the terms of
leases of adult citizens to be five years, and so long thereafter as oil,
gas, or other mineral may be found in paying quantities, and also
provided that by proper stipulation the 10 per cent leases on earlier
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 31
forms might be changed to conform to the new regulations by increas-
ing the royalty. Also provision was made for the assignment of
leases providing how they might come within the regulations of
April 20, 1908, upon a showing of the assignee company similar to
the one it would be required to make if it were an original lessee.
There was marketed during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1908,
41,101,000 barrels of oil; the royalty collected by the United States
Indian agent during the year on account of oil and gas was
$1,692,627.55. The oil and gas operations on the Osage Keservation
were conducted under leases covering 680,000 acres. Under provi-
sions of the existing agreement with the Osage Indians all mineral is
reserved to the tribe for a period of twenty-five years; therefore all
royalties and proceeds arising from oil and gas operations are placed
to the credit of the tribe. There were on June 30, 1908, 867 oil wells
and 74 producing gas wells on said reservation. Of said gas wells 30
are utilized at a royalty of $100 per annum paid. The remaining
gas wells are used for development of leases without payment of
royalties or are shut in as not being available for commercial use.
There was produced and run during the fiscal year ending June
30, 1908, from the Osage Reservation 4,773,689.44 barrels of oil, one-
eighth of which was credited to the Osage Nation as royalty, the
proceeds amounting to $243,610.36. The royalty from gas wells
aggregated $3,125.
It is estimated that on July 1, 1908, there were approximately
36,000,000 barrels of oil held in storage within the limits of the
Creek and Cherokee nations.
There has been a very great change in the pipe-line conditions
since the creation of the State of Oklahoma and the removal of
restrictions from so many allotments.
The law under which pipe-line permits were granted authorized
the giving of a permit for twenty years with a renewal for twenty
more under conditions to be imposed by the Secretary of the Interior.
As long as the whole Territory was under the control of the Inte-
rior Department these regulations and the conditions of the law
could be readily enforced. Under the present conditions there is
grave doubt as to whether effective regulations or control can be ex-
ercised.
The State of Oklahoma now controls the highways and can impose
such conditions as its legislature sees fit upon the corporations or in-
dividuals who may operate and build lines. There is no conflict of
authority between the Federal Government and the State on this
subject, for the reason that the Federal Government, through the
Interior Department, has to do only with the restricted Indian lands,
and whatever permit or easement that it grants under the law can
apply only to such lands.
32 KEPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
I am now giving careful consideration to these conditions for the
purpose of determining whether there should be any change in the
regulations or in the policy of the department hitherto carried out.
It is clear that the work of the department thus far, through its
regulations upon leasing and upon the pipe lines, has been of direct
benefit to the owners of all lands, both Indians and others, but it
may be that the new conditions that have arisen will require some
change in the method of dealing with the remaining restricted lands.
PENSIONS.
During the entire year ending June 30, 1908, the total number of
pensioners on the roll was 1,006,053. At the close of the year there
were on the roll 951,087 pensioners — 658,071 soldiers and sailors,
293,106 widows and orphans, and 510 army nurses. The gains to
the roll during the year were 37,609 new pensioners and 1,073 resto-
rations and renewals, a total of 38,682. Of this number, 339 were
pensioned by special acts of Congress. The losses to the roll during
the same time were 50,676 by death and 3,690 from other causes, a
total of 54,366. The net loss for the year, therefore, was 15,684.
The number of deaths of soldier and sailor pensioners of the civil
war for the year was 34,333. The pensioners on the roll June 30,
1908, are classified as follows :
Pensioners on roll June 80, 1908.
Revolutionary war:
Daughters 2
War of 1812 :
Widows 471
Indian wars:
Survivors 1, 820
Widows 3,018
War with Mexico :
Survivors 2, 932
Widows 6,914
Civil war:
General law —
Invalids 142,044
Widows 75, 515
Minor children 541
Mothers 3,688
Fathers 656
Brothers, sisters, sons, and daughters 240
Helpless children 528
Act of June 27, 1890—
Invalids 140, 600
Widows
Minor children 3, 954
Helpless children 295
Act of February 6, 1907 338,341
Act of April 19, 1908, widows 188,445
Army nurses 510
KEPORT OP SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 33
War with Spain:
Invalids 20, 548
Widows 1,145
Minor children 331
Mothers? 3, 090
Fathers 53G
Brothers and sisters 7
Helpless children 2
Regular establishment:
Invalids 11, 786
Widows 2, 580
Minor children 120
Mothers 871
Fathers 139
Brothers and sisters 5
Helpless children 7
Total '_ 951,687
The cases referred to above under the head of " Regular establish-
ment " embrace those in which the disability originated in service
in the Army, Navy, or Marine Corps, between the close of the civil
war and the commencement of the war with Spain, and since the
close of the war with Spain and the insurrection in the Philippine
Islands.
The last surviving widow of the Revolutionary war died Novem-
ber 11, 1906. The names of two daughters who are pensioned by
special act of Congress are all that roll now contains.
The last pensioned soldier of the war of 1812 died May 13, 1905,
but the roll contains the names of 471 widows of that war.
The act of February 6, 1907, grants pensions to persons who served
ninety days or more in the army or navy during the civil war, or
sixty days in the Mexican war, and were honorably discharged, as
follows : $12 per month when 62 years of age ; $15 per month when
70 years of age ; and $20 per month when 75 years of age.
From the date of its approval to June 30, 1908, 431,113 applica-
tions were filed for pensions or increase of pensions under this act,
and all but 16,909 of them had been disposed of.
By readjustment of the clerical force of the Pension Bureau, the
tremendous increase caused by this act was taken care of in such a
way that the work of the bureau is now, and for several months has
been, current. *
The benefits derived from the act of April 19, 1908, are that under
the first section, widows, minor children under the age of 16 years,
and helpless children, as defined by existing law, now on the roll, or
who may thereafter be placed thereon, who are receiving a less rate,
are advanced to $12 per month, and, under the second section, widows
who were married prior to June 27, 1890, to persons who served ninety
58920— int 1908— vol 1 3
34 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
days or more in the army or navy during the civil war and were hon-
orably discharged are allowed $12 per month without regard to their
pecuniary condition; in other words, they are not required to show
dependence.
Under the first section the rate has already been increased with-
out any expense or inconvenience to them whatever to 198,260
widows, 4,017 minors, and 300 helpless children; in all, 202,577;
and under the second section 22,115 applications have been received.
Final action was taken during the year in 387,992 claims, of which
325,140 were approved for allowance, 59,449 for rejection, and 3,403
approved for allowance, but no certificates issued thereon because
no benefits would accrue to applicants.
The number of claims pending July 1, 1907, was 356,181, and
there were filed during the year 185,622 new applications of all
kinds. At the close of the year 123,483 claims were pending.
The appropriation for the payment of pensions for the fiscal year
was $145,000,000; deficiency appropriations and repayments to the
appropriation made the amount available for pensions $155,003,390.71.
The amount paid out for pensions was $153,093,086.27, and the
amount expended for salaries and other operating expenses was
$2,800,963.36, making a total expenditure of $155,894,049.63. While
the amount expended for pensions was the largest since 1893, the
operating expenses show a decrease of $2,066,771.06.
Since 1861 there have been granted by special acts of Congress
23,316 pensions and increase of pensions, of which 14,607 were on
the rolls at the close of the fiscal year, with an annual value of
$4,211,332, a little more than one-half of which amount is in excess
of what could have been granted under the general laws.
The number of special acts granting pensions and increase of
pensions passed during the first session of the Sixtieth Congress
was 3,579. The increase in the annual expenditures resulting from
these special acts was $535,368.
During the year 113 indictments were found and 101 convictions
secured on account of violation of the pension laws. There were 8
acquittals, 30 cases were dismissed, 2 civil suits were instituted, and
$7,698 was recovered. Of the persons convicted, only 10 are believed
to have had any military or naval service.
APPEALS IN PENSION AND BOUNTY LAND CLAIMS.
Prior to January 1, 1881, no docket numbers were given or kept in
relation to appeals in pension and bounty land claims. After Janu-
ary 1, 1881, such appeals were numbered and docketed consecutively
during the year, commencing with docket No. 1 each successive year
until January 1, 1889.
BEPOKT OF SECRETAKY OF THE INTERIOR. 35
From January 1, 1881, to December 31, 1889, there were filed and
docketed in this way 13,534 appeals. Beginning January 1, 1889, the
number of appeals have been consecutively numbered and docketed,
commencing with No. 1 to the present time, and on June 30, 1908,
the last docket number of merit appeals was 124,414. Since January
1, 1889, a separate docket has been kept for fee appeals, commencing
with docket No. 1 and numbered consecutively to the present time,
and on June 30, 1908, the last docket number of fee appeals was 8,536.
The fee appeals filed prior to January 1, 1889, were 279. Since June
5, 1905, there has been kept a separate docket of appeals in claims
filed under the act of March 3, 1899 (division of pensions). The last
docket number of this class of claims on appeal was, on June 30,
1908. 887.
The following table shows the number of appeals filed since serial
docket numbers have been kept :
From January 1, 1881, to June 1, 1889, merit appeals 13, 534
From January 1, 1881, to January 1, 1889, fee appeals 279
From January 1, 1889, to June 30, 1908, merit appeals 124, 414
From January 1, 1889, to June 30, 1908, fee appeals. 8, 536
From June 5; 1905, to June 30, 1908, division of pension appeals 887
Total 147, 650
Having ascertained that this enormous docket of appeals had not
for many years been checked over and verified, I caused the same to
be done and all cases brought forward where the docket showed that
complete disposition had not been made of the same.
The following table shows the number of appeals and motions for
reconsideration pending at the beginning of the fiscal year. July 1,
1907, those filed during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1908, their
disposition, and the number pending July 1, 1908 :
Pension appeals pending.
Pending
Julyl,
1907.
Original merit appeals 720
Fee appeals 5
Motions for reconsideration 11
Total 736
Filed
during
Total.
6,050
59
136
770
61
147
Disposed
of.
,270
61
143
6, 245
6,981
6.474
Pending
Julv 1,
1908.
500
3
4
507
Two hundred and twenty-two cases on appeal were, upon careful
examination, returned to the bureau for further action and report.
About one-half of these were returned at the request of the commis-
sioner for further consideration and read judication before making a
final report on the pending appeal. Other cases were returned on
review by the board for bureau action on new evidence filed, for test
36 KEPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
medical examination or special examination, or for various reasons
the claims were deemed improperly adjudicated. During the fiscal
year 584 appeals and motions were dismissed. The Commissioner of
Pensions reported in 340 cases of such dismissals that upon reconsid-
eration the adverse action taken by the bureau had been receded from
and that upon dismissal of the appeal the contention of the appellant
would be allowed. The department after considering the appeal de-
cided that the action proposed by the bureau was warranted under
the law and the evidence, and the appeal was dismissed, and the
papers were promptly returned to the bureau for final and favorable
adjudication.
Other appeals were dismissed for the reason that they were filed by
attorneys without proper authority, duplicates of former appeals not
filed within the limit of time (one year from the date of the adverse
action by the bureau), and in other respects altogether informal and
in absolute disregard of the rules o¥ practice.
Deducting the dismissals (584) and the cancellations (7 dupli-
cates) , final decisions were rendered in 5,883 cases, of which 394 were
reversals. As compared with the preceding year, it is observed that
there has been a reduction of the number of appeals filed. In the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1907, there were filed 9,121 appeals and
motions, while, as already stated, there were filed during the last
fiscal year 6,245, a reduction of 2,876.
Since June 30, 1907, there has been quite a reduction in the work-
ing force of the board. In August, 1907, all of the members of the
board of pension appeals known as temporary members (except one,
since transferred) were transferred or detailed elsewhere, so that, by
transfers and resignations, there has been a reduction of 12 members
of the board ; also 8 typewriters have been transferred elsewhere.
Unless the appeals are largely increased, it is expected that the
present force will keep pace with the current work.
Volume 17 of departmental decisions in appealed pension and
bounty land claims has been completed and received from the Public
Printer. It embraces the most important decisions of a legal and
medical character for future reference and guidance. As no digest
of pension decisions has been published since 1897, there has been
included in this volume the consolidated topical index to decisions
found in volumes 9 to 17, inclusive.
PATENT OFFICE.
The volume of business in the Patent Office shows about the usual
annual increase in all its branches. The number of applications
received was as follows :
Patents 58,527
Design patents 1, 091
Reissue patents 207
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 37
which makes a total of 59,825 applications for patents of all de-
scriptions filed during the fiscal year, an increase over last year
of 2,303. There were 7,467 applications for registration of trade-
marks; 810 for labels, and 339 for prints, making a total of 8,616.
This shows a decrease of 657. The total money receipts from all
sources was $1,874,180.75; the expenditures $1,608,292.01, and the net
surplus $265,888.74, which has been covered into the Treasury.
The grand total for all years of receipts from all sources over ex-
penditures for salaries and all other expenses is $6,972,070.38 net.
This large sum represents the net earnings of the bureau that have
been turned into the Treasury from year to year and has been paid
by the inventors almost entirely.
The number of patents granted was 34,003; design patents, 748;
reissue patents, 151 ; trade-marks, 6,135 ; labels, 636, and prints, 279,
or a total of 41,952. The expired patents which became public prop-
erty numbered 24,270.
Congress at its last session increased the examining force by 33
men and also increased the salaries of all of the examiners. As a
result of these increases the pending applications, which were very
much in arrears, are now being brought up to date. The Commis-
sioner of Patents informs me that by the end of the year the work
of his entire office will be up to date.
The present legislative, executive, and judicial appropriation act,
passed at the last session, embraced a provision as follows :
That a commission which is hereby created, to consist of the Secretary of
the Interior, the Commissioner of Patents, and the Secretary of the Smith-
sonion Institution, shall determine which of the models of the Patent Office
may be of possible benefit to patentees or of historical value, such models thus
selected to be cared for in the New National Museum building; the remainder
of said models shall before January first, nineteen hundred and nine, be dis-
posed of by sale, gift, or otherwise, as the Commissioner of Patents, with the
approval of the Secretary of the Interior shall determine.
• In pursuance of this provision the commission organized on the
29th of May and steps were immediately taken to carry out the pro-
visions of the act. The Commissioner of Patents was authorized to
proceed with the details of the disposition of these models. The
Commissioner of Patents reports that all of the models, 157,000 in
number, have been removed from the Union building. Some of
the historical models have been placed on exhibition in the National
Museum, and the others, which were deemed of importance as evi-
dence in patent litigation and to aid examiners in searches, have been
boxed, labeled, and catalogued and placed in the Patent Office part
of the Department of the Interior building until the completion of
the New National Museum building, where the law directs they shall
be placed. The models were promptly removed and the rent for the
space occupied has ceased. The total expense of moving these 157,000
38 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
models has been paid for out of the rent appropriated, $19,500, with
a balance of $7,882.53 saved of said appropriated rent.
During the month of February my attention was directed to a
patent, No. 872,936, which it was thought had been obtained by
fraudulent means. I instructed the Commissioner of Patents to
investigate the matter, with the result that within thirty days after
the receipt of the first intimation by me John A. Heany, of York,
Pa., an inventor; Henry E. Everding, an attorney of Philadelphia,
and Ned W. Barton, an assistant examiner in the Patent Office, were
indicted.
Barton, the assistant examiner, has pleaded guilty and been sen-
tenced to the penitentiary for three years. The other defendants"
are being tried in the criminal court. Bills have been drawn and
filed in the United States circuit court for the eastern district of
Pennsylvania for the annulment of the patent granted, and two
divisional patents of the same.
This is the first case of its kind that has occurred in the one hundred
and eighteen years of Patent Office history.
The Commissioner of Patents has ordered such additional safe-
guards in the filing of papers as should prevent similar frauds
hereafter.
The attitude of the employees of the Patent Office in connection
with this case was most gratifying. The corps of examiners felt
keenly the disgrace that a member of their corps had brought upon
himself, but there was not the slightest desire to prevent the most
thorough examination or to shield any person. It was recognized
that the integrity of the work of the office could only be maintained
by the discovery of whatever was wrong and the prevention of its
recurrence.
BUREAU OF EDUCATION.
The act of March 2, 1867, provides that the Bureau of Education
shall be established —
for the purpose of collecting such statistics and facts as shall show the condi-
tion and progress of education in the several States and Territories, and of
diffusing such information respecting the organization and management of
schools and school systems and methods of teaching as shall aid the people of
the United States in the establishment and maintenance of efficient school
systems, and otherwise promote the cause of education throughout the country.
The estimates which I have submitted for the year 1910 provide
for carrying out these provisions in a more satisfactory manner than
is possible with the appropriations hitherto provided.
The bureau is now seriously hampered in its housing. It has
invaluable collections of books and documents which are exposed to
the danger of loss by fire. There is not sufficient room to carry on its
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 39
ordinary work to advantage. The rented building which it. has
occupied for a generation past is in bad repair and in such insani-
tary condition that the health of employees is in danger. Time has
been lost during the current year by the illness of employees result-
ing from these conditions. I am accordingly asking for appropria-
tions to cover the cost of rental of larger quarters in a sanitary and
fireproof building, together with the cost of fireproof shelving and
other necessary furniture, and the expense of removal.
To collect and diffuse such information as is demanded by the
educational situation of the present day calls for the employment of
experts in various departments of American education, some of them
permanently and others occasionally, together with adequate pro-
vision for editorial and clerical service, traveling expenses, and
related items. The office has only one expert in any branch of Ameri-
can education, namely, the specialist in land-grant college statistics.
I am asking at this time for the permanent employment of three
experts in other divisions, together with a competent editor, and pro-
vision for such special inquiries, reports, and correspondence as the
educational needs of the country call for.
The bureau has one of the best special libraries of education in the
country — in many respects the best — but very meagerly supported.
I am asking for a moderate increase in the provision for this library.
Every effort has been put forth within the past two years to put
the bureau into shape to make good use of larger resources and
render an efficient service to the country thereby. The library has
been pruned by the transfer of 58,000 pieces to the Library of Con-
gress, and the administration of the collection remaining, over
140,000 pieces in all, has been reorganized in close connection with
the Library of Congress and with other libraries of education
throughout the country. The annual reports have been condensed
and brought down to date. Volume I of the report for 1908 has
already been read in final page proof. Every effort is making to
complete the preparation of the manuscript of Volume II by the
31st of December. Close relations have been established with the
education offices of the several States and Territories. A conference
of state and territorial superintendents, called together in Washington
last February, was attended by 37 out of the 50 such officers invited,
and a committee appointed by that conference is now in consultation
with this office with reference to improvements in its statistical work.
Closer relations have also been cultivated with the state universities
and agricultural and mechanical colleges of the country, as well as
other educational institutions. The statistical reports of the bureau
have been condensed and the blanks for the collection of statistical
information have been revised. The issues of the bulletin, begun two
years ago, have proved a popular and useful means of furnishing
40 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
timely information upon subjects concerning which information is
frequently called for. The office force has been reorganized in
accordance with the executive order touching such reorganization.
Altogether, the present resources of the office have been economized
and utilized with great care in the discharge of the statutory func-
tions of the office. The office has been put into shape to make good
use of larger resources ; and it will be unable to go much further in
meeting the fair and reasonable demands made upon it until such
resources are provided. The appropriations for the general work of
the bureau, referred to above, are less for the current year than they
were ten years ago. A considerable increase in appropriations will
be necessary to bring up the arrears of the proper work of this office
and put it in a position to make even a good beginning on the growth
which it should make to parallel the growth of the educational needs
of the country.
It is false economy to fail to provide increased appropriations
for the work of the Bureau of Education. This work does not in
any way conflict with the educational work of the. States, counties,
and municipalities. The duty of the federal bureau is to obtain
information and give it to the States and smaller subdivisions. In
this way the Bureau can be of the greatest assistance to those who are
actually conducting the schools under the state laws. The Bureau
should be the great central clearing house for collecting educational
information — information about the best methods and the best sys-
tems— and presenting that information so that each State may select
and use what is best suited to its own conditions.
The Commissioner of Education has been in close touch with those
officers in the States who are charged with the duty of guiding and
conducting educational work. The presidents of the state univer-
sities, the school superintendents of both municipalities and counties
are in full sympathy with the work of the bureau, and desire that
its work may be increased along the lines indicated in the report of
the Commissioner of Education.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
In the last few years the Geological Survey has broadened the scope
of its work in the classification of the mineral lands of the public
domain. At the time of the organization of the Survey the classifica-
tion intended by Congress was believed to be general in character and
such as could be expressed on maps issued for the general information
of the people. The present interpretation of the law is that the classi-
fication should be more definite, and therefore during the last year
the Survey has continued its special field surveys of the coal lands
belonging to the Government. The geologic, topographic, and tech-
nologic branches of the Survey and the General Land Office have
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 41
cooperated in these surveys, which have provided for the classification
and valuation of the coal lands and for their prompt segregation
from the noncoal lands. A total of 22,700 square miles of coal fields
was thus classified during the fiscal year 1907-8, and the valuation
of the coal lands, based not only on the geologic field examination
but on chemical and physical tests of coal collected from these lands,
was reported to the General Land Office.
Geologic branch. — Incidental to the surveys for the classification of
coal lands, important results have been secured relating to the strati-
graphic and structural relations of the coal fields of the West, and
the knowledge of the occurrence and distribution of this most valu-
able mineral has been greatly increased. Increased demands have
also been made on the mining geologists of the Survey for assistance
in determining the mineral or nonmineral character of land for which
title from the Government is sought.
The goal to be reached in mining geology is the extension of sys-
tematic field surveys of all mineral deposits, so that geologic explora-
tion may keep in advance of economic development. The prosecution
of detailed area! mapping in all regions where active development
of mineral deposits is in progress results in making prospecting less
expensive and more efficient and in winning a much larger proportion
of the ore deposits wherever the areal and structural relations thus
become known, and therefore effects a double economy.
The survey of Alaska was continued under the special appropria-
tion made for work in that Territory. About 20 per cent of the
Territory has now been covered by reconnoissance geologic surveys.
As the geologic mapping must form the basis for any fundamental
study of the laws of occurrence and distribution of the mineral
resources, it is evident that with only a fifth of the Territory mapped
no comprehensive treatment of the subject of its mineral wealth can
yet be attempted. Geologic mapping necessitates the preparation
of base maps, which in themselves are indeed among the most valu-
able results for the purposes of the prospector and the mine operator.
In addition to the demand for the completion of the topographic
and geologic reconnoissance surveys there is urgent need for detailed
mapping of the important mining districts. Such detailed work
costs much more than the reconnoissance work and need be under-
taken only in regions that give promise of becoming important pro-
ducers of mineral wealth. As soon as a district is established as a
producer it is economy to cover it by detailed topographic and
geologic surveys at once, as the maps and reports then become avail-
able when they are most needed by the mine operators.
In the collection of mineral statistics by the Survey the plan of
cooperation between the division of geology and the division of
mineral resources has been continued with even more satisfactorv
42 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
results than were obtained during the two preceding years in which
this plan has been followed. The value of the mineral products of
the United States in the calendar year 1907 exceeded a total of
$2,000,000,000, so that, notwithstanding the financial depression
which occurred in the latter part of the year, 1907 will be recorded
as one of the most prosperous years in the history of the mining
industry. The endeavor to expedite the compilation and publication
of the mineral statistics for 1907 resulted in the issue of five chapters
and the transmission of twelve others to the printer during the first
half of the calendar year 1908, as contrasted with one issued and five
others transmitted in the corresponding period last year. In time
of publication the chapters issued have averaged one and one-half
months ahead of the same reports for the last year.
Topographic branch. — Topographic surveys were made in thirty-
two States and Territories, covering 25,658 square miles. Of this
amount, 14,949 square miles were surveyed in the public-land States.
In addition 6,979 square miles of revision or resurvey were completed,
making the total area actually surveyed during the season 32,637
square miles.
In Minnesota the special drainage survey of the ceded Chippewa
Indian lands authorized by Congress was completed, 2,385 square
miles having been mapped this year. These data will be used as the
basis for the making of drainage plans by the Survey as directed by
Congress.
In Mississippi an area of 1,200 square miles of swamp land in the
Yazoo delta has been topographically surveyed in cooperation with
the Tallahatchie drainage commission. This survey has been on
the specially large scale of 2,000 feet to the inch, with 5-foot contour
interval and with elevations established at the rate of 125 to the
square mile. It is expected that these data will be used as a basis for
drainage plans and construction by the Tallahatchie commission.
In California work has progressed steadily in mapping the Sacra-
mento Valley, including the tule swamps, in cooperation with the
State, 950 square miles having been covered on a special scale of 2
inches to the mile with 5-foot contour interval.
W ater -resources branch. — During the last year an effort has been
made to maintain as much as possible the investigations of the
water resources of the country. The work performed may be divided,
as formerly, into three parts: First, the investigation of stream flow
and allied problems; second, the investigation of the occurrence,
sources, and amounts of underground waters in various portions of
the country, and, third, the investigation of the quality of water,
both surface and underground. A combination of these three inves-
tigations is necessary (o afford the data for the determination of
water resources required in the appropriation act.
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 43
A feature of this work is the cooperation rendered by certain
States — Maine, New York, and Pennsylvania making allotments of
funds for cooperative investigations of water resources. Ground-
water investigations were made in various parts of the country, and
investigations of the quality of water involved the collection of
50,000 samples of water and analyses of the mineral contents of 4,800
samples.
The study of the water resources of Alaska, so far as they bear on
the problem of placer mining, is well advanced, for, though only a
comparatively small area has been actually surveyed hydrographic-
ally, the preliminary work in one of the most important placer dis-
tricts is nearing completion and similar work in another has been
well started.
The establishment of local offices in the West for at least a portion
of the year has proved to be advantageous, not only in insuring
better administration of the field work and in facilitating the dis-
charge of official business, but in encouraging closer relations between
the Survey and the public. This has been of special advantage in the
work of the water-resources and topographic branches, as it is im-
portant to provide for the engineers in any district every possible
opportunity to be informed of and to profit by the investigations
of the Survey and to assist the Survey in meeting local needs.
Additional emphasis should be placed upon the study of the
water resources of the country. Water is essentially a public resource
and its uses from the headwaters down are distinctly public,
whether they be for the domestic use of our great cities, or develop-
ment of power, for irrigation, or, finally, for navigation. Further-
more, the questions arising, from this great use of water are neces-
sarily not confined to single States. They cover an entire water-
shed area, and hence in almost every case affect conditions in several
States. It is therefore of prime importance that the Federal Govern-
ment should increase its work of carefully studying water and its
uses, so that we may be prepared to devote the public domain to the
proper protection of water and provide for its use in such fashion as
will best promote the public welfare and prevent the waste, misuse,
or monopolization of water by private interests.
Technologic branch. — Another line of investigation was placed
under the administration of the Geological Survey in May by author-
ity of the Secretary of the Interior upon the appropriation by Con-
gress of $150,000 for conducting investigations as to the causes of
mine explosions, with a view to increasing safety in mining. The
division of mine accidents was created May 22, 1908, and made a part
of the technologic branch. The organization of this new work was
immediately begun and authority was obtained from the Secretary of
War for the use of a part of the old arsenal tract in Pittsburg as an
44 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
explosive station. This line of practical research is expected to de-
crease in some degree the present excessive loss of life in the mines
as well as to diminish the waste of coal in mining.
The terrible accidents that have occurred in mines in our own coun-
try and abroad during the past year show most clearly the imperative
need of most careful, systematic study of the conditions under which
mines are being operated.
The appropriations which the Federal Government has made and
will be asked to make for this investigation are as nothing when
measured by the good which is being accomplished in finding out
what methods can be adopted to prevent the loss of life and the many
dreadful injuries which are daily occurring in our mines.
The work of the experimental station at Pittsburg meets with the
approval and commands the interest of both the miners and the
mine owners. They see that this work is being conducted in a thor-
oughly practical way. The tests and experiments regarding explo-
sives are not mere laboratory tests, but are carried on under condi-
tions identical with those that exist in the coal mines. The result
of these experiments will be the standardization of explosives, the
establishment of certain methods of mining, and the adoption of
safety devices which will be of tremendous advantage to the mining
industry.
The other technologic work of the Survey has included analyses
and investigations of coals, lignites, and other mineral fuels, designed
to prevent waste in mining and to promote their more efficient use by
the Government for power and heating purposes; investigations of
structural materials belonging to and used by the United States, and
engineering and other investigations bearing upon the work of the
Eeclamation Service, the Isthmian Canal Commission, the Supervis-
ing Architect of the Treasury Department, and other branches of the
government service having supervision of building and construction.
In January the Director of the Geological Survey submitted to the
Senate Committee on Mines and Mining, at my request, a statement
relative to the proposed establishment of another bureau in recogni-
tion of the mining industry. The part played by the Survey in the
development of that industry in the last three decades was reviewed,
and the effort was made to suggest legislation that would provide
adequately for an increase in the mining work of the Federal Gov-
ernment without duplicating work already authorized. The opinion
was expressed that the only true line of cleavage for separating the
investigations concerned with the mining industry lies between the
pure technology of the industry and those studies which relate to the
distribution, occurrence, origin, and production of mineral deposits.
Such studies have formed an increasingly important part of the Geo-
logical Survey's work since its organization, so that the whole ques-
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 45
tion resolves itself into the matter of making adequate provision for
the other investigations now being conducted by the technologic
branch of the Survey. The value of these investigations has been
proved, and their scope may well be expanded along technologic lines
without duplicating or overlapping the work of other branches of the
survey.
Publications. — The Survey is a bureau of investigation and publi-
cation. Its relation to the public demands that the results of the
scientific investigations intrusted to it be presented in the form- best
adapted to serve the purpose of publicity, and that these reports of
investigations must be distributed with the greatest possible care and
expedition. The current publications therefore furnish an important
index to the nature and value of the work.
The publications of the year consisted of 1 annual report, 1 mono-
graph, 2 professional papers, 30 bulletins (one of which was also
published in 7 separate chapters), and 13 advance chapters from one
other bulletin, 22 water-supply papers, 1 annual report on mineral
resources for 1906 (also published in 45 separate chapters), 5 advance
chapters from the annual report on mineral resources for 1907, and
9 geologic folios.
During the year 333,705 volumes, 39,389 folios, and 474,868 maps
(including 369,521 sold), a total of 847,962, were distributed.
The nation's mineral resources. — The congressional enactment
establishing the Geological Survey was inspired by an appreciation
of the importance to the nation of its mineral resources. Since then
the Survey's investigations have not only contributed largely to the
development of the mining industry, especially in the public-land
States, but have furnished quantitative data that are available at
this time of popular awakening to the needs of national conservation.
The last year has been one of those periods through which any
scientific work occasionally passes, in which the specific value and
definite usefulness of results accomplished have been brought promi-
nently into public notice. The people in general have learned to
appreciate certain applications of the survey's investigations, which
heretofore have in large part appealed only to persons who had be-
come familiar with its work by reason of their professions or special
interests.
The Survey's most notable contribution to the subject of national
conservation during the year was the publication, on the eve of the
governors' conference at the White House, of a map of the coal
fields of the United States. This map presented both graphically
and statistically the extent of the nation's coal reserves. Up to that
time it had not been possible to prepare so accurate a map on account
of the lack of data regarding the shape and extent of many of the
western coal fields and the quality of their coal, but during the last
46 REPORT OF SECRETARY OP THE INTERIOR,.
few years a large amount of such information has been obtained in
connection with the classification and valuation of coal lands in the
public-land States of the West. In carrying on this work the United
States Geological Survey has mapped most of the important coal
fields, and has tested many of the coals, so that the information at
hand was believed to be sufficiently complete and conservative to
warrant its publication.
At the request of the National Conservation Commission similar
reports have been made by the Geological Survey on iron ores,
petroleum, natural gas, metalliferous ores, phosphate, peat, Alaskan
mineral resources, coal waste, waste in structural materials, swamp
lands, denudation, water power, ground waters, and water circula-
tion and its control.
RECLAMATION SERVICE.
The operations of the Reclamation Service during the past year
have been confined mainly to the continuation of construction upon
projects previously approved. Investigations for new projects have
been confined mainly to measurement of water supply, which for
its proper determination requires observations extending through a
long series of years. The construction work has been carried on
largely by contract, but construction under direct administration has
been undertaken where contractors have failed or where reasonable
bids have not been received. As indicating the character and magni-
tude of construction accomplished, the following table is submitted:
Summary of results of reclamation work from June 30, 1903, to June 30, 1908.
Quantity.
Area irrigated acres 353,050
Area under ditch do 978,365
Farm units 5, 959
Bridges 648
Length of bridges feet— 19, 231
Canals carrying 300 second-feet or over miles— 412
Canals carrying between 50 and 300 second-feet do 460
Canals carrying less than 50 second-feet do 1, 508
Cement used barrels.. 638, 237
Concrete laid cubic yards__ 772, 804
Dikes and levees built linear feet__ 296,938
Earth excavated cubic yards— 47,038,620
Loose rock excavated do 2,841,538
Solid rock excavated do 2,787,820
Road constructed miles— 374
Riprap laid cubic yards— 265,289
Reservoir capacity completed acre-feet— 379, 100
Structures built, costing over $2,000 312
Structures built, costing between $500 and $2,000 481
Structures costing less than $500 4, 390
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
47
Quantity.
Telephone line built miles__ 874
Telephones in use 300
Tunnels built 57
Length of tunnels feet— S2, 279
Cost of lands purchased $1,612,641
Under the provisions of the law the receipts from the sale of
public lands are turned into the reclamation fund after certain sums
defined by the law have been deducted. The accounts of this fund
are adjusted annually at the end of the fiscal year, June 30. The
compilation of reports and computations of various charges and
deductions usually require about six months in the Land Office and
Treasury Department, so that the warrant for any fiscal year does
not issue until the 1st of January following, whereupon the fund
becomes available for expenditure. The amount of this warrant,
however, can be approximately estimated at the close of the fiscal
year, and in July careful examination is made of the needs of the
various projects and approximate allotments of the funds for the
calendar year are tentatively determined upon. By thus announcing
the plans and giving instructions about five months in advance, the
work can be carried on with greater economy and better continuity
of plan.
The date of the availability of the annual increments to the fund
makes it convenient and necessary that allotments be made by calen-
dar years rather than fiscal years. This is also in accordance with
the convenience and economy of construction work, which, on most
of the projects, is much more active in summer than in winter on
account of climatic conditions.
Tn the following table is given a list of the approved irrigation
projects of the Reclamation Service, with the area to be reclaimed,
the estimated cost of construction, the estimated expenditures to
December 31, 1908, and the corresponding per cent of completion at
that date :
Approved irrigation projects.
Location.
Project.
Salt River
Yuma
Arizona
Arizona-California
California I Orland
California-Oregon Klamath
Colorado Grand Valley .
Do I Uncompahgre
Area.
Estimated
cost.
Estimates December
31, 1908.
Expendi-
tures.
Per cent
of com-
pletion.
Acres.
240,000
92, 150
30,000
165, 000
50,000
116,000
$7, 900, 000
5, 630, 000
1, 500, 000
5,950,000
2,500,000
5, 500, 000
S5, 850. 000
2. 875, 000
168,000 I
1,693,000
50,000 i
3,515,000
61.6
51.0
11.2
28. 5
2.0
64.0
48
KEPORT OF SECEETAEY OF THE INTERIOR.
Approved irrigation projects — Continued.
Location.
Idaho
Do
Do
Kansas
Montana
Do
Do
Nebraska- Wyoming . . .
Nevada
New Mexico
Do
Do
Do
North Dakota
Do
Do
North Dakota-Montana
Oregon
South Dakota
Utah
Washington
Do
Do
Dp
Wyoming
Project.
Minidoka (gravity)
Minidoka (pumping)
Payette-Boise, South Side Divi-
sion.
Garden City
Lower Milk Rivera
Huntley
Sun River, Fort Shaw unit
North Platte
Truckee-Carson
Carlsbad
Hondo
Rio Grande
Leasburg unit b
Buford-Trenton
Nesson
Williston
Lower Yellowstone
Umatilla
Belle fourche
Strawberry Valley
Okanogan
Sunnyside
Tieton
Wapato
Shoshone
Total.
Area.
Acres.
84,200
49, 900
132,000
10, 656
160, 000
33, 000
16,000
96, 000
100,000
20,000
10,000
160,000
12,500
18, 500
12,000
66,000
20,440
100,000
60, 000
9,000
99,000
30, 000
120, 000
150, 000
2,292,346
Estimated
cost.
1,780,000
600, 000
4, 765, 000
355,000
6,250,000
' 840,000
480, 000
4,200,000
4, 390, 000
640,000
370, 000
8,000,000
210, 000
316,000
740,000
474,000
2,754,200
1,208,400
3,400,000
2,880,000
585, 000
2,253,000
1,800,000
3, 600, 000
7, 560, 000
89,431,500
Estimates December
31, 1908.
Expendi-
tures.
1, 780, 800
211,000
2, 250, 000
355,000
250,000
840,000
488,000
3,940,000
3, 951, 000
640, 000
370,000
65, 000
210, 000
316,000
18,000
474,000
2, 570, 000
1,065,000
2,000,000
630, 000
455,000
881,000
987,000
19,000
3, 175, 000
42,091,000
Per cent
of com-
pletion.
100.0
35.2
47.2
100.0
4.0
100.0
100.0
93.3
90.0
100.0
100.0
.8
100.0
100.0
4.5
100.0
82.5
82.0
58.8
21.9
77.8
39.1
54.8
5.6
42.0
° This does not include the St. Mary project, on which the estimated expenditure is
$257,000.
b The Leasburg diversion dam will furnish a temporary, intermittent supply to about
20,000 acres, which will be a portion of the Rio Grande project and share in the benefits
of the Engle Dam.
An act called the " public irrigation law " passed the legislature of
Porto Eico and was approved by the governor on the 18th day of
September, 1908. It appropriated $200,000 for the " preparation of
working plans and specifications for the construction of an irrigation
system for the district situated approximately between the River
Patillas on the east and River Portugues on the west, and irrigable
lands on both sides of both rivers, and for the commencement and
prosecution of the work of construction thereof, and expenses in con-
nection therewith until such time as sufficient funds shall be available
in the treasury from the sale of bonds provided for such purpose by
legislative enactment." Provision is made for the issue and sale of
$3,000,000 in 4 per cent bonds to defray the expenses of constructing
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 49
the above irrigation works, the cost of which is to be collected by
taxation of the lands benefited. The act further provides that —
Immediately upon the approval of this act the engineer heretofore in charge
of the survey and study of the said irrigation project, or his successor, as here-
inafter provided, shall proceed at once to the completion of the plans and speci-
fications, attaching thereto a descriptive memorial of the works and showing
and justifying in full all necessary work to be done and expenses to be incurred
in the construction of the said irrigation system, and shall submit the same to
the Director of the United States Reclamation Service for report, but in the
event of his inability to so act, to one or more engineers selected by said
Director of the United States Reclamation Service, provided that the said
director, or the engineer or engineers selected by him, shall transmit a general
specific report to the governor of Porto Rico touching all matters contained in
the memorial and plans and specifications of the engineer in charge of the irri-
gation works in Porto Rico.
In pursuance of the above law the irrigation engineer of Porto Rico
has submitted plans and specifications for an extensive system of
irrigation for southern Porto Rico, and arrangements are being made
for an examination of the locality of the said works by engineers of
the Eeclamation Service, at the expense of Porto Rico.
The government of the Philippine Islands has organized a " bureau
of public works," and in this bureau a division of irrigation. An
annual appropriation of ^750,000 is provided for the surveys, plans,
and construction of irrigation works, and surveys are now in prog-
ress. The governor of the islands has applied for the services of a
consulting engineer from the Reclamation Service, and an effort will
be made to detail a competent engineer from that service at the proper
time at the expense of the Philippine Islands.
SALT RIVER PROJECT, ARIZONA.
This project comprises in the main the construction of a large
storage reservoir at the mouth of Tonto Creek on Salt River and
the diversion of this water at the head of the valley, about 40 miles
to the westward, and its distribution through canals and ditches to
about 200,000 acres of very fertile land in the vicinity of Phoenix,
Ariz.
The area to be irrigated is far in excess of the water supply, and
as the productivity of the land is very great it becomes of first im-
portance that the water supply be utilized and increased as fully as
conditions will permit.
Large opportunities for the development of power are incidental
to this project and are being used for the principal purpose of
pumping water from underground, large quantities of which may
thus be obtained for supplementing the supply furnished from the
reservoir.
A contract for the large masonry storage dam on upper Salt River
was let to James O'Rourke & Company, of Galveston, Tex., in April
58920— int IOCS— vol 1 4
50 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
1905. Since work began a series of unusual floods have occurred,
washing out the protective works of the contractor four successive
times and filing in excavated portions of the foundation.
The dam has now reached a height of about 70 feet and some regu-
lation of fluctuation of the river flow can hereafter be undertaken.
One of the great floods which damaged the contractor in Novem-
ber, 1905, also washed out the Arizona dam, which had served to
divert water just below the mouth of Verde River into the Ari-
zona canals for the use of this and other canals on the north side of
the Salt River. The entire north-side system was purchased by the
Reclamation Service in 1906, and a concrete dam for diverting water
into it has recently been completed at Granite Reef, below the old
Arizona dam. The Arizona canal has been enlarged, straightened,
and greatly improved, and the entire distribution system on the
north side of the canal has been remodeled and almost entirely recon-
structed, effecting a considerable economy of water and far more
efficient service than ever before.
A canal to connect Granite Reef dam with the south-side system
of canals is under construction and will soon be completed. When
this is accomplished the Granite Reef dam will serve as a heading
for the entire canal systems on both sides of the river, with the
exception of some small canals that pick up seepage water from the
river in the lower part of the valley.
The Salt River project as a whole is about 75 per cent completed.
YUMA PROJECT, ARIZONA.
The Yuma project provides for the diversion of Colorado River
into its valley on both sides about 12 miles northeast of Yuma,
Ariz. It will irrigate about 17,000 acres of land on the California
side, mainly on an Indian reservation, and about 75,000 acres on the
Arizona side. The dam will have a total length of 4,780 feet, a
width of 257 feet, and a maximum height of 19 feet. The construc-
tion of this dam was begun under contract in July, 1905, but owing
to the uncertainties of river control it finally became necessary for
the Reclamation Service to assume its construction under force
account. A spur railroad has been built connecting with the main
line of the Southern Pacific, and the final closure of the river is now
being made. Barring unexpected catastrophes, the dam will be
completed during the current winter and water will be turned into
the canal on the California side some time next summer.
The Yuma project as a whole is 53 per cent completed.
In response to a very urgent and practically unanimous petition
from the people of the Imperial Valley, the Reclamation Service
has undertaken the survey of a high-line canal to connect with
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 51
Laguna dam the Imperial Valley, in order to provide for the irri-
gation of about 200,000 acres of land lying above the canals in that
valley.
ORLAND PROJECT, CALIFORNIA.
The Orland project will provide storage reservoirs on the head-
waters of Stony Creek, the waters of which will be used in the
vicinity of the town of Orland, Cal. A contract has been let for the
construction of a storage reservoir at East Park, and work is now in
progress on the diversion dam and canals. This project is regarded
as the initial unit of a project for the general development of the
Sacramento Valley. The Orland project is about 15 per cent com-
pleted.
GRAND VALLEY PROJECT, COLORADO.
Surveys have been made for the diversion of Grand River in
the canyon above Palisades, and the construction of canals and tun-
nels to convey the water by a high line through the valley about
Palisades, Grand Junction, and Fruita to irrigate the lands above
existing canals. This project will irrigate about 50,000 acres of land.
UNCOMPAHGRE VALLEY PROJECT, COLORADO.
This project will divert the waters of Gunnison River through a
tunnel about 6 miles in length into the Uncompahgre Valley, to irri-
gate about 140,000 acres of land, a portion of which already has a
partial water supply.
The tunnel was first contracted, but since the financial failure of
the contractor work has been prosecuted by force account under the
engineers of the Reclamation Service. The great difficulties enu-
merated in previous reports have continued, the water in the river
end of the tunnel being specially troublesome. Water is also increas-
ing in the lower end of the tunnel, but as this is drained by gravity
it does not present very serious difficulties. The progress on this
work to the end of October was as follows:
East end : Linear feet.
Full section 7,050
Undercut drift 2, 35S
Total east end 9,414
West end :
Full section 13, 540
Undercut drift 3, 201
Total west end 10. 807
Total full section 20,602
Total full and undercut drift 26,221
Concrete lining:
West end S. 4S4
East end None.
52 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
The canal system for the Uncompahgre Valley project is nearly
completed, but owing to the treacherous nature of the material in the
bad lands through which it runs great labor and expense is involved
in properly priming and repairing leaky portions.
MINIDOKA PROJECT, IDAHO.
This project diverts water from Snake River, near the station of
Minidoka, Idaho. About 60,000 acres on each side of the river will be
irrigated from this diversion under the present plans and the canal
systems for this have been practically completed. A portion of the
lands on the north side and most of those on the south side lie above
the gravity canals and will be served by pumping, the power being
developed at the diversion dam, which is about 50 feet high. The
gravity system of this project is practically completed and the pump-
ing system is about 40 per cent completed.
PAYETTE-BOISE PROJECT, IDAHO.
The Payette-Boise project provides for the storage of waters on
both Payette and Boise rivers, with storage reservoirs on each
stream. A diversion dam about 40 feet high has been completed in
Boise River, which diverts water into a large canal leading to a
storage reservoir which has been constructed a few miles west of
Nampa, known as the "Deer Flat Reservoir." Two large earthen em-
bankments were required to form this basin and have been completed.
The large canal was in service during the past irrigating season in
an incomplete state, but it is now nearing completion. It serves a
large area of land between the diversion point and the Deer Flat Res-
ervoir and will be used during the nonirrigating months for filling
the reservoir.
GARDEN CITY PROJECT, KANSAS.
This project will obtain water for irrigation by pumping from un-
derground. For this purpose a power plant has been constructed
at Deerfield, Kans., consisting of steam turbines driving electric gen-
erators, from which the power is delivered to 23 separate pumping
stations, supplying about 8,600 acres in the vicinity of Garden City.
The system has been in operation during the latter part of the past
summer and is expected to fully serve the lands under it during the
next irrigating season.
HUNTLEY PROJECT, MONTANA.
The Huntley project diverts water from the right bank of Yellow-
stone River at a point about 3 miles above Huntley, Mont. This
project served about 20,000 acres of land during the past season
KEPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 53
and demonstrated the fertility thereof. The lands to be reclaimed
form a portion of the area which the Crow Indians by treaty ceded
to the United States in 1904. The settlement of the project has been
steady and satisfactory and the settlers have met with gratifying
success, considering the difficulties of the first year in a new region.
MILK RIVER PROJECT, MONTANA.
The settlers on Lower Milk River nearly a year ago petitioned the
department to build diversion works for a flood-water canal from
Milk River and volunteered to construct the canal system themselves,
taking credit upon their water rights for labor thus performed. Ar-
rangements to this effect were accordingly made and surveys prose-
cuted during the past summer. The Reclamation Service is now
building a diversion dam near Dodson, in pursuance of the above
arrangement, and the settlers have excavated about 110,000 cubic
yards of earth on the main canal.
ST. MARY PROJECT, MONTANA.
On this project operations with steam shovel and excavator have
been continued through the favorable season, and satisfactory prog-
ress has been made.
SUN RIVER PROJECT, MONTANA.
Sun River project provides for the irrigation of a large acreage
on both sides of Sun River and the regulation of its waters by a
number of reservoirs. The first unit provides for the irrigation of
about 18,000 acres in the vicinity of Fort Shaw. This unit was com-
pleted in the spring of 1908. Some damage was done by the unusual
floods about the time of the completion, but this was repaired in
time for use. A considerable acreage is now open to homestead
entry under the provisions of the reclamation act and the oppor-
tunities for successful settlement are great.
LOWER YELLOWSTONE PROJECT, MONTANA-NORTH DAKOTA.
This project provides for the diversion of Yellowstone River
on the north side about 18 miles below Glendive, Mont. The main
canal is nearly completed and the greater portion of the distribu-
tion system is also ready for service. The diversion dam was con-
tracted with the Pacific Coast Construction Company, but owing to
physical disasters to their work and financial difficulties the con-
tract was abandoned in August. The work was subsequently prose-
cuted by force account. It has been necessary to close down work
on account of the season, but it is the intention to complete the dam
next summer under force account.
54 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
NORTH PLATTE PROJECT, WYOMING-NEBRASKA.
The waters of North Platte River will be entirely controlled
by a large reservoir now under construction about 50 miles above
Casper, Wyo. These waters will be used for the reclamation of lands
on both sides of the river in Wyoming and Nebraska, between Casper,
Wyo., and Bridgeport, Nebr.
The storage reservoir has been named the "Pathfinder," and the
great masonry dam which will impound over 1,000,000 acre- feet of
water is about 90 per cent completed. The first unit of irrigation
from this storage is the Interstate Canal, heading near Whalen, Wyo.,
and watering about 30,000 acres in Wyoming and 80,000 in Nebraska.
The diversion dam near Whalen was contracted by S. R. H. Robinson
and partially built, but was abandoned by the contractor during the
past summer. Its completion has been undertaken by the Reclamation
Service under force account. Water was delivered to about 60,000
acres of land during the past season under the Interstate Canal, and
this will be increased to 100,000 during next season from canals now
being completed. The agricultural results from the irrigated lands
during the past year have been very satisfactory.
TRUCKEE-CARSON PROJECT, NEVADA.
The Truckee-Carson project provides for the storage of water in
the upper basin of Truckee River and its diversion upon lands in
the valleys of Truckee and Carson rivers mainly lying in the lower
Carson basin. A large conduit of 1,400 second-feet capacity has been
completed, diverting water from Truckee River and carrying a
capacity of 1,200 second-feet to Carson River for use in that basin.
The main canal from Carson River has also been completed and
about 100,000 acres of lands placed under irrigation. A large portion
of these lands is still open to homestead entry under the provisions
of the reclamation act.
CARLSBAD PROJECT, NEW MEXICO.
This project was first constructed by private enterprise nearly
twenty years ago, but was not successful physically or financially.
After contending with washouts and various other disasters the pro-
prietary company in 1905 found itself unable to replace the Avalon
Dam, which had been destroyed by a flood in 1904 and upon which
the canal system depended for its supply. The property was pur-
chased by the United States and Avalon Dam was rebuilt. Many re-
pairs and improvements were necessary, and the canal system is now
completed. Operations are now in progress for the right of way of
the MacMillan Reservoir, which is the principal reservoir for the
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 55
project. Water was delivered to about 8,000 acres during the past
season and it is expected that the entire project of 20,000 acres will
be supplied during 1909.
HONDO PROJECT, NEW MEXICO.
Hondo project is now practically completed and provides for the
storing of the waters of Hondo River in a basin constructed to the
north of the river, from which the stored waters will be discharged
into the channel of Hondo River below and diverted upon lands
in the vicinity of Roswell, N. Mex. This project contemplates the
reclamation of 10,000 acres of land.
RIO GRANDE PROJECT, NEW MEXICO-TEXAS.
The Rio Grande project contemplates the construction of a large
storage reservoir below the station of San Marcial on the Santa Fe
Railroad. This reservoir will have a capacity of over 2,000,000 acre-
feet and is designed to completely regulate the entire flow of the river
at this point. The stored waters will be diverted at four different
points and will irrigate about 180,000 acres of land in the United
States, a small portion of which is now under cultivation with a very
uncertain water supply from the natural flow of the river. By
treaty with Mexico 60,000 acre-feet of water will be delivered from
this reservoir annually at the head of the Mexican ditch in El Paso
for use on the Mexican side. To provide for the proportionate share
of the expenses, Congress made a direct appropriation of $1,000,000,
which is being used in the acquirement of rights of way for the reser-
voir, and in preparations for the construction of the dam. These
preparations consist of the extension of the foundation and abut-
ments and the establishment of camp and water supply.
A survey has been made for a railroad from Engle to the dam site,
and negotiations are in progress with the Santa Fe Railroad Com-
pany to secure the construction of a spur line to the dam site.
The first diversion dam has been completed in the vicinity of Fort
Seldon, and the unregulated waters of the river have been delivered
to the canals about Lascruces during the past season, 16,000 acres
having been thus irrigated.
BUFORD-TRENTON AND WILLISTON PROJECTS, NORTH DAKOTA.
During the past season water was delivered from two pumping
projects constructed on the left bank of the Missouri River, raising
water from that stream into the canals by means of power generated
with the lignite which abounds in that vicinity. The central power
station is located near Williston, and power is transmitted to the
pumping station near Buford in the form of electric currents.
56 REP0KT OF SECKETAKY OF THE INTERIOR.
The season of 1908 has been unfavorable for the growth of crops
and but a small acreage was irrigated. A much larger acreage will
be supplied during 1909.
KLAMATH PROJECT, OREGON-CALIFORNIA.
The Klamath project involves the reclamation of lands in Oregon
and California by the use of waters from upper Klamath Lake and
Lost River, near Klamath Falls, Oregon. A large canal from upper
Klamath Lake to Lost River has been completed by contract and
water was delivered in the past season to the lands along its course.
A power canal on the right bank of Link River has been completed,
which will furnish power for local use and supply the needs of the
company whose enterprise has been superseded by the Government.
A contract has been let for the east branch extension of the main
canal and work has begun on force account upon a dam at the outlet
of Clear Lake to convert this lake into a storage reservoir for use in
the Langell and Yonna valleys.
UMATILLA PROJECT, OREGON.
The Umatilla project diverts the water from Umatilla River and
conducts it by means of a long conduit to a reservoir recently con-
structed near Cold Springs. This reservoir is formed by building
an earthen dam about 100 feet high across a dry ravine. This dam
was completed in the early part of 1908. The reservoir thus formed
has a capacity of about 50,000 acre-feet. The outlet canal and dis-
tribution system were built mainly by contract, and about 7,000 acres
were placed under water in 1908. A larger area will be available in
1909, probably about 10,000 acres. The project contemplates the
reclamation of about 20,000 acres.
BELLE FOURCHE PROJECT, SOUTH DAKOTA.
The Belle Fourche project provides for the diversion of the waters
of Belle Fourche River and their storage in a large reservoir to be
constructed on Owl Creek at its junction with Dry Creek: The diver-
sion dam and feed canal have been completed and work is being car-
ried on under contract on a large earthen dam across Owl Creek.
Water was ready for delivery during the past season on about 12,000
acres of land and a considerable portion of this area was placed un-
der cultivation. Work has been in progress during the past season
on an extension of the south side canal, and a considerable additional
area will be placed under irrigation during the coming year.
REPORT OP SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 57
STRAWBERRY VALLEY PROJECT, UTAH.
The Strawberry Valley project provides for the construction of
a storage reservoir on Strawberry Creek, a tributary of the Duchesne
River, Utah. Stored water will be diverted through a tunnel 4
miles in length and discharged into Diamond Creek, a tributary of
Spanish Fork River. A canal for diverting this water from Spanish
Fork River has been completed and placed in service. A power plant
has been installed on this canal and is about ready for operation.
The power will be used for the construction of the tunnel which has
been opened and will be prosecuted during the present winter.
OKANOGAN PROJECT, WASHINGTON.
The Okanogan project, in northern Washington, provides for the
storage of water on Salmon River and its diversion at a point lower
down to cover bench land lying between Alma and Riverside, on
the bench west of Okanogan River. The Conconully Reservoir, on
Salmon River, is being constructed by force account, the earth and
gravel being placed by sluicing methods similar to those used in
hydraulic mining. About one-third of the entire amount of material
required for this dam has been placed. The Okanogan project as a
whole is 83 per cent completed.
SUNNYSIDE PROJECT, WASHINGTON.
The Sunnyside canal system of the Washington Irrigation Com-
pany, which was purchased by the Reclamation Service, has been
enlarged and improved for the better service of the larger area of
land. A permanent dam of concrete and headworks of the same
material have replaced the former structures and were in use during
the past season. An extension of the system has been completed and
water will be delivered the coming year to lands in the vicinity of
Mabton, on the south side of Yakima River. A large wasteway
below Zillah has been completed and greatly increases the safety and
efficiency of the system. Storage has been provided also on Lakes
Kachess, Kichelus, and Clealum, which will be replaced by larger
permanent dams below.
TIETON PROJECT, WASHINGTON.
The Tieton project diverts water from Tieton River on the right
bank in the Tieton Canyon, and carries it along the canyon wall and
over the divide into the Cowiche basin, where an area of about 30.000
acres can be watered. The work in the canyon -is largely in rock and
difficult of access, and involves a large amount of tunneling. The
excavation of the tunnels has been nearly completed and the lining
of the same is now in progress. The open canal, which will be lined
58 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
with concrete, has been more than half completed, and these works
will be finished in 1909. The waters utilized for this project are
appropriated lower down from Natches River, into which the Tieton
flows. The water to be diverted from the Tieton will be supplied
to the prior appropriators on the Natches by storage in Bumping
Lake reservoir, the construction of which will be undertaken next
year. A road to this reservoir is now about completed.
SHOSHONE PROJECT, WYOMING.
The Shoshone project contemplates the control of the waters of
the storage reservoir by the construction of a dam 328 feet high,
8 miles above Cody, Wyo. This dam, which is being constructed
by contract, will be the highest clam in the world. The work on the
dam has been delayed by washouts and financial difficulties, but is
now progressing satisfactorily and will probably be completed within
a year. The reservoir to be formed will have a storage capacity of
about 420,000 acre-feet. A diversion dam and tunnel have been
completed near Corbett, and water was delivered to about 15,000
acres during the past summer. A considerable portion of this project
has now been settled and settlers are coming in at a satisfactory rate.
Additional areas will be covered by a distribution system and placed
under irrigation as settlement demands.
PRINTING AND PUBLICATIONS.
In compliance with the provisions of sections 681 and 683, Revised
Statutes, and the acts of February 12, 1889 (25 Stat, L., 661), and
July 1, 1902 (32 Stat. L., 630), 2,899 volumes of the United States
reports, one set of Russell & Winslow's Digest, and 115 sets of the
reports published by the Lawyers' Cooperative Publishing Company
were received by the department and distributed to executive and
judicial officers of the Government.
As provided in section 5 of the act of July 1, 1902 (26 Stat. L.,
630), 32 sets of Revised Statutes of the United States and supple-
ments wrere distributed to Senators and Representatives.
As the distribution of United States reports and Revised Statutes
is in no way connected with the work of this department, it is recom-
mended that this be transferred to the Superintendent of Documents.
Careful attention has been given to the department printing, and
it is estimated that a saving of $30,000 has been effected by reason of
the more careful scrutiny of printing requests.
Blank forms have been standardized both as regards size and
quality of paper, and the use of a cheaper grade has been substituted
wherever this could be done without detriment to the public service.
Expensive leather bindings have been discarded, and canvas, buck-
ram, and book cloth arc now used almost exclusively for binding the
books of the department.
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 59
TERRITORIES.
The following order of the President of May 11, 1907, has con-
tinued in force :
It is hereby ordered that on and after June 1, 1907, all official communications
or reports from and to executive officers of the Territories and territorial pos-
sessions of the United States — viz, Arizona, Hawaii, New Mexico, Oklahoma,
Porto Rico, Alaska, Indian Territory, Samoa, and Guam — and all official
communications or reports relating to territorial matters from and to all execu-
tive officers of the United States stationed in such Territories and territorial
possessions, shall be transmitted through the Secretary of the Interior in such
manner and under such regulations as he may prescribe.
The result of thus centralizing information regarding the Terri-
tories and placing their administration, so far as the law permits,
under a single department, has proved of great benefit.
Business with the territorial officials is handled without unneces-
sary dela}r, and there is harmony and uniformity in the decisions
relating to territorial administration.
ARIZONA.
Conditions in Arizona are steadily improving. The population is
now estimated at 200.000, an increase of 15.000 during the j*ear.
The financial condition was never better, the territorial treasury
showing an increase of $75,308.86 over last year. Taxable property
has increased to $S0,000,000, an increase of $3,000,000 over the pre-
ceding year, while the territorial rate of taxation is not increased and
the local rate of taxation throughout the Territory has decreased.
There is no difficulty in caring for the current expenses of the Terri-
tory and the retiring of the bonded indebtedness. $10,000 of which
was retired during the year.
The organization and use of the rangers has been most satisfactory
in the enforcement of law and order.
The annual school census gives 34,299 as the number of children
of school age (6 to 21 years) in the Territory. The total number of
children enrolled in the schools is shown to be 28.S36. This would
indicate apparently that nearly 8,000 children fail to attend school,
but it is explained that most pupils finish school at the age of
18, although they are enumerated in the school census until they
are 21.
Practically all of the children who attend no school are of Mexi-
can parentage. To remedy the evil of nonattendance at school the
legislature has enacted a law which makes attendance compulsory
under severe penalties for parents and guardians. There are 301
school districts, employing 645 teachers. 109 men and 536 women.
The average monthly salary paid men teachers was $99.50; for
women it was $75.06.
60 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Notwithstanding the reduction in the production of copper, the
mining operations in the Territory show an increase over last year,
and the agricultural possibilities have been greatly increased by the
development of irrigation projects, experiments in dry farming, and
the introduction of new grasses on the open ranges.
In view of the improved showing made in all directions, the de-
mand of the people for statehood is fully justified.
NEW MEXICO.
The rapid increase in population referred to in my report of last
year continues. Nearly 15,000 homestead entries on over two and
one-quarter million acres of land were made during the year. It is
significant that this increase in the agricultural population is not
confined to the river valleys, but much of it is found along the mesas
which, until recently, have been given up entirely to grazing. This
fact is due to the success of dry farming. If this proves an ultimate
success, it is estimated that nearly 50,000,000 acres of land in New
Mexico will be available.
The population of the Territory is now estimated at 450,000, an
increase of 50,000 over last year.
It is believed that the construction of government reclamation
projects, the increase in railroad building, the increase in the number
of banks and mercantile firms, the output of the coal mines and
lumber mills, and the development of the farming and grazing indus-
tries have increased the wealth of the Territory not less than
$25,000,000, and the promises are that the coming year will show a
still greater increase.
The financial condition of the Territory was never better, the bal-
ance on hand in the Treasury at the end of the fiscal year being
$33,528.13 in excess of that of the preceding fiscal year.
The advancement in educational conditions keeps abreast of the
material development of the Territory. The last school census shows
a school population of 84,942, as against 78,360 in 1906. The fact
that all persons between the ages of 5 and 21 are included in the
school census causes the enrollment of 40,000 to bear a much lower
rate to the school population than it would if the school census
included persons between the ages of 6 and 21, as in most other States
and Territories. Nine hundred and twenty-nine teachers were em-
ployed at an average salary, in the cities and towns, of $68.20, and
in the rural districts, of $51.48. The total value of school property
is $964,184.
In short, the improved and improving conditions along all lines
are such as fully justify the demand of the people for statehood.
The production of coal in New Mexico during the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1908, according to the report of Mine Inspector J. E. Sheri-
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 61
dan, exceeded that of the preceding fiscal year by 279,489.2 tons, or
12.58 per cent, the quantity mined having been 2,500,873.2 tons.
The money stringency and a mild winter in the West and Southwest
operated to prevent a larger increase in production. The mines were
therefore not continuously operated, and during the last eight months
of the fiscal year many of the foreign-born miners returned to
Europe.
For several years the coal area of New Mexico has been estimated
at 1,430,480 acres and the available coal at 8,809,840,000 tons, but an
investigation made by geologists of the United States Geological
Survey has immensely increased the estimate of coal land and
of available coal, which are now fixed at 13,335 square miles
(8,534,400 acres) and 163,780,000,000 tons still available, more than
18 times the tonnage estimated by the office of the territorial mine
inspector.
The coal lies principally in the Eaton field, which comprises 1,360
square miles (870,400 acres) containing 30,805,000,000 tons of bitu-
minous coal, and in the San Juan field, which comprises 11,600 square
miles (7,424,000 acres) containing 131,375,000,000 tons of subbitu-
minous coal (principally). The Cerrillos, Carthage, and other fields
include 375 square miles of coal land, containing 1,600,000,000 tons
of coal — anthracite, bituminous, and subbituminous.
There were during the year 34 fatal accidents among the 3,670
persons employed in the mines, a ratio of 9.03 persons killed for
each 1,000 employed. Of these 11 were killed by a coal-dust explo-
sion, 16 by falling rock, and 7 by other causes.
ALASKA.
The population of Alaska is estimated at 31,000 permanent whites,
7,000 transients who are employed in the mines, canneries, and rail-
road camps during the summer and leave at the close of the season,
and about 35,000 natives.
The assessed valuation of property in the district is $9,249,300, and
the rate of taxation ranges from 1 to 2 per cent.
Settlement of the public domain does not appear to have been very
extensive during the past year, only 439 homesteads having been
taken up during that time.
There has been a slight decrease in commerce between Alaska and
the United States due to labor troubles, reduced gold output, lessened
demand for merchandise, and the fall in the price of copper, the
total value of merchandise shipped to the United States during the
year being $31,766,044.
Gold, still the leading product, is being successfully mined through-
out the whole Territory, the value of that metal shipped to the
62 . REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
United States during the year being $17,490,777, of silver $13,007,
and of copper $474,172.
Extensive fields of high-grade coal have been found in the Mata-
nuska Kiver and Bering River valleys, and workable deposits of coal
are reported in the region of Norton Bay, near tidewater. The great
value of the coal fields of Matanuska and Bering rivers having been
determined and the transportation assured, the development of these
fields will rapidly follow. The existing coal-land laws require radi-
cal modification. These changes should be made in accordance with
whatever general method Congress may prescribe for the disposition
of the coal lands in the United States proper, with such additional
provisions as may be necessary to meet the special conditions in
Alaska.
Other minerals produced in more or less paying quantities through-
out the Territory are tin, lead, petroleum, antimony, graphite, bis-
muth, cinnabar, and talc.
The experiment stations conducted by the Department of Agricul-
ture have produced satisfactory results. Wheat and oats have been
fully matured, and a great variety of plants and vegetables have been
cultivated. The experiment of raising sheep and Galloway cattle on
Kodiak Island is progressing successfully.
The total pack of the salmon canneries for the year will be about
2,000,000 cases of 4 dozen 1-pound cans each. The price of salmon
has been such as to insure good profit during the year. Other fish
that enter into the commerce of Alaska are halibut, cod, herring,
and whale.
Construction work upon various railroads shows the following re-
sults : The Council City and Solomon River Railroad and the Seward
Peninsula Railway are completed and in operation. The Copper
River and Northwestern Railway has changed its terminus from Ka-
talla to Cordova and has now 25 miles of track laid in the direction
of Abercrombie Rapids. The Alaska Central Railway has 53 miles
of track laid. The Tanana Mines Railroad is operating successfully
about 50 miles of railroad to Dome and Vault creeks and the Cha-
tanika River, and the Alaska Short Line Railway has a terminus at
Tliamna Bay. The Valdez and Yukon Railway has about 1 mile of
track laid, and the Yakutat and Southern Railway has 15 miles of
track.
The education of white children, which is placed under the juris-
diction of the governor by the act of January 27, 1905, has been pro-
gressing favorably ; and the education of the natives under the
Bureau of Education is also accomplishing good results. It is recom-
mended, however, that a compulsory education law be passed.
The services rendered to the people of Alaska by the military cable
and telegraph companies continue to be excellent. The lines are
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 63
being strengthened, and the services growing better from year to
year.
The general administration of affairs in the Territory has not been
by any means free from difficulty. Many of the settlements are still
mining camps where the authorities have to face the usual conditions
attendant upon life in such communities. There has. however, been
a better enforcement of law and the gradual eradication of the gross
evils arising as a result of the misuse of liquor and from gambling.
The condition of the Indian is improving. The sanitary work
inaugurated by the Bureau of Education is tending to minimize the
effect of disease and is accomplishing very beneficial results.
I desire to emphasize the recommendation made by the governor
for legislation on the following subjects:
The fourth judicial division; the issuance of bonds by the town of
Valdez to construct dikes to protect itself against glacial streams; the
payment for the care of the insane of Alaska out of the United States
Treasury : the change in licenses for the sale of intoxicating liquor
and preventing the maintenance of gambling and dance halls, and the
sale of whisky to Indians : for the control of the practice of medicine;
the better lighting of the coast : the defining of what constitutes as-
sessment work on a mining claim : the labor lien law ; the sale of
town sites: affording the natives of Alaska the right to acquire pub-
lic lands; and providing for the extension of the limits of incor-
porated towns under the supervision of the courts.
HAWAII.
Careful attention should be given the report of the governor of
Hawaii because of the constantly increasing importance of the Terri-
tory of Hawaii to the United States. Both politically and com-
mercially the Territory occupies a unique position.
Future legislation affecting Hawaiian interests must be so framed
as to closely unite its interests with those of the mainland. The people
of the Territory thoroughly appreciate that the benefits which an-
nexation gave them brought corresponding obligations to the United
States. On the other hand, the people on the mainland should realize
that the Territory is an integral part of the United States and must
be treated as such.
This, of course, does not mean that all the laws of the United States
should be made applicable to the Territory. Legislation must be in
conformity with any special or unusual conditions. For example,
the land laws in force upon the public domain in the mainland would
be wholly inapt in Hawaii. There is need of change in the land laws
of the Territory, but such changes must be made in conformity with
the conditions there.
64 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Formerly it was supposed that sugar was the only agricultural crop,
but more recently it is found that many other products can be profit-
ably raised, such as coffee, tobacco, rubber, pineapples, and sisal. The
sugar plantations have been large in area, and until recently the small
landholdings were not encouraged and were not profitable, but with
the diversity in agricultural products a modification of the system of
landholding will necessarily follow.
In order to deal wisely with the land question, the governor of
Hawaii appointed a commission to study and report upon land condi-
tions and make recommendation for needed changes. It is earnestly
hoped that a system will be adopted under which farms may be ac-
quired of small acreage, similar to the homestead on the mainland, so
that ultimately the land will be cultivated by many owners instead
of by tenants alone. Such a change does not involve the destruction
of the sugar plantations, as was feared by some, but will increase the
area of arable land and permit the use of lands for the crops which
will be most profitable.
In this connection I have had Mr. Newell, the director of the Eecla-
mation Service, make a thorough personal examination of the land
and water conditions in the islands for the purpose of considering a
plan for the reclamation of lands which can not now be cultivated be-
cause of the lack of water.
The water conditions in Hawaii are phenomenal. It is generally
supposed that the rainfall throughout the islands is excessive.
This is true in localities, but there are thousands of acres where
irrigation is as necessary as in the arid districts of the West.
The Federal Government should treat Hawaii as it does the main-
land, giving its people the advantage of all the work which is being
carried on by the Departments of Agriculture and the Interior in
the study and development of its agricultural possibilities.
Directly connected with the land and agricultural problems is
the question of labor. Since cutting off the supply of Asiatic labor
means must be taken to provide for the substitution of that labor,
as it is required, with labor from the mainland or Europe. There is
the heartiest cooperation between the sugar planters, now the large
employers of labor, and the Federal Government in working out
this difficult problem.
The transportation interests of the Territory deserve our most care-
ful consideration. The success of increasing and diversifying the
agricultural products of the islands depends upon proper transporta-
tion facilities by water. One harbor, at least, upon each island should
be provided so that the products of that island may be shipped directly
to the markets of the world. Congress has directed the beginning
of this work, but further appropriations should be made immediately
available. The ultimate commercial development of our trade with
EEPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 65
the Orient is directly connected with proper provisions for ocean
transportation with the islands.
The general conditions of the Territory are admirable. Educa-
tional work is given thorough attention. School conditions in the
islands are most unusual. In the same school there are often repre-
sented more than a dozen different races. The school courses are
thoroughly practical, especial attention being given to industrial
courses.
Owing to the existence of leprosy, the problems affecting the pub-
lic health have received careful attention. There has been the closest
cooperation between the local authorities and the federal service, but
both authorities feel the need of certain changes in the law, which have
been presented to Congress, the purpose of which is to give greater
authority to the health authorities to take necessary protective meas-
ures to prevent the introduction and spread of contagious diseases.
The importance of this legislation can not be overestimated, because
of the enormous number of travelers to and from the Orient who enter
or pass through the port of Honolulu.
PORTO RICO.
The report of the governor of Porto Rico, with the accompanying
reports of other territorial officers, have been transmitted to the
President through the Secretary of State for submission to Congress,
as required by law.
Under the act creating the governm3nt of Porto Rico, the reports
by the governor and other officers are transmitted to different depart-
ments of the Federal Government. It would be better, for purposes
of administration, if the Territory were placed by law, as the other
Territories, under the jurisdiction of the Interior Department.
The affairs of the Territory have been well administered. I call
particular attention to the reports of the various executive officers.
The educational, political, and industrial conditions of the island are
better than ever before in its history.
GUAM AND SAMOA.
The naval officers who act as governors of Guam and Samoa have
submitted their reports to the Secretary of the Navy, as required
by law.
Under instructions from the Secretary of the Navy, a special board
of naval officers made a thorough investigation of the conditions on
the island of Guam. The report of that board is full of interest.
It shows that the conditions upon the island are good, and m
certain recommendations for improvement, which will be carried out
so far as the law permits. If legislati
will be submitted.
5S920 — on 1908 — vol 1 5
66 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTEEIOK.
NATIONAL PARKS AND RESERVATIONS.
The national parks under the jurisdiction of the department are
as follows :
Acres.
Yellowstone, in Wyoming ___ 2,142,720.00
Yoseinite, in California 719,622.00
Sequoia, in Californa 161,597.00
General Grant, in California 2,536.00
Mount Rainier, in Washington 207,300.00
Crater Lake, in Oregon 159,360.00
Wind Cave, in South Dakota 10,522.00
Sullys Hill, in North Dakota 780. 00
Piatt, in Oklahoma. 848. 22
Casa Grande Ruins, in Arizona 480.00
Mesa Verde, in Colorado 42,376.00
(5-mile strip for protection of ruins) 175,360.00
Hot Springs Reservation, in Arkansas 911.63
Another year's experience in the administration of these parks con-
firms my belief that all of them except the Plot Springs Reservation,
in Arkansas, should be transferred to the Forest Service, under the
Department of Agriculture, where they could be better handled in
connection with the national forests. These parks can be better
protected by forest rangers and scouts than by United States troops,
and while the organization of such a body in the first instance would
mean an additional appropriation, yet in the end it would prove an
economy. The appropriations for the construction of roads in the
Yellowstone and Mount Rainier parks should be transferred to the
department which has immediate charge of these parks.
HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION.
The condition of affairs at Hot Springs, Ark., is greatly improved.
This is largely attributable to the passage of state laws which elim-
inated from Hot Springs a very undesirable class of persons, thereby
making the city much more attractive.
The number of baths given by the 24 bath houses aggregated
703,854, and the amount paid for the same was $197,235.70. The
total number of baths given by the bath houses and the government
free bath house was 898,004. The number of visitors was greater
than in any previous year.
There was received during the year from water and ground rents
$28,090, which, with a balance on June 30, 1907, of $7,421.09, made
the total amount available for use on the reservation $35,511.09.
The expenditures during the year were $21,008.78, leaving a balance
on July 1, 1908, of $14,502.31.
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTEEIOR. 67
Many desirable improvements were made on the reservation during
the year to add to its attractiveness and protection. The bathing
facilities of the government free bath house have been largely in-
creased by the construction of large pools, and it now can afford
bathing to 900 persons daily. The law providing for ,; maintenance
of free baths for t] did poor of the Ui I States" has been care-
fully carried out. During the year 7.191 diseased, crippled, or
afflicted perse ds —ere ad:. and 30."
:olored. A" >ut me-tentb : the number of males were veterans
of the civil war. The total number of A - _:ven at the free bath
V9& 1 f 4 . 1 " .
The attention of Cong] : ailed to the act of March 3. 1
under which bath houses on the reservation were not required to pay
anything ex: price pa tat : : the h At that
period land in Hot Springs was of very little value, and the amount
realized by the bath-house owners nt w as very
small. For many years the bath houses have made large profits, and
the land on which their buildings stand has a value of several hun-
dred dollars a front foot. I bel: be only fair to the Govern-
ment, as well as to the owi bath houses off the government i
:n (14: out of 24), that those bed on the reservation should
_ : jund rent to the I : for the I :. I recom-
mend that the law of March A A A . be amended so as to provide that
all leases of bath houses on the g freromeni reservation shall be re-
quired to pay a ground i by the Si retary of the In-
i jr.
I am having careful investigation made of the _rneral conditions
on the reservation, belA' . ges in
the present methods of adn. on.
I have no doubt that ultimately the Federal :»uld
build a new bath house. I belie snt one to be not only in-
adequate, to continue supplying a place
for free pulA s, that place should be supplied with all necessary
conve
THE PRESERVATION OF AMERICAN ANTIQUITII
: : . . : : I I | >pi
s created oat of the pal 3 un-
reserved lands nine d
fellows;
68 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
National monuments created out of public lands.
Name.
Devils Tower
Montezuma Castle
Petrifleld Forest
ElMorro
Chaco Canyon
Muir Woods
Natural Bridges
Lewis and Clark Cavern
Tumacacori
State.
Date.
Wyoming Sept. 24, 1906
Arizona Dec. 8,1906
do do
New Mexico do
do Mar. 11,1907
California \ Jan. 9, 1908
Utah Apr. 16,1908
Montana j May 11, 1908
Arizona i Sept. 15,1908
Area.
Acres.
1,152
160
60, 776
160
20, 520
295
120
160
10
Out of the reserved forest lands national monuments have been
created as follows :
National monuments
C)
-eaten
, out of reserved forest lands.
Name.
State.
Date.
Area.
Cinder Cone
California
do _— .
May 6,1907
do
Acres.
5,120
1,280
160
Gila Cliff Dwellings
New Mexico
Nov. 16,1907
Tonto : Arizona
Grand Canyon do
Pinnacles.— California
Jewel Cave South Dakota.
640
Jan. 11,1908 818,560
Jan. 16,1908 2,080
Feb. 7,1906 1,280
BIRD RESERVES.
Reservations for the protection of native wild birds have been cre-
ated by executive order as follows :
Bird reserves created.
Name of reservation.
Date.
Location.
Area.
Pelican Island
Mar. 14,1903
Oct. 4,1904
Mar. 9,1905
Oct. 10,1905
do
East Florida coast .
Acres.
a5.50
Breton Islands
Stump Lake
Southeast coast of Louisiana
Unknown.
27.39
Huron Islands
Lake Superior, Michigan
Unknown.
Siskiwit Islands.
do
Do.
Passage Key
rln
Tampa Bay, Florida
do
Mouths of Mississippi River, Lou-
isiana.
36.37
Indian Key _ __. Feb. 10,1906
Tern Islands Aug. 8,1907
Shell Keys ' Antr 17 ion7
90.00
Unknown.
Do.
Three Arch Rocks
Oct. 14,1907
Oct. 23,1907
do.
West Oregon coast
Do.
Flattery Rocks
West Washington coast
Do
Qulllayute Needles
d°
do ...
South Louisiana coast
East Florida coast
Do
Conalis Rock
_ . do
Do.
East Timbalicr Island j Dec. 17,1907
Mosquito Inlet ' *W»- 21 TOOK
Do.
Do
TortugasKeys
Apr. C.1908
Florida Keys, Florida
Do.
• About.
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 69
The following nine reservations have been created since June
the close of the last fiscal year :
Bird reservations crt
Name of reservation.
Loci"
Area.
Klamath Lake
Key W^r
Late Malheur .
Chase Late
do
'-5,1906
Sept.:
do
l:iz:z ::: C i'J.t : rzl }.
r::.:: Ir": T.:r.i2.
D
= -
: :
Do.
Do.
Do.
.. .
:ha Pass
Palma Sola
Island Bay .
Loch Katrina
._.
Do.
I:.
Do.
:
EEEEKOBYKAKY JUNHTJTUTIONB.
GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
There were in the hospital on ." ; . 1 . " : patients, an in-
crease of 137 over the preceding year: the daily average for the fiscal
year ended June 30. 1 )8, was 2,664, an increase of 95 over 1
During the year there were admitted 643 pat] - in increase of 24
over the previous year, m b i total oi patients under b
ment during the year. Of the total number ".. 342 w ere from
civil life and 301 from the army, the navy, and the Public Health
and Marine-Hospital Service.
The problem of the future expansion of the hospital must soon
receive consideration. In 1900. when the preliminary appropriation
made for plans for an extension to the hos:: : ccomm:
1,000 additional patients, the r.umber of pe: :ment in
the institution was 2,076; his annual report for that year the
superintendent stated that the institution as it then e:: Duld
accommodate comfortab". : reeding 1.600 patients, with the nec-
essary employees. The 1.000 add which the E
was built are now all occupied, and within the pas: ::- — months it
been necessary to put additional beds in other quarters of the
hospital. The annual increase of population of the hospital is
mated at 100. The time has arrived, therefore, when a broad policy
should be adopted which - g n the future development of the
institution. The superi:. hat 100 acres more land
are required for the hosp i
ic improvements during the year included the remodeling of
t Lodge building as a home for male nurses : new plumbing in the
main building: completion of the fireproof system, invc b in-
stallation of 1S5 fireproof doors: the purchase of -
installing a - -:erilizer in the I
70 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
room for the training school for nurses ; and installing a circulating
library of 3,000 volumes for the use of the patients.
The training school graduated 17 nurses, of whom 12 were women
and 5 were men. This is hardly sufficient to meet the requirements
of .the hospital. The placing of female nurses in charge of male
wards has proved a success and has been extended.
The scientific departments of the hospital have been active, and
during the year 15 publications have been issued, besides several
others which are still under preparation.
FREEDMEN'S HOSPITAL.
The number of patients treated in this institution during the year
was 2,823, of whom 1,964 were residents of the District of Columbia,
and 859 were admitted from various States. The number discharged
was 2,692, of whom 1,624 recovered, 632 were improved, 113 were un-
improved, 36 were not treated, and 287 died. The number remaining
in the hospital at the close of the year was 131. The greatest increase
in the work was in the surgical department, where 1,005 operations
were performed. In the out-patient department 5,019 persons were
treated.
The new Freedmen's Hospital building was completed in February
of 1908, and 129 patients were transferred thereto on February 26
without mishap.
The hospital is now in a position to receive pay patients ; at present,
however, the law makes no provision therefor. The enactment of
legislation authorizing the admission of persons who are able to pay
for treatment would inure to the benefit both of the institution and
of a class of patients who do not receive treatment there under present
conditions.
The appropriation of $25,500 made by the act of March 2, 1907, for
the care and treatment in the Freedmen's Hospital of indigent
patients belonging to the District of Columbia, under a contract to
be made by the Board of Charities, was not sufficient to pay for the
1,964 patients admitted from said District at the rates fixed by the
contract, to wit, $1.10 per day for adults, 65 cents per day for children,
and 40 cents per day for babies ; nor has the appropriation been suffi-
cient during the past three years to pay for the number of patients
admitted at the prices fixed by the contract, the total amount of de-
ficiency for the three years being $32,379.10. Future estimates for
payments to the hospital for the care and treatment of these indigent
patients from the District of Columbia should be based upon the
number of such persons treated during the previous year at contract
rates.
An appropriation for a nurses' home is urgently needed; also for
fencing and grading the hospital grounds.
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 71
The work of the training school for nurses has been excellent.
Appointments are limited to those possessing certain physical quali-
fications, together with a liberal education. The number graduated
during the year was 13, an increase of 1 over the preceding year.
HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
The number of students in attendance during the year aggregated
1,091, who came from 34 States and Territories, from Porto Rico,
and from the following foreign countries : Africa, British TTest Indies,
Canada, Republic of Panama, South America, Santo Domingo, Haiti.
West Indies, and India. Of these 128 graduated from the several
departments of the university. Satisfactory progress has been made
in all departments.
The appropriations made by Congress for the past fiscal year were
as follows: For salaries of officers, teachers, etc., $40,000; manual
training department. $8,000; law and general library. $1,500; im-
provements and repairs to buildings and grounds. $7,000; fuel and
light, $3,000; chemical and other apparatus, $200: total. $59,700.
All of the above amounts, on June 30, 1908, were expended or under
contract.
The total receipts for the year, including federal appropriations
and funds from all other sources, were $155.815.21 : disbursements,
$146,520.75. leaving a balance of $9,294.16. The total of the general
endowment and special funds on June 30, 1908, was $175,356.45, of
which amount $173,170 represents cash invested. .
The completion of the new Freedmen's Hospital, built by the
Government on a tract of land adjoining the institution, aggregat-
ing 11 acres, leased from the Howard University for the purpose, will
give the school of medicine exceptionally fine clinical facilities.
COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB.
The number of students and pupils remaining in the institution
July 1, 1907, was 115; admitted during the year, 39; since admitted.
42: total, 196, of which 113 were males and S3 females. Of these. 140
have been in the collegiate department, representing 35 States, the
District of Columbia. Canada, and Scotland, and of the 56 in the
primary department, 38 were admitted as beneficiaries of the District
of Columbia. During the fiscal year 28 were discharged from the
institution by graduation and otherwise. In addition to the fore-
going, 17 colored deaf-mutes belonging to the District of Columbia
have, under the act of March 3. 1905. been admitted through this in-
stitution to the Maryland School for Colored Deaf-mutes. General
good health has prevailed among the students and pupils.
The receipts of the institution from all sources amounted to
$82,735.13, of which amount $73,000 was appropriated by Congress
for general support and $5,000 for special repairs, and $4,735.13 was
72 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
received from private sources for board, tuition, etc. The expendi-
tures were $76,959.68 for current expenses and $5,000 for special re-
pairs, leaving an unexpended balance of $775.45.
MARYLAND SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND.
The number of United States beneficiaries remaining at the Mary-
land School for the Blind on June 30, 1907, was 17, since which time
6 have been admitted and 2 discharged, leaving 21 beneficiaries at
the institution on June 30, 1908.
The total amount expended during the year ended June 30, 1907,
for the care and maintenance of indigent blind children of the Dis-
trict of Columbia was $5,475. The total amount expended for the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, was $6,150, half of which amounts
was paid from the revenues of the District of Columbia and the other
half out of the Treasury of the United States, pursuant to the act of
Congress approved March 3, 1899 (30 Stats., 1101).
The act of May 26, 1908 (35 Stats., 295), making appropriations
for the District of Columbia, provided that after July 1, 1908, a con-
tract should be entered into by the Commissioners of the District of
Columbia for the instruction, in Maryland or some other State, of
indigent blind children of the District, for which purpose an appro-
priation of $6,000 was made, repealing the permanent indefinite an-
nual appropriation in section 3869 of the Revised Statutes. Inas-
much as the Secretary, by section 2 of the act of May 29, 1858 (11
Stats., 293), was also charged with providing for the instruction of
the blind children of all persons in the military and naval service of
the United States while such persons are actually in such service, the
expense to be defrayed from the permanent indefinite annual appro-
priation above referred to, the question was submitted to the Comp-
troller of the Treasury as to whether that appropriation was repealed
so far as to be no longer available for the instruction of this class of
beneficiaries. In an opinion rendered October 27, 1908, the Comp-
troller held that the act of May 26, 1908, supra, only repealed the
provisions of section 3689 of the Revised Statutes to the extent that
said section provides for the education of the blind children of the
District of Columbia, and that the permanent indefinite annual ap-
propriation in question is therefore still available for instructing the
blind children of all persons in the military and naval service of the
United States, in some institution in Maryland or some other State,
and that the Secretary is authorized to continue to issue permits for
the instruction of such children.
WASHINGTON HOSPITAL FOR FOUNDLINGS.
Fifty-four children were cared for during the year, of whom 32
remained from the preceding year. There were 4 adoptions during
the year, 4 children were returned to relatives or friends, 2 were
transferred to other institutions, and 17 died. Twenty-seven chil-
dren remained in the institution on June 30, 1908.
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 73
The daily average of children was 28. Since the hospital was
established 277 of its children have been adopted into private homes.
The expenses of the institution are about $8,000 a year. The ap-
propriation made by Congress toward the support of its inmates for
the current year amounts to $5,400, and the board of directors rec-
ommends that the appropriation for the fiscal year ending June 30.
1910, be increased to $6,000.
In the act of May 26, 1908 (35 Stat. L., 512) , the Board of Charities
of the District of Columbia is authorized to provide for the care and
maintenance of children under contract with the Washington Hos-
pital for Foundlings. As this department has nothing whatever to
do with the administration of this institution, and as the mainte-
nance of its inmates is provided for by contract between the insti-
tution and the Board of Charities of the District of Columbia, I
renew the recommendation contained in my last annual report that
the organic act of the institution be so amended as to require it to
report to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia instead of
to the Secretary of the Interior.
THE SITEPJXTEXDEXT OF THE TTXITED STATES CAPITOI,
BLJXDIXG AXD GROUNDS,
In January of the present year the House Office Building was near
enough completed to permit the occupancy of the rooms by the
Members of the House, and the rooms were accordingly distributed
among the Members by lot and were occupied during the remainder
of the session.
The construction of the Senate Office Building is also progressing
satisfactorily, and it is expected that the office suites in this building
can be occupied during the present session of Congress.
Arrangements have been completed to enter the final stages of con-
struction of the heating, lighting, and power plant for the Capitol
and congressional buildings, and some portions of the plant will
probably be available for service during the present session of
Congress.
GEXERAE EDUCATION BOARD.
On June 30, 1908, the capital account amounted to $38,313,100.29,
as against $42,717,260.21 at the close of the preceding year, the differ-
ence, amounting to $4,404,159.92, having been contributed during the
year to educational and scientific institutions. The capital was in-
vested as follows: Railroad bonds, $18,839,850.48; industrial bonds,
$8,142,957.84; railroad stocks, $8,883,340.89; industrial stocks,
$2,278,541.76; and the amount of cash in bank was $168,409.32.
The moneys received under the general income account during the
year amounted to $3,087,921.40, of which $980,139.31 represented bal-
ance from previous year. The disbursements, consisting of gifts to a
74 REPORT OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
large number of educational institutions, amounted to $643,526.19.
The sum of $2,222,666.64 was invested in securities, administrative
expenses amounted to $31,043.56, and the cash on hand at the close
of the year was $190,685.01.
The aggregate amount of pledges to numerous educational institu-
tions throughout the United States is $2,227,171.03.
There is a special fund known as the "Anna T. Jeanes " fund for
negro rural schools, amounting to $200,000. The income during the
year, including a balance of $6,254.54 from preceding year, amounted
to $15,447.51. The sum of $13,643.79 was distributed to various negro
schools during the year, $195.59 was devoted to administrative ex-
penses, and there was a balance in bank at the close of the year of
$1,608.13.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CORPORATIONS.
In my last annual report attention was called to the fact that the
Washington and Georgetown Eailroad Company, the Washington
Gas Light Company, and the Columbia Railway Company of the
District of Columbia had no connection with the Interior Depart-
ment, and it was recommended that so much of the several acts as
imposed duties upon the Secretary of the Interior be repealed or
modified so as to devolve the duties required by said acts upon the
Commissioners of the District of Columbia, and to provide that the
reports required be made direct to Congress. I renew this recom-
mendation and urge favorable consideration thereof.
THE MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.
Section 6 of the act of Congress approved February 20, 1889, en-
titled "An act to incorporate the Maritime Canal Company of Nica-
ragua " (25 Stat, L., 675), provides:
Said company shall make a report on the first Monday of December in each
year to the Secretary of the Interior, which shall be duly verified on oath by the
president and secretary thereof, giving such detailed statement of its affairs, and
of its assets and liabilities, as may be required by the Secretary of the Interior
and any willfully false statement so made shall be deemed perjury, and punish-
able as such. And it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Interior to require
such annual statement and to prescribe the form thereof and the particulars to
be given thereby.
The report of this corporation was submitted to Congress on
December 7, 1908.
t I refer to the annual reports of the chiefs of the various bureaus
and offices for detailed information about their work.
Very respectfully,
James Rudolph Garfield,
Secretary.
The President.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF THE
GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND
OFFICE.
Department of the Interior,
General Land Office,
Washington, D. C, September 16, 1908.
Sir : The following report of the work in the General Land Office for
the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, is respectfully submitted:
GENERAL. STATEMENT.
The Hon. R. A. Ballinger, my immediate predecessor, resigned
March 4, 1908. This report, therefore, in so far as it touches upon
work accomplished during the past fiscal year, treats largely of that
which was performed under his direction and in accordance with the
systems which he adopted or initiated. It has been my endeavor to
carry out the plans inaugurated by him and to make only such ad-
ditional changes as good administration and further experience seemed
to call for.
With the decrease in the area of the public domain there should be
an increase in vigilance. With the great demand for homes the offi-
cials of the General Land Office recognize the importance of seeing
that no one obtains a right to the land still remaining through unlawful
methods. Every man who thus acquires title to a tract robs a law-
abiding applicant of an opportunity to exercise his statutory right,
and if the land be capable of producing crops deprives a seeker of his
opportunity to gain a homestead, thus injuring the prosperity of the
country; for the homesteader has built the West.
The importance of a well-equipped and carefully selected special
agents' force has been thoroughly appreciated, and to effect this the
reorganization of the field force has been carried out. Congress,
realizing the accumulation of work which necessarily had to receive
attention, appropriated the sum of $500,000 during the current year.
$250,000 of which was for the purpose of bringing up this work of
the General Land Office so as tc make the same current; and wa
be immediately available. The details ssaryinl
77
78 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
of this additional force, virtually occupied the time between the
passage of the bill and June 30, so that the members of the additional
force were not ready to assume their duties until after the 15th of
June. At the beginning of the fiscal year, however, the additional
force was engaged and at work in the field.
The field force has attained a high degree of efficiency, and is per-
manent in character. The public-land area is divided into thirteen
field divisions, each of which has its permanent headquarters, with a
chief agent in charge, who is also a bonded officer. The personnel of
the different field corps is selected entirely upon consideration of the
needs of the particular public-land area covered. The majority of the
special agents are men who have long resided in the West and have
had practical experience in stock raising, irrigation, farming, mining,
surveying, civil engineering, or in the lumber camps. There are also
in each division agents who are lawyers by profession and who give
particular attention to the necessary legal questions involved in the
work. The General Land Office is thus in close touch with every
feature of the public-land situation, with adequate machinery to
secure effective and prompt observance of the public-land laws and
render aid to those who seek to establish a home or put to beneficial
use any part of the public domain.
During the last fiscal year there were, on the average, 89 agents
employed in the field. There have been collected upon agents'
reports $67,902.39 for timber trespass; and $30,785.92 have been
paid in as the result of suits instituted by the Department of Justice
upon reports of special agents, making a total of $98,688.31 collected
during the year. There have been referred to the Department of
Justice, with recommendation that suit be brought, timber claims to
the amount of $377,509.69. There were secured 234 indictments for
fraud, which resulted in 63 convictions and 60 acquittals, the remain-
ing cases not yet having been tried. Two thousand eight hundred
and eighty-five entries were canceled because of adverse reports of
special agents. Individual entries have areas of from 40 to 320 acres,
and an average size is 160 acres, from which it appears that by reason
of investigations by the field force there have been recovered from
fraudulent entry, during the fiscal }^ear 1907-8, a total of 383,600
acres. This is exclusive of the many relinquishments filed incident
to investigations by special agents, of which an accurate account can
not be made; they have been very numerous, however.
During the past fiscal year close attention has been paid the
methods of doing business in the General Land Office, and to the
personnel ; many changes have been made.
A comparison of the work done during the year 1906-7 with that
accomplished during the year 1907-S is the best commentary on the
new methods adopted, on the improved personnel of 1/he force, and
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
79
on the greater interest taken by the employees. The following table
of the most important branches of the work will be of interest :
Work of General Land Office in fiscal years 1907 and 1908.
1907.
1908.
Per cent
increase.
Hearings before registers and receivers a 300
Reports received from special agents j 3,903
Reports disposed of 3,399
Unlawful inclosures of public land reported 136
Acres restored (unlawful inclosures) 259,918
Timber depredations reported 278
Fraudulent entries disposed of 9,251
Fraudulent entry hearings ordered ". I 304
Homestead and timber and stone entries approved for patent 40, 538
State selections disposed of (acres) 818,014
Original desert entries examined 6,298
Final desert entries approved for patent
Indian allotments approved
Swamp indemnity approved (acres)
Swamp indemnity rejected (acres)
Lieu selections (act June 4, 1897) disposed of
Soldier's additional homestead applications disposed of
Mineral contests closed
Mineral hearings ordered
Mineral entries approved for patenting or cancellation
Coal entries approved or canceled
Hearings ordered
Private appealed (docket) cases decided b
Private unappealed cases decided b
Entries canceled b
Private land claims approved for patent
Small holding claims approved for patent
Lands in national forests restored to entry (acres)
Withdrawals and restorations of national forests examined
Report upon new forests proposed
Patents issued
Patents transmitted .'
Certified copies of records furnished
Maps, diagrams, etc., for official use
Determination of cases of coal entries
Letters received and recorded or answered without recording
2,114
7,195
0
4,120
478
95
215
75
1,445
157
75
1,223
5,590
5,146
53
41
49,335
515
108
45,978
47,185
18,517
2,799
20,000
262,693
1,115
8,700
a 9, 500
254
762,941
480
11,662
1,436
58,209
,404,973
8,310
2,462
10,117
30,639
70,160
1,269
702
365
128
1,847
205
128
1,462
8,816
8,042
89
50
204,514
1,596
137
90,522
95,331
19,420
3,288
33,853
300,532
271
122
179
86
193
72
26
372
43
194
31
16
40
All
1,627
165
639
70
70
28
30
70
19
58
56
68
24
314
209
27
97
102
5
17
a Approximately.
b In addition to the above work performed by the contest division during the past year, the contest
work in the local offices was brought up to date," an arrearage of 2.232 cases in one office being cleared up.
This work was accomplished through the temporary detail of emplovees, principally from this division,
to duty in the local land offices.
This increase in work done was not due to any relaxation of care
and vigilance on the part of this Office. Full compliance with the
public-land laws was never more rigorously exacted than now. It is
due to the inauguration of more modern business methods, the greater
interest and activity shown by employees, and an improved personnel.
In only one or two unimportant lines of work has -there been any
decrease; in all others, in addition to those shown in the above table,
there has been a marked increase. This has been accomplished with
practically no addition to the force. There were fourteen employees
added to the force of the General Land Office upon the abandonment
of the old Lands and Railroad Division in your office, some of whom
were not here for the whole year; certain work done in your oJlice
was thereafter performed here. The entries under reclamation proj-
ects virtually caused a new branch of work, which would ofTset the
assistance given by this additional force.
The showing made is exceptionally gratifying to the employees of
this Bureau, the great majority of whom have worked with zeal
80 KEPOKT OF COMMISSIONEE OF GENEEAL LAND OFFICE.
intelligence in order to overtake, if possible, the accumulation of
work. The result could not, however, have been achieved had it not
been for the active interest which has been taken by you in the con-
duct of this Office, and the encouragement which you have lent to the
inauguration of new methods and to the improvement of the person-
nel of the force.
CASH RECEIPTS.
The total cash receipts from the sales of public lands, including
fees and commissions on both original and final entries for the fiscal
year 1908, were $11,492,453.76.
Miscellaneous receipts from the sales of Indian lands, depredations
on public lands, sales of Government property, copies of records and
plats, and reclamation water-right charges were $1,223,255.70,
making the aggregate total of cash receipts of this Bureau during the
fiscal year 1908, $12,715,709.46, an increase over the fiscal year 1907
of $1,162,531.46.
The total expenses of district land offices for salaries and com-
missions of registers and receivers, incidental expenses, and expenses
of depositing public moneys during the fiscal year ended June 30,
1908, were $842,112.45, an increase of $31,255.49. The aggregate
expenditures and estimated liabilities of the public-land service,
including expenses of district land offices, as stated, were $2,381,359.79,
leaving a net surplus in the United States Treasury of $10,334,349.67.
AREA OF LAND ENTERED.
The total area of land originally entered during the fiscal year 1908
is 19,090,356.78 acres, a decrease of 1,907,209.80 acres, as compared
with the area entered during the year 1907. The total area upon
which final proof was made is 8,068,044.85 acres.
NEW SYSTEM OF KEEPING RECORDS AND ACCOUNTS IN
DISTRICT LAND OFFICES.
One of the first points to which Commissioner Ballinger's attention
was directed was the method of keeping records and accounts in dis-
trict land offices. There were employed by you for this Office certain
experts on business methods who, in conjunction with employees of
this Bureau, made a thorough examination of the system in vogue.
It was found unsatisfactory, and in accordance with your order,
dated July 1, 1908, an entirely new system of keeping records and
accounts in district land offices was put into effect on July 1, 1908.
The old practice of deferring the issuance of receipts for moneys
paid in connection with the public lands until the applications, entries^
or proofs were allowed or approved, was discontinued, and recciptL
for all moneys collectible by receivers of public moneys arc now
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 8i
issued to applicants and entrymen at the time the money is paid,
without regard to the subsequent allowance or rejection of the appli-
cations, entries, or proofs. This method enables this Office to more
thoroughly supervise and check receivers' accounts than was possible
under the former system.
The separate series of entry numbers for the various classes of
entries have been discontinued, and there is now only one series of
numbers maintained at each district land office, under which all
classes of entries are numbered in the order in which they are tiled.
The old record books were entirely remodeled, and all unnecessary
records eliminated. The new records are arranged for a complete
and accurate record of all business transacted, and are far more
economical from a standpoint of time and cost. All district land
offices have also been furnished with modern up-to-date filing equip-
ment and office supplies.
The returns and account blanks have all been revised and re-
duced in size to enable the local officers to prepare them on ordinary
sized typewriting machines. All duplication of work, so far as prac-
ticable, has been eliminated, and the third section of the act approved
March 2, 1895, that—
The duplication of records and returns of registers and receivers to the General Land
Office shall be prevented by such regulations as the Commissioner of the General
Land Office, -with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, may make —
is now being complied with to the fullest extent possible. A total of
86 record books and blanks have been replaced by 16 new blanks.
During the past year the various application and entry blanks and
other forms in use by this bureau were revised and, wherever possible,
blanks and forms were consolidated and useless blanks eliminated.
By the close watch of innumerable details in this respect it is already
evident that the work done will show a marked improvement in final
results.
The new system of records and accounts will save much time and
labor, not only for the Government but for all persons having business
before this bureau, and will enable the local officers to transmit their
returns and accounts promptly without the delay incident to their
preparation and transmission under the old method.
As a result of the changes made in the method of keeping records
in the district land offices, the arrangement of the files and records in
the General Land Office mil be greatly improved.
SALARIES OF EMPLOYEES.
Of the recommendations with respect to increases in salary for
positions in this bureau, made to Congress by my predecessor, only
one was adopted, namely, that of the chief of the surveying division.
58920— int 190S— vol 1 6
82 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
The arguments which prompted Congress to approve the recommenda-
tion in this instance apply more forcibly to the positions of chief law
clerk, chief clerk, and equally as strongly to the positions of law
clerks and law examiners on the board of law review, and to the
chiefs of division. There is but little demand among law firms
engaged in the practice of land law for the services of the lawyers
from the General Land Office, owing to the fact that the principles
of general law are largely applicable to land law; moreover, the aim
of the General Land Office is to waive all technicalities possible;
hence a good general practitioner is competent to handle a question
in land law, although the converse does not necessarily hold. The
General Land Office can not, therefore, submit to Congress, as a reason
for an increase in salaries, the argument that there is outside compe-
tition for the services of its best law clerks. It is submitted, how-
ever, that such a basis for computation of salaries makes no just pro-
vision as a return for the legal skill and experience required in the
proper discharge of the heavy responsibilities imposed upon these
officers. The real value of the services performed should be the basis
of estimate, computed on the importance of the work to the Govern-
ment. Adequate salaries will prove in the end to be money savers.
There should be created the position of executive officer. The
duties of the Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner are such that
neither has adequate time to devote to the personnel of the Office, or
to ascertain whether there is the proper equipoise in clerical help
between the different divisions. The policy adopted, therefore, has
been to divide the divisions under three main heads — adjudication,
special service, and record — and to place at the head of each of these
classes an officer who, without interfering with the actual handling
of the cases within the jurisdiction of each division, shall yet keep
close watch to see where one division can afford to part with clerks
to help another division which is behind in its work, and to see that all
work is given proper attention. The chief clerk of this Office is at
the head of the record, the chief of the special service is the executive
chief of the work under that head, while it has been necessary to give
to a chief of one of the divisions the supervising of work under the
head of adjudication, in addition to his own duties. The plan has
so far worked well. I would urge upon Congress the necessity of
meeting this situation by authorizing the appointment of an executive
officer.
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 83
USGISJLATION.
The recommendations of my predecessor in regard to needed legis-
lation are reiterated, especially those with reference to coal lands.
LANDS UNDER RECLAMATION PROJECTS.
Experience has proven that lands which are to be brought under
an irrigation project should be withdrawn from all kinds of entry at
the time of the announcement of the enterprise. Under the present
law the lands are open to homestead entry immediately upon the
declaration of the project. Compliance with the homestead law is
thereafter necessary. The water can not be brought upon the lands
for several years after the entries are made. Until the water is fur-
nished, the desert character of the land precludes growing of crops
to furnish means of sustenance for the settlers. Great hardships
have resulted. At the time of the approval of the project the lands
should be withdrawn from settlement and entry until the water is
ready and then restored to entry in the manner now adopted in the
case of Indian reservations.
A general withdrawal of this character would, in addition, not only
operate to relieve the Reclamation Service from certain difficulties
encountered in carrying out its work, where entries had already been
made, but would also relieve this Office from greater difficulties arising
from the adjustment of existing homestead entries to the farm units
upon the opening of the lands after the completion of the project.
RIGHTS OF WAY.
Attention should be called to the necessity of legislation bringing
together and harmonizing the various acts granting rights of way,
for various purposes, over the public lands.
Bills have been introduced from time to time, as heretofore rec-
ommended, looking toward this end, but they have not yet resulted
in the necessary relief from the difficulties arising in the administra-
tion of the various acts bearing upon this subject. Especially is
legislation desirable looking toward the termination of rights that
have been granted under such an act as that of March 3, 1891, sections
18 to 21 (26 Stat. L., 1095), granting rights of way for canal and ditch
purposes. This act, like the railroad right-of-way act of March 3,
1875 (18 Stat. L., 482), grants an easement over public lands that
can not be terminated for nonuser, without some declaration of for-
feiture, either by Congress or by the courts.
In the case of the railroad right-of-way act, relief was granted by
the act of June 26, 1906 (34 Stat. L., 482), declaring forfeited to the
United States, with certain Hmitations, such rights of way where t he-
proposed line of road had not then been constructed.
84 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
The necessity for this legislation arises from the accumulation of
mere paper rights of way, that lie as a burden upon the public lands,
which must first be removed before the Government or private indi-
viduals can assert rights that otherwise exist, to the public domain.
The history of the creation of any of our national forest reserves,
or undertakings under the reclamation act, is full of illustrations
along this line. To relieve the public domain of such charges as these,
through proceedings in the courts, is at all times very expensive and
attended with much delay.
Under your instructions an exhaustive examination is being made
in the field of all rights of way f 01 the purpose of ascertaining whether
they have been put to the use for which they were granted.
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW.
For the purpose of the better enforcement of the laws already on
the statute books the enactment of legislation covering the following
subjects is earnestly recommended:
1 . To punish persons who fraudulently obtain or attempt to obtain
title to public lands, and for other purposes. The lack of any statute
which specifically provides for the punishment of persons who fraud-
ulently obtain or attempt to obtain title to public lands embarrasses
the proper adminstration of the public-land laws. Heretofore such
offenses have been prosecuted under the statute punishing conspiracy
to defraud the Government and under the laws prescribing penalties
for perjury and subornation of perjury. It is often difficult, if not
impossible, to prove either a conspiracy or subornation, and many
cases are now pending, and others will arise, where the need for a
more comprehensive statute than we now have is very urgent. Also
there is not any statute which authorizes the punishment of an at-
tempt to fraudulently acquire title.
2. To empower officers, clerks, inspectors, agents, and employees
to administer oaths, and for other purposes. There is not now any
statute sufficiently comprehensive to meet the needs indicated by
caption of this paragraph. Section 183, Eevised Statutes of the
United States, provides that any officer or clerk of this Department
detailed to investigate frauds against the Government or irregulari-
ties or misconduct on the part of its officers shall be authorized to
administer oaths, and the question is likely to arise as to whether
any officer who is not especially detailed to the duty of investigating
particular cases has the power to administer an oath. Again, it
is proposed to provide a method by which the special agents of
this Office can compel witnesses to appear before judges or clerks
of cOurtfi, United States commissioners, or registers and receivers
and disclose, the facts of their knowledge relative to any matter under
investigation.
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 85
Sections 184, 185, and 186, Revised Statutes of the United States,
and the act of July 25, 1882 (22 Stat. L., 175), authorize a proceeding
of this kind in all cases where the fraudulent character of claims or
pensions is under investigation, but there is no statute which in any
way enables this Office to compel the disclosure of material testi-
mony in advance of an investigation before the grand jury or trial
before United States land officers or courts. The lack of this power
often results in mistrials, because of the unwillingness of persons hav-
ing knowledge of pertinent facts to disclose that knowledge until they
are produced as witnesses before the grand jury or at the trial. This
leads to the accumulation of unnecessary and burdensome cost to the
Government, and greatly weakens the administration of the law. It
is not seen why officers charged with the detection, investigation, and
punishment of persons who attempt to defraud the Government
through the acquisition of public lands should not be given the same
powers which Congress has heretofore given to special agents who are
charged with the investigation of pension frauds which often involve
small amounts of money.
3. To amend an act providing for the compulsory attendance of
witnesses before registers and receivers of land offices. The act of
January 31, 1903, authorizes the compulsory attendance of witnesses
in trials affecting public lands. In construing this act the Comp-
troller of the Treasury has so limited its provisions that it is impossible
to compel the attendance of a witness at a hearing held outside of the
county in which he is subpoenaed. The enforcement of the act, as
thus construed, necessitates the taking of testimony in as many differ-
ent places as there are witnesses residing in different counties. This
imposes much additional and unnecessary cost, and the expenditure
of a large amount of unnecessary time by the agents charged with the
duty of examining the witnesses. At present the Government must
in each trial case ask for hearings before an officer in each county in
which its witnesses may reside, and a special agent must attend each of
such hearings or depend upon depositions taken in his absence. This
practice also results in the Government disclosing all its evidence in
the case prior to the final hearing and enables the defendant to put his
witnesses on the stand knowing exactly what he must disprove. An
amendment should be adopted which will authorize the summoning of
a witness residing in any given land district to appear before the local
office. It can not be said that it will work an unnecessar}r hardship or
impose an unusual burden upon the witnesses, since, under the act to
be amended, the witness is to receive, in advance of his attendance,
his fee for one day's attendance and his mileage fees before he can be
compelled to attend.
4. To provide for the punishment of officers who attach false jurats
or certificates to affidavits, or papers, and for other purposes. The
86 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
administration of the public-land laws calls, at almost every turn, for
the establishment of essential facts . These facts can, in most instances ,
be established only through the affidavits of the applicants, yet
there is no Federal statute which safeguards the execution of affida-
vits or compels an honest performance on the part of the officers
before whom they are executed. A designing or unscrupulous
officer may, with impunity, attach a false jurat by certifying that the
affiant was personally known to him, when, in fact, he did not know
him, or that the witness appeared before him and was sworn to his
affidavit by him, when, in fact, he did not appear. Many cases have
arisen in connection with the public-land laws in which the affiant
named in the affidavit was impersonated, and others have arisen in
which the jurat was attached without any oath having been admin-
istered. Where witnesses are impersonated it is practically impos-
sible to identify the impersonator, and when no oath is administered
it is impossible to sustain an indictment for perjury.
The passage of these bills is especially essential to the proper
administration of the public-land laws, and it is urged with emphasis
that they be enacted.
PLATS DESTROYED BY FIRE.
The appropriation made by Congress for the transcribing of the
field notes and tract books destroyed in the San Francisco fire lapsed
on the 31st of December last. I now find that no provision was made
in this appropriation for the copying of the plats of mineral surveys, so
that the surveyor-general has to make exhaustive researches in the
field notes for the purposes of ascertaining conflicts in proposed min-
eral surveys. This necessitates great additional labor and cost. I
recommend, therefore, than an appropriation of $8,000 be asked
from Congress to make the necessary transcripts.
UNDELIVERED PATENTS.
There are now in the general and local land offices some 400,000
patents to lands which it has not been possible to deliver to entry
men. In these cases the successful applicant has been satisfied to
record the receiver's receipt and has then for some reason ceased to
call for mail at his last known address, to which the notice of the
issuance of the patent is sent. Some steps should be taken to have
these muniments of title properly recorded. In many instances the
patents are for lands in States in which all the public lands have been
exhausted for a number of years, such as Indiana, Ohio, Illinois.
The attention of the governing bodies of the States is called to this
condition of affairs, in order that proper steps be taken for the record-
ing of these patents. This office has adopted a regulation in regard
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 87
to the delivery of these old patents which works well and which is
designed to prevent the practice of any extortion. The patents are
transmitted to the recorder of deeds or other proper county official
for record upon receipt of a statement from him that the money
necessary to pay for recording has been deposited with him by any
person interested.
SURVEYS.
I repeat the recommendation made by my predecessor that author-
ity should be given to the Secretary of the Interior to cause the sur-
veying of the public lands to be made by surveyors directly under
his charge in addition to the contract system. In many States the
remaining unsurveyed lands are those which are difficult of access
and of survey. Under the contract system it is found that the work
is undertaken by deputies who have not fully advised themselves of
the difficulties ahead of them and who, in consequence, default or
are very backward in the completion of their contracts, causing
vexatious delays in the administration of public-land matters. It is
an admitted fact that hundreds of thousands of dollars will have to be
expended in resurveys, owing to paper surveys made and paid for
prior to the date of our inspection system. The contract system is
not, even under inspection, entirely satisfactory, and the authority
asked for ought to be given the Secretary.
In further support of my position I would respectfully submit the
following excerpts from a letter received from one of the most com-
petent surveyors-general now in the service :
As is generally understood by those familiar with the matter the present system is
cumbersome and in many ways unsatisfactory. The great length of time consumed
between the receipt by this office of a settler's application for the survey of his land
and the date when he is at liberty to make his entry is a discouragement to the home-
steader, and the constant inquiries and criticisms received by this office are an annoy-
ance and it is often difficult to give a reason for such seemingly unnecessary delay
that is satisfactory to the one making such inquiry.
The most practical way of relieving this condition appears to be the appointment,
by your office for each district, of a corps of competent surveyors on salary who should
be placed under the direction of the surveyor-general of such surveying district. In
this way the necessity of an examination of the field work would be dispensed with,
thus doing away with that much delay and expense. The present system has reached
a stage where it is almost impossible to secure good men to do the work. The lowest
bidders are as a rule men of little experience who through ignorance submit bids that
encourage hasty and erratic work and necessitating in most cases the delay of return-
ing the deputy to the field to make corrections.
This office is constantly in receipt of communications from settlers protesting against
the erratic and fraudulent surveys of townships made under contracts dating back
many years. Sooner or later these townships will have to be resurveyed, and in case
the work is undertaken by the Government I would particularly recommend that on
account of the great amount of preliminary surveying necessary, the work be done by
men of known ability selected by your office, or this office, to be paid per diem or a
monthly salary.
88 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
WITHDRAWAL OF IRRIGABLE ARID LANDS.
An intelligent and economic disposal of the remaining public lands
demands that every acre shall be preserved for its greatest use. The
policy of Congress has been to offer homes on the lands to those who
are anxious to obtain them. As long as lands can be found capable
of producing crops the way is plain. The reclamation act, so called,
showed the evident intent of Congress to continue the policy of pro-
viding the greatest number of homes possible on the public domain.
The logical sequence is to take the necessary steps to hold irrigable
lands, which without water can not furnish homes, for future irrigation.
No more important work for the general welfare is now being done
than that performed under the act of June 17, 1902. Successful irri-
gation works have also been inaugurated under the Carey Act and
great general good has resulted therefrom. It is to the manifest
advantage, therefore, of the people of the United States that every-
thing possible be done to further the reclamation of the public lands.
The result of successful irrigation and its effect on values is well
known. An acre of land of no prior value speedily reaches a price
of from $100 and up after water has been successfully brought upon
it. This knowledge has introduced a new character of speculation,
to prevent which there is no law on the statute books. Land of no
present value for farming or other purposes is taken simply in the
hope that the increasing demand and consequent higher values for
irrigated land will bring the tract within an irrigation project. So
it is that when an irrigation project is initiated it is found that
a large proportion of the area is either entered or in private owner-
ship and held in tracts of 160 acres or larger, though the land
without water is incapable of growing crops. Thus the true purport
of the act of 1902, namely, the furnishing of homes for the landless
settler on tracts of a size capable of providing a living and reasonable
competency for the average family, is defeated. Practical experience
shows that 80 acres with water is the maximum unit a family requires
in intensive farming. When the land is already held in tracts of 160
acres, there is only one home, where two or more homes ought to be
established. The result is the additional homes are secured only by
paying a fancy price to the speculator, and the object of the recla-
mation act is to that extent defeated.
A similar difficulty confronts the States under the Carey Act. As
soon as a project is understood to be under way claimants under the
desert-land and other acts flock to the spot. The land is thus entered
and the Carey Act applicants necessarily abandon the project or pay
the speculators to vacate.
The proper step to take would be to classify the lands of the United
States in order to ascertain what public lands (which in their present
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 89
condition are incapable of affording a home) are susceptible of irriga-
tion up to a cost even much greater than that now entertained by the
Reclamation Service, and to withdraw these lands from entry await-
ing the time when they can by irrigation be made homes either under
the United States Government or under the Carey Act. It will be
only a comparatively few years before an irrigation project which will
cost as high as $200 an acre will be considered practicable, the market
for the land justifying such an expenditure. No one can be hurt by
such a withdrawal, for desert land which can not be reclaimed by the
individual effort of a settler can never become a home until water is
brought to it by the Government, State, or by the expenditure of vast
sums by private enterprise.
The cost of classification would not be very great and the benefits
conferred in preserving the lands for actual homes, until such time as
reclamation may be had, would far outweigh the immediate expenses.
RESTORATION OF LANDS TO ENTRY.
A law should be enacted governing restorations of all lands to entry,
which would authorize the adoption of a method similar to that now
in use in opening ceded lands on Indian reserves. This has been
found to be very successful in its administration and gives an equal
opportunity to all applicants, of either sex, and to the weak and the
strong alike. Regulations have been adopted with a view to giving
home seekers equal opportunities, but it has been impossible under
the limited authority vested in the Secretary of the Interior to reach
a satisfactory solution. There is a House bill pending on this ques-
tion which should become a law.
REGISTERS AND RECEIVERS.
A careful .examination into the land offices of the United States
furnishes convincing proof that no one should be appointed register
unless he has the necessary legal qualifications, and no one should be
given the position of receiver unless he be a competent accountant
and business man. The duties of register and receiver, to be properly
filled, demand the entire attention of competent men, and it is unjust
tc the general public to appoint to these positions men who do not
possess the technical qualifications demanded by the duties they are
called upon to perform.
It has been found absolutely necessary to have furnished complete
transcripts of the tract books in at least two land offices. This is
owing to the inefficient manner in which the books have been kept, and
furnishes a strong argument in favor of seeing that none but compe-
tent officers are appointed. The work will have to be done during the
present year and will cost the Government at least $10,000.
90 KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
CALIFORNIA SCHOOL GRANT.
During the year 1903 it was ascertained from a thorough exam-
ination of the California school grant that the State had selected
approximately 40,000 acres of school indemnity lands for which no
valid bases had been assigned. Demands were accordingly made
upon the State for valid bases, and while the State at first acknowl-
edged the justice of the Government's claim, no substantial effort
was made to furnish such valid base, and after considerable corre-
spondence the matter was the subject of a conference during the
past year between officers of the State and representatives of the
Department and this Office. At that conference an agreement was
reached which was regarded as satisfactory to the State and at the
same time as a substantial compliance with the Government's
demands.
This Office proceeded to prepare statements showing in detail the
certifications in which no valid bases had been assigned, and in due
time submitted the same to the officers of the State; but the State
claimed that there was a misunderstanding as to the terms of the
agreement, and the surveyor-general again appeared before the
Department and represented that, under the laws and regulations
governing the conduct of his office, he could assign bases only for
such excess certifications as had occurred since the passage of the act
of March 1, 1877 (19 Stat. L., 267).
Under the circumstances the Department, on May 12, 1908,
advised the surveyor-general that, if valid bases were assigned for
the excess certifications since 1877 (which amounted to more than
13,000 acres), the adjustment of the remaining excesses would be
waived for the time being and that pending selections on valid bases
(action on which has been suspended for several years) would be
listed for approval.
While this Office has been assured by the State surveyor-general
that patent would be issued to the United States for a sufficient
quantity of land in the San Jacinto (now Cleveland) National Forest
to indemnify the Government for the excess certifications which
occurred since 1877, this Office has received no patent up to the
present time, and, accordingly, action remains suspended on all the
indemnity selections from the State of California.
However, it is hoped that the necessary action will be taken by
the State in the near future, and there is reason to believe, moreover,
that the legislature of the State will also provide means by which
the Government may be indemnified for all of the excess certifications.
KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 91
SURVEYORS- GENERAL.
A personal inspection of offices of surveyors-general reveals the
fact that there is no uniformity of system in the method of per-
formance of work — each office pursues that which seems best to itself.
There is not in most offices any attempt at a cost system in the
preparation of plats and in the performance of other work. Steps
will be taken to elaborate a uniform system for all offices. The only
adequate method of inspecting the work done in the various surveyor-
generals offices is to follow a method similar to that adopted in local
land offices, namely, an inspection by competent officials detailed
from the General Land Office. In the case of surveyor-generals
offices these officials should be either surveyors or skilled draftsmen
with a knowledge of surveying. The result would be to bring the
field offices and the General Land Office into a better understanding
and closer touch.
INSPECTION OF LAND OFFICES.
It has been found that the system of inspection which has hitherto
prevailed has been unsatisfactory. The inspectors, three in number,
divided the territory between them, and being constantly on the
road did not have an opportunity to become thoroughly versed in
the methods of the head office. They did not afford a connecting
link between the local land offices and the General Land Office.
Under the law these officers are only paid the per diem in lieu of
subsistence when actually traveling. It has been found the better
practice, therefore, to appoint as inspectors competent law clerks
of the General Land Office, whose services can be used when not on
tour of inspection in the General Land Office in the adjudication of
cases, and who are therefore more competent to adjust the affairs
of the offices they visit from time to time. In addition clerks of the
General Land Office have been detailed during the last fiscal year to
assist in bringing the work in the local offices up to date with good
results. In this way the officials of the local offices have had the
benefit of more competent instructors and have learned what is
desired by the General Land Office. Experience has taught that,
as a result, the local land offices and the General Land Office have
been brought closer together under this method, inasmuch as the
persons who, to some extent, do the actual work in the offices,
respectively, are brought into actual contact. In order, however,
that there may be no confusion of duties, I would recommend that
the positions of inspectors in the General Land Office be abolished
and that three additional positions of law examiner be created.
92 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
INDEX OF PATENTS.
The law provides for the maintaining of an alphabetical list of all
patents issued. For some reason no such list has been kept until the
past year. Some years ago a card index by descriptions was installed
of the lands disposed of in the States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois,
which has been completed ; and an index for the State of Iowa par-
tially completed — a special appropriation having been made for that
purpose; but an alphabetical index was not prepared in conjunction
therewith. The force of the General Land Office is not sufficient to
take up the back work, though it should be done. Your attention is
called to this situation in order that you may consider the alternative
of (1) asking for a special appropriation to perform this work, or (2)
waiting until the work of the General Land Office shall have relaxed,
and leaving this work to be done in future years.
BIRD RESERVATIONS.
Since March 13, 1903, 16 reservations for the protection of native
birds have been created by Executive order, on recommendation
of the Department, after a careful consideration and presentation
of each case by this Bureau. These reserves have been created in
response to a widespread popular and economic demand, made not
only by the students of wild-bird life but also by the farmer and the
sportsman and by a numerous and scattered citizenship, which, in a
broad sense, is interested in conserving the nation's resources. No
reserve has been created without securing, first, a full knowledge of
ornithological conditions, and second, determining the character of
the lands and their availability for bird reservation purposes. As a
rule these lands are unfitted for agricultural, commercial, or defensive
purposes, the exceptions being noted in the modified form of order
issued.
For convenience the bird reserves may be placed in three general
groups, viz, the Florida and Gulf coast reserves, the reserves in the
Northern States and those in the Pacific coast States.
The first group embraces nine reservations : Pelican Island, Breton
Islands, Passage Key, Indian Key, Tern Islands, Shell Keys, East Tim-
balier Island, Mosquito Inlet, and Tortugas Keys, which are scattered
along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from the middle of eastern Florida to
western Louisiana. Upon these reserves thousands of many species
of water birds nest, among which are brown pelicans, gulls and terns,
black skimmers, cormorants, herons, etc.; and the Breton Island
reserve, in addition, is the winter home of myriads of edible wild
ducks.
The second group embraces three reservations: Stump Lake in
North Dakota, and Huron Islands and Siskiwit Islands in Lake Supe-
rior, Michigan. Upon the Michigan reserves thousands of gulls and
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 93
terns, and in the North Dakota reserve Canada geese, wild ducks,
white pelicans, gulls, terns, and shore birds breed.
The third group embraces four reservations: Three Arch Rocks,
Flattery Rocks, Quillayute Needles, and Copalis Rocks, islands
located off the coasts of Washington and Oregon. Upon the coast
islands thousands of murres, cormorants, petrels, puffins, gullemots,
oyster catchers, and other characteristic sea birds breed.
On the majority of the reserved sites extermination by plume and
cold-storage hunters was being pushed to a successful conclusion up to
the date of reservation, but an effective warden service has eliminated
this danger, and is greatly assisting in the preservation of an avifauna
necessary to the welfare of the people.
NATIONAL MONUMENTS.
Under the authority of the act approved June 8, 1906, the President,
by formal proclamation prepared in this Bureau, has created, out of
the unappropriated and unreserved lands, eight national monuments
as follows: Devil's Tower, Wyoming; Petrified Forest and Monte-
zuma Castle, Arizona; El Morro and Chaco Canyon, New Mexico;
Muir Woods, California ; Natural Bridges, Utah ; and Lewis and Clark
Cavern, Montana. And out of lands already reserved in national
forests, seven monuments: The Grand Canyon and Tonto, Arizona;
Gila Cliff Dwellings, New Mexico; Lassen Peak, Cinder Cone, and
Pinnacles, California; and Jewel Cave, South Dakota. The monu-
ments within national forests are under the jurisdiction of the Forest
Service, Department of Agriculture.
The words of the act, "Historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric
structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest/' fix prac-
tically no limits as to the character of the object to be reserved, and
therefore the monuments created vary greatly in their physical
characteristics.
The Devil's Tower is an immensely high and isolated rock, an ex-
traordinary example of erosion, and was a noted landmark for the In-
dians and early white trapper and explorer in the West.
The Petrified Forest, so-called, is a tract of Arizona desert over
which are scattered multitudinous fragments of silicified forest
remains, some of which are in the form of huge logs. The monument
occupies a part of the original site, which in an early period of the
present geologic time was covered by an immense forest growth.
Montezuma Castle, Arizona, is an important cliff-dwelling pueblo,
containing many unexplored rooms, while Chaco Canyon New Mexico,
is probably the largest and, in some respects, the most important
reservation of prehistoric pueblo ruins in the Southwest. Bonito,
the largest structure, is believed to have contained twelve hundred
rooms. Other important prehistoric ruins are also located within this
monument.
94 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONEK OF GENEKAL LAND OFFICE.
El Morro, New Mexico, is a lofty and isolated rock, standing oppo-
site the trail of the earliest Spanish exploring and military expeditions,
the leaders of which permanently inscribed thereon their names with
dates and other interesting data.
Muir Woods of California is a monument of giant redwood trees,
relinquished to the Government for a national monument by William
Kent, of California.
The Natural Bridges, Utah, embrace three of the most extraordi-
nary examples of natural bridge construction in the world, and the
Lewis and Clark Cavern is a cave whose beauty is probably second to
no other in the United States.
The appropriation of $3,000 for the administration of the monu-
ments during 1908 reverted to the Treasury because it was available
in the disposition of abandoned military reservations only, and an
appropriation for 1909 of $5,000, requested by the Department, was
not made. The latter sum is greatly needed to administer those
monuments, which suffer by vandalism, or by excavation and appro-
priation by unauthorized persons of reserved objects and prehistoric
relics.
All of the national monuments are worthy, in the broadest sense, of
that fostering care of the Government necessary to preserve them
intact for the benefit and enjoyment of the people for all time. The
alternative is private ownership and exploitation for private gain, a
disposition which will greatly limit their usefulness and improperly
levy a tax upon every individual who visits them.
CONDITION OF BUILDING.
The condition of the rooms in which the clerks of the General Land
Office perform their work is generally very poor. There is insufficient
room for the proper transaction of the business of the Office. The one
new room secured by the building of a floor so as to divide the room
occupied by the posting division and construct two therefrom, has
been utilized as a room for the file clerks; but the normal increase of
files is such that, of the rooms vacated, the space of all, except two
small ones, will still be needed for the files.
The stack from the engine house runs through six of the rooms on
the east side of the court — two on each floor — rendering two of the
six, which are small, impossible of occupation, and raising the heat in
the remaining some ten or twelve degrees above that of other rooms,
rendering them almost unbearable, the thermometer registering as
high as 112° during the summer months. I earnestly recommend an
appropriation by Congress of such sufficient sum that a stack for the
power house may be constructed in the open court.
An examination of the roof of the building has been made and a
condition revealed which should have speedy attention. There are
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 95
numerous leaks arising from faulty construction. The walls of the
rooms in the top floor show the result from these leaks. The report
of this examination is in your office.
A special appropriation is also needed for new furniture. A great
many of the desks are of a very antiquated design, dilapidated, highly
insanitary and unsuited for present needs. Desks without roller top
of much smaller dimensions should be procured, thus providing more
space for clerks.
At least 80 per cent of the rooms have no carpeting of any kind;
this in spite of the fact that in many instances the floors are made of
an unsightly slate. An additional sum should be appropriated for
the purpose of covering all the floors with a uniform design and qual-
ity of linoleum.
These extra appropriations are needed because the allotment of the
contingent fund is practically exhausted in advance, owing to the
necessary expenditures in the purchase of file cases to meet the
demands of the new flat riling system rendered necessary by the adop-
tion of new and modern methods of accounting and posting in the
local land offices.
There should be a larger force of laborers to keep the rooms in a con-
dition of cleanliness. The recent readjustment of the force of the
General Land Office and the consequent moving of desks and cases
from one room to another revealed a condition of affairs which was, to
say the least, insanitary.
The sum of at least $10,000 should be appropriated by Congress
for the purchase of office furniture and linoleum, in order that the
Office may be properly equipped for the performance of its work.
Such a sum would be more than saved in the additional work done
by the employees being given more modern office appliances, and fur-
nished more comfortable and sightly rooms,
MAPS.
Complete editions of maps of California, Wyoming, Montana, New
Mexico, and the new State of Oklahoma were issued during the last
fiscal year. Maps of Arizona and Utah have been compiled, the
tracing of map of Utah has been completed, and the map will be
issued during the year. The map of Nevada has been revised and
is now in the hands of contractor for publication. Nebraska, Idaho,
and Washington maps will also be revised and issued during the year.
NATIONAL FORESTS.
Since the issuance of the last annual report, nine additional national
forests have been established — eight under section 24 of act of March
3, 1891 (26 Stat. L., 1095), and the Minnesota national forest by act of
May 23, 1908. Twenty have been enlarged and ten reduced, the con-
solidations being as follows: Pinal Mountains with Tonto national
96 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
forest, Arizona; Big Burros with Gila, New Mexico, and Mount Tay-
lor with Manzano, also in New Mexico. There are now 165 national
forests, embracing 167,976,886 acres. The total increase in area of
national forests since the beginning of the fiscal year is estimated at
17,144,221 acres.
Areas temporarily withdrawn but not needed for forestry purposes,
are released from withdrawal upon recommendation of the Secretary
of Agriculture, as rapidly as possible. Since the issuance of the last
annual report, 1,283,851 acres have been released from withdrawal,
and 486,500 acres eliminated from national forests and opened to
settlement and entry.
CHANGES IN REGULATIONS.
Whenever found to be in the interest of good administration or in
aid of applicants for land by simplifying the necessary procedure,
such changes in regulations as were warranted by the laws have been
made. Some of the more important modifications are as follows:
AMENDMENTS OF HOMESTEAD ENTRIES.
Where mistakes in description of lands are made by entrymen or
persons acting for them, amendments are allowed to include the land
intended to be entered, and if that be not subject to entry other con-
tiguous lands can be taken by amendment provided one or more sub-
divisions originally intended to be entered are included. Amend-
ments are also allowed where the lands originally entered are found
to be unfit for residence and cultivation, by taking one or more
adjoining subdivisions, retaining at least one contiguous subdivision
of the land originally entered.
HOMESTEADS IN RECLAMATION PROJECTS.
After the completion of the required period of residence and culti-
vation, homestead entrymen are permitted to submit proof thereof;
and, upon examination by this Office, if same be found sufficient,
entrymen are so advised and that they are no longer required to reside
upon the land, but must, upon water being furnished, reclaim at
least one-half of the area of the entry and pay all charges imposed by
the reclamation act, before final certificate and patent issues. For
the convenience of entrymen in reclamation projects, charges for
operation, building, and maintenance may be received by special
fiscal agents of the Reclamation Service and transmitted by them to
the proper receiver.
HOMESTEADS IN ALASKA.
Homesteaders in Alaska must establish their residence upon the
land within six months after date of location and thereafter comply
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 97
with the homestead law as to residence and cultivation. They may
cut timber for purposes necessary to the improvement and cultiva-
tion of the land. Homestead locations in Alaska may be contested
and canceled on the same grounds as homestead entries in other
parts of the public domain. The making and recording of one home-
stead location exhausts the homestead right.
CONTESTS— AFFIDAVITS FOR PUBLICATION.
Affidavits for service by publication in contest cases are not re-
ceived unless filed within thirty days after execution, and unless they
show diligent search for the defendant in the vicinity of the land and
at his record post-office address within fifteen days preceding date of
the affidavit. Registers and receivers are required to act promptly
in the disposition of such applications. Both the register and receiver
are required to act upon applications to select, enter, or locate public
lands and upon proofs submitted upon existing entries.
PROCEEDINGS ON SPECIAL AGENTS' REPORTS.
In the interest of economy and for the expedition of business,
notice of charges made by special agents against entries or locations
are served either personally or by registered letter. In the latter
event notice is mailed to the defendant both to the post-office address
of record and to the one nearest the land. It is estimated that many
thousands of dollars have been saved to the Government under this
regulation.
LISTS OF LANDS SOLD.
To aid the proper State or Territorial authorities in imposing and
collecting taxes upon lands after their final disposition by the Govern-
ment, the proper authorities are, upon application and payment of
the fee fixed by law, furnished with lists of lands sold, and in order
that they and the public may likewise be advised of the cancellation
of final entries the proper county official is in each of such cases noti-
fied of the fact that the final certificate has been canceled.
CERTIFIED COPIES AND FEES OF UNITED STATES SURVEYORS-
GENERAL.
All certified copies furnished by surveyors-general are required to
be prepared during office hours and the moneys received therefor
deposited to the credit of the Treasury of the United States under
the proper account. The surveyors-general are instructed to collect
for services in such cases the exact cost thereof. Where deposits of
the estimated cost of office work have been made, but the application
is withdrawn before any work is performed, the deposit is repaid upon
proper application.
58920— in9 1908— vol 1 7
98 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
TIMBER IN ALASKA.
Settlers, residents, and individual miners and prospectors of the
district of Alaska are permitted to take, free of charge, and without
previous permit, timber not exceeding $50 in value in any one year
for their actual use for domestic purposes. Timber is disposed of in
larger quantities to the persons named and to residents and those
doing business in Alaska upon application to the receiver of the
proper land office, and after appraisal by a special agent and deposit
of the appraised value cutting is permitted to begin, subject, how-
ever, to stoppage of the cutting in event of noncompliance with the
terms of sale.
COAL LANDS.
Declaratory statements and entries are not received upon land
withdrawn for classification, but those who have opened and improved
coal mines during the period of withdrawal are permitted to file in
the proper land office a notice of claim, and upon classification of the
lands are permitted to assert their formal claim to purchase at such
price and upon such terms and conditions as are in force at time of
the restoration of the lands. Affidavits in coal-land cases may be
made before the register or receiver, or any officer authorized to
administer oaths, in the land district where the lands are situated.
EVIDENCE OF TITLE TO MINING CLAIMS AND OF WATER RIGHTS.
Abstracts of title prepared by duly authorized abstracters are
received as evidence when the abstracters have furnished copy of
existing local statute by which they are authorized to compile
abstracts, and certificates by the proper local officials that they have
complied with such statute. Similar evidence of water rights in
desert-land cases is received upon like showing.
LOCATIONS OF WARRANTS, SCRIP, CERTIFICATES, SOLDIERS'
ADDITIONAL RIGHTS, ETC.
Applicants to locate are required, in order that persons claiming
the land adversely or desiring to show its mineral character may have
opportunity to file objection, to publish and post notice of their appli-
cations for a period of thirty days. They are also required to furnish
the affidavit of some person possessed of personal knowledge of the
premises showing that the land selected is not occupied adversely to
the locator or selector.
ISOLATED TRACTS.
Lands are ordered sold upon the applications of those who desire
same for their own use and not for speculation. Applications may
be verified before any officer authorized to administer oaths in the
KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 99
county or land district in which the tracts applied for are situated.
The regulations have been prepared with a view of meeting the con-
venience and needs of bona fide applicants and at the same time
insuring the conservative and equitable disposition of the lands.
PAYMENTS TO PUBLIC CREDITORS.
The practice of requiring receipt for moneys in advance of actual
payment has been discontinued except in cases where such receipts
are required by law or contract. A bill signed and certified by the
creditor and certified to as correct by the officer by whom articles are
received or who supervised the services rendered is taken and paid
by check. Disbursing officers are required to submit a statement of
balances after comparison with their check stubs and with a monthly
statement furnished them by their depositaries showing the number
and amount of their paid checks.
NEW FORMS OF APPLICATIONS, ETC.
Local officers and the public have been instructed with reference
to use of new forms adopted and required to be used after March 1,
1908. The forms effect a consolidation of separate affidavits formerly
required to be filed in the several classes of cases and accomplish a
material saving in expense, time, and file space.
CREDIT FOR PRIOR PAYMENT IN SECOND APPLICATION TO
COMMUTE HOMESTEAD ENTRIES.
Entrymen whose commutation proofs are rejected and certificates
canceled because the proofs do not show sufficient compliance with
law to warrant issuance of patent, are allowed, when they submit new
commutation proof, to have credit for the moneys paid in connection
with the proof originally submitted, thus avoiding application for
repayment in connection with the first application and the making
of a new payment of purchase money with the second proof.
FOREST LIEU LAND FRAUDS.
The case of the United States v. Frederick A. Hyde, John A.
Benson, Joost H. Schneider, and Henry P. Dimond terminated
June 23, 1908, by the conviction in the supreme court of the District
of Columbia of F. A. Hyde and Joost H. Schneider and acquittal of
John A. Benson and Henry P. Dimond.
This is one of the most, if not the most, important case that has ever
been prosecuted by the United States against persons charged with
attempts to defraud the Government out of its public lands. The
prominence of the parties, the magnitude of the scheme in which they
were engaged, and the great number of people affected by the prose-
cution by reason of having purchased so-called scrip rights from
100 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Hyde and Benson make it not amiss that a brief history of the case
be here given.
During the month of September, 1902, suspected irregularities
with reference to the administration of the work pertaining to forest
lieu selections made under the provisions of the act of June 4, 1897
(30 Stat. L.,36), led to the change of the examiner in charge of such
work in this Office ; and under the new administration gross irregu-
larities with respect to the disposition of cases were discovered.
Following closely upon this change came the report of a special agent
which tended to show that the irregularities theretofore discovered
were not the result of inadvertence, or lack of system, but were the
effect of a well-laid scheme. Following the report of the special
agent, all selections made by F. A. Hyde or in which his name
appeared, based upon school lands in certain reserves in California
and Oregon, were suspended, and the charges made by the special
agent were thoroughly investigated. The investigation led to an
indictment which issued out of the supreme court of the District of
Columbia in February, 1904, charging Hyde, Benson, Schneider,
and Dimond with conspiracy to defraud the United States under
section 5440 (Revised Statutes).
The allegations of the Government were to the effect that there
had been an attempt to exchange bogus titles acquired fraudulently
from the States of California and Oregon to the United States, and
the selection in lieu thereof of valuable public lands belonging to the
United States situated without reserves. They were charged with,
first, the employment of fictitious names forged to State applica-
tions and with supplying the necessary connecting links in their
chain of titles by forgery; second, by inducing, fraudulently, people
who had no desire to purchase lands from the States to make appli-
cation, in order that the lands might be assigned to them, Hyde and
Benson, in derogation of the laws of the States which required each
applicant to swear that the land was taken by him for his own use
and benefit and not for the use and benefit of any other person or
persons; third, by procuring notaries public to affix their signatures
or jurats certifying that parties had appeared before them and were
sworn, while, as a matter of fact, the parties did not appear before the
notaries, and in some instances no such persons existed; fourth, by
bribing employees of this Office to improperly advance their selec-
tions for consideration; fifth, by influencing corruptly forest officers
to report as desirable for forest reservation areas in which they,
Hyde and Benson, had or were in position to secure bogus titles to
the State lands.
Owing to the large number of witnesses on behalf of the Govern-
ment and the defendants, a special appropriation was made by the
Congress for defraying the expenses of the trial. The case was called
BEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 101
on April 1, 1908, and consumed almost three months, ending, as
suggested above, on June 23d following.
The case has cost the Government enormously in court fees and
the salaries of special counsel and in time of its employees; and
perhaps a dozen lawyers, some of them of national reputation, have
participated in the different phases of the case as counsel for the
defendants.
In addition to the conviction of Hyde and Schneider the investi-
gation led to the dismissal of four employees of this Office as being
directly or indirectly in the pay of the alleged conspirators, and to
the removal from office of a forest superintendent, a forest supervisor,
and a number of other officials.
For obvious reasons no action was taken on the numerous selec-
tions made by Hyde and Benson or their associates pending the
determination of the criminal case against them, all action being
suspended by Department order. Since, however, the case has come
to trial, there is now no reason why the selections should not be taken
up and disposed of on their own merits; and as the Department has
removed the suspensions this Office is now actively engaged in pre-
paring the cases- for final adjudication. There are in all about 1,200
selections, embracing about 250,000 acres of land, involved. Of this
number something more than 200 have passed to patent, and suits
are now pending in the various United States courts to set aside the
patents on the ground that they were obtained by fraud. There are
probably 200 selections based on school lands in forest reserves in
Oregon and California wherein the records do not disclose any active
participation on the part of Benson and Hyde or any of their known
associates. These cases will be immediately investigated, and if it
is found that they are free from fraud the selections will be passed to
patent if otherwise regular.
The pending unpatented selections made by Benson and Hyde, or
in their interest, will be thoroughly investigated. Much evidence is
now available relating to various selections. This is being collated
and arranged so that it may be readily used as a basis of further pro-
ceedings in the local land offices. The purchases concerning which
we have no information must be investigated by special agents ; and
if, as a result of such investigation, further proceedings are warranted,
hearings will be ordered in due course of business. Any plan that
may be adopted by this office, considering the great number of selec-
tions pending, will necessarily require much clerical work as well as
extended investigation in the field. The theory on which this office
undertakes the investigation rests upon the recognized duty of the
Land Department to ascertain the validity of every title that is ten-
dered in exchange for the land outside of a forest reserve whenever
the title so tendered is deemed of doubtful character, and to reject
the selection if the title is found imperfect or fraudulent.
102 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
CREEK LANDS IN ALABAMA.
By treaty of March 24, 1832 (Indian Treaties, vol. 2, p. 247), the
Creek tribe of Indians ceded to the United States all of their lands
east of the Mississippi River. In consideration of such cession the
Government engaged, among other things, as follows:
Article II. The United States engage to survey the said land as soon as the
same can be conveniently done, after the ratification of this treaty, and when the
same is surveyed to allow ninety principal chiefs of the Creek tribe to select one
section each, and every other head of a Creek family to select one-half section
each, which tracts shall be reserved from sale for their use for the term of five
years, unless sooner disposed of by them. A census of these persons shall be taken
under the direction of the President and the selections shall be made so as to include
the improvements of each person within his selection, if the same can be so made, and
if not, then all the persons belonging to the same town, entitled to selections, and who
can not make the same, so as to include their improvements, shall take them in one
body in a proper form. And twenty sections shall be selected, under the direction of
the President for the orphan children of the Creeks, and divided and retained or sold
for their benefit as the President may direct. Provided, however, that no selections
or locations under this treaty shall be so made as to include the agency reserve.
Article III. These tracts may be conveyed by the persons selecting the same,
for any other persons for a fair consideration, in such manner as the President may
direct. The contract shall be certified by some person appointed for that purpose
by the President, but shall not be valid till the President approves the same. A
title shall be given by the United States on the completion of the payment.
Article IV. At the end of five years, all the Creeks entitled to these selections,
and desirous of remaining, shall receive patents therefor in fee simple, from the United
States.
Article VI. Twenty-nine sections in addition to the foregoing may be located, and
patents for the same shall then issue to those persons, being Creeks, to whom the same
may be assigned by the Creek tribe. But whenever the grantees of these tracts pos-
sess improvements, such tracts shall be so located as to include the improvements,
and as near as may be in the centre. And there shall also be granted by patent to
Benjamin Marshall, one section of land, to include his improvements on the Chata-
hoochee River, to be bounded for one mile in a direct line along the said river, and to
run back for quantity. There shall also be granted to Joseph Bruner a colored man,
one-half section of land, for his services as an interpreter.
It is a matter of history that the Creek territory ceded by this
treaty was occupied by the white race with almost the rapidity of
the rush into Oklahoma, and now forms one of the most populous
and wealthy sections of Alabama. The lands reserved for the Indians
were soon disposed of by them, and the Creeks vanished forever from
their ancient home. Pursuant to section 3 of the treaty, President
Jackson appointed Leonard Tarrant, a personal friend of known
integrity, to certify contracts entered into with the Creeks for the
sale of their lands, and many were so certified, approved by the
President, and patents issued. A very large proportion of such con-
tracts, however, appear never to have been certified or approved,
and this office has no record of the transaction other than notations
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 103
upon its tract books, often in pencil, that the land was reserved for a
certain Indian. So far as can be ascertained, no patent has ever been
issued for land reserved under this treaty, except in favor of those
who entered into contracts of purchase with the Creeks, that were
duly certified to the President and approved by him, or the assignees
of such purchasers, and there would seem to be no warrant for the
issuance of patents except in favor of such. In a great majority of
cases no patent has been issued.
Your attention is respectfully called to this situation. It would
seem that a thorough investigation of the matter should be made
through a commission duly appointed for that purpose, who should
report the results to Congress.
OPEXIXG OF INDIAN LANDS.
The only opening of Indian lands which occurred during the year
and not reported in the last report was a part of the ''Lower Brule"
Reservation in South Dakota. These lands were opened under a reg-
istration and drawing prescribed by the President's proclamation of
August 12, 1907, and the act of April 21, 1906 (34 Stat. L., 124)
the plan being similar to that used in the "Huntley" opening in
1906, and it proved entirely satisfactory to the people.
Of these lands, 20,930.89 acres were classified as first-class lands,
and appraised at $2.50 per acre; 14,031.14 acres as second-class, at
$2.25 per acre 11,038.25; acres as third class, at SI. 75 per acre, and
9,283.44 acres as fourth class, at $1.25 per acre, making a total ap-
praisement of $114,818.60. Practically all of the lands were entered
by persons who registered for the opening.
Respectfully submitted.
Fred Dennett,
Commissioner.
The Secretary of the Interior.
APPENDIX.
STATISTICS RELATING TO THE DISPOSITION OF THE
PUBLIC DOMAIN.
Average number of employees of the General Land Office during the fiscal year 1908.
In General Land Office, Washington, D. C 491
In 14 surveyors-general offices 199
In 104 district land offices 410
In the field:
Examiners of surveys 22
Special agents and clerks 97
Total 1,219
United States district land offices June 30, 1908.
Location of office.
Date of act
or executive
order
authorizing
the establish-
ment.
Date of open-
ings
Location of office.
Date of act
or executive
order
authorizing
the establish-
ment.
Date of open-
ings
Alabama:
Montgomery
July 10,1832
May 14,1907
Apr. 2, 1902
May 14,1907
July 25,1905
Jan. 10,1871
July 14,1870
do
Feb. 17,1818
Mar. 29,1858
Apr. 22,1886
June 12,1869
Jan. 16, 1857
May 13,1890
July 26,1866
Feb. 10,1871
Mar. 29,1858
June 20,1874
June 4, 1864
Apr. 20,1882
July 3, 1884
Feb. 6, 1890
Aug. 4,1886
Apr. 5,1879
Jan. 4,1888
bJan. 1,1834
July 1,1907
June 20,1902
July 1,1907
Oct. 2,1905
Mar. 20,1871
May 31,1871
Feb. 27,1871
Sept. 1,1821
July 24,1858
Mar. 22,1887
Sept. 22, 1869
Nov. 3,1857
July 15,1890
Nov 12,1867
Mar. 2,1871
July 10,1858
Mar. 22,1875
Aug. 15,1864
Oct. 2, 1882
Nov. 10,1884
Sept. 7,1890
Jan. 3,1887
July 1,1879
Sept. 1,1888
Colorado— Cont'd.
Pueblo
May 27,1870
Feb. 6,1890
June 8,1872
Sept. 3,1886
July 26,1866
July 14,1884
Jan. 24,1883
July 26,1866
Aug. 2,1852
Dec. 20,1893
do
July 24,1861
July 7,1838
Mar. 3,1811
Mar. 19,1857
Apr. 1,1903
Apr. 29,1878
Mar. 27,1862
June 23,1836
June 26,1834
Feb. 5, 1906
Jan. 16,1871
Alaska:
Sterling
Aug. 1,1890
Fairbanks
Juneau
Florida:
Gainesville
Idaho:
Blackfoot
Boise
Apr. 30,1873
Nome
Arizona:
Phoenix
Nov. 16,1886
Jan. 13, 1868
Dec. 21,1885
July 16,1883
Sept. 26,1871
Jan. 28,1853
Arkansas:
Camden
Coeur d'Alene...
Dardanelle
Harrison
Little Rock
California
Lewiston
Iowa:
Des Moines
Kansas:
Colby
Eureka
Feb. 5,1894
Independence
Los Angeles
Dodge City
Topeka
Feb. 3,1894
Sept. 10, 1861
Oct. 12,1838
Oakland c
Redding
Louisiana:
Natchitoches
New Orleans
Michigan:
Marquette
Minnesota:
Cass Lake
Crookston
Duluth
Sacramento
Susanville
b Jan. 1,1812
July 14,1857
July 1,1903
May 5,1879
Colorado:
Del Norte
Denver
Durango
Jan. 15,1863
G 1 e n w o o d
Springs
Mississippi:
Jackson
July 25,1836
Hugo
Missouri:
Springfield
Montana:
Billings
Lamar
Oct. 4, 1838
Leadville
Montrose
July 2, 1906
" Whore date of opening is not known, date of first entry mado at the office is given.
i' About.
c Land office removed from San Francisco to Oakland May 1, 1906.
104
EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 105
United States district land offices June 30, 1908 — Continued.
Location of office.
Montana— Cont'd.
Bozeman
Glasgow
Great Falls
Helena
Kalispell
Lewistown
Miles City
Missoula
Nebraska:
Alliance :..
Broken Bow...
Lincoln
North Platte...
O'Neill
Valentine
Nevada:
Carson City
New Mexico:
Clayton
Lascruces
Roswell
Santa Fe
North Dakota:
Bismarck
Devils Lake . . .
Dickinson
Fargo
Minot
Williston
Oklahoma:
Alva a
Elreno
Guthrie
Lawton
Woodward
Date of act
or executive
order
authorizing
the establish-
ment.
June 20,1874
Feb. 25,1907
May 8,1902
2,1867
2, 1897
1,1890
30, 1880
1,1890
Mar.
Mar.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr. 16,1890
do
July 7, 1868
Apr. 22,1872
Apr. 7,1888
June 19,1882
July 2, 1862
Dec.
Mar.
Mar.
18,1888
10,1883
1,1889
May 24,1858
Apr. 24,1874
Mar. 3, 1883
Mar. 16,1904
Dec. 29,1873
Sept. 26, 1890
Apr. 26,1906
Aug.
July
Mar.
July
Aug.
25, 1893
4, 1901
3,1889
4,1901
25, 1893
Date of open-
ing.
Oct. 5,1874
June 1,1907
Aug. 1,1902
Apr. 27,1867
July 1,1897
Nov. 26,1890
Oct. 19,1880
Apr. 20,1891
July 1,1890
July 7, 1890
Sept. 7,1868
Apr. 11,1873
July 16,1888
July 7, 1883
Mar. 1,1864
Aug. 12,1889
May 1,1883
Dec. 9, 1889
Nov. 24,1858
Oct. 12,1874
Aug. 24,1883
July 1,1904
Sept. 1,1874
Oct. 1,1891
Aug. 1,1906
Sept. 16,1893
Aug. 6, 1901
Apr. 22,1889
Aug. 6, 1901
Sept. 16,1893
Location of office.
Date of act
or executive
order Date of open-
authorizing ing.
the establish- ,
ment.
Oregon:
Burns | June
July
June
Aug.
Sept.
Jan.
Lagrande
Lakeview
Portland b
Roseburg
The Dalles
South Dakota:
Aberdeen
Chamberlain
Huron c
Mitchell
Pierre
Rapid City
Utah:
Salt Lake City...
Vernal
Washington:
North Yakima...
Olympia
Seattle
Spokane
Vancouver
Walla Walla
Waterville
Wisconsin:
Wausau
Wyoming:
Buffalo
Cheyenne
Douglas
Evanston
Lander
Sundance
1,1889 ' Sept. 2,1889
3,1866 . Nov. 15,1867
6,1877 | Aug. 6,1877
24,1854 I Jan. 1,1855
15,1859 S Jan. 3,1860
11,1875 | June 1,1875
Mar.
Feb.
Mar.
July
Feb.
Dec.
July
May
Apr.
May
June
June
May
Mar.
May
23,1882
10, 1890
23,1882
14,1880
10,1890
13,1888
16,1868
9,1905
11,1885
16,1890
27, 1887
23,1883
16, 1860
3, 1871
16, 1890
June 19,1872
Mar.
Feb.
Apr.
Aug.
Apr.
Apr.
3,1887
5, 1870
23,1890
9,1876
23, 1890
3,1890
Oct.
Apr.
Oct.
Jan.
May
Jan.
Nov.
July
Apr.
Oct.
Dec.
Oct.
July
July
Nov.
2,1882
3,1890
9,1882
3,1882
12,1890
15, 1889
1,1868
1,1905
24,1885
1,1890
3,1887
1,1883
3,1861
17, 1871
6,1890
Aug. 19,1872
May
Aug.
Nov.
Aug.
Nov.
Oct.
1,1888
10,1870
1,1890
13, 1877
8,1890
27,1890
a Closed April 30, 1908. Business to Woodward.
b Land office removed from Oregon Citv to Portland July 1, 1905.
c Closed March 31, 1908. Business to Pierre.
Note.— By act of July 31, 1876, the land offices in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois were abolished, and by
act of March 3, 1877, the vacant tracts of public lands in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois are made subject
to entry and location at the General Land Office, Washington, D. C.
List of offices of United States surveyors-general.
Location.
Alaska: Juneau
Arizona: Phoenix
California: San Francisco
Colorado: Denver
Idaho: Boise
Louisiana: New Orleans.
Montana: Helena
Date of act
establishing
office.
May 17,1884
Feb. 24,1863
Mar. 3, 1851
Feb. 28,1861
June 29,1866
Mar. 3,1831
July 2, 1864
Location.
Date of act
establishing
office.
Nevada: Reno July 4,1866
New Mexico: Santa Fe Mar. 2,1867
Oregon: Portland July 17,1854
South Dakota: Huron Apr. 10,1890
Utah: Salt Lake City July 16,1868
Washington: Olympia July 17,1854
Wyoming: Cheyenne Feb. 5,1870
Field division headquarters of special agents of General Land Office.
Field division:
1 Portland, Oreg.
2 San Francisco, Cal.
3 Spokane, Wash.
4 Helena, Mont.
5 Denver, Colo.
6 Phoenix, Ariz.
7 Cheyenne, Wyo.
Field division — Continued.
8 Duluth, Minn.
9 Little Rock, Ark.
10 Salt Lake Citv, Utah.
11 Enid, Okla.
12 Santa Fe, N. Mcx.
13 Gainesville, Fla.
106 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Area of States and Territories.
[Based upon careful joint calculations made in the General Land Office, the Geological Survey, and the
Bureau of the Census.]
States and Territories.
Land surface.
Square
miles.
Acres.
Water surface.
Square
miles.
Acres.
Total areas.
Square
miles.
Acres.
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia.
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington *..
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Alaska
Guam
Hawaii
Panama Canal strip
Philippine Islands
Porto Rico
Tutuila Group, Samoa.
Total
51, 279
113,840
52,525
156,092
103,658
4,820
1,965
60
54,861
58,725
83, 779
56,002
35,885
55,586
81,774
40, 181
45,409
29,895
9,941
8,039
57, 480
80,858
46,362
68, 727
145,776
76,808
109,821
9,031
7,514
122,503
47,654
48, 740
70. 183
40, 740
69,414
95,607
44,832
1,067
30, 495
76,868
41,687
262,398
82. 184
9,124
40,262
66,836
24,022
55,256
97,594
32,818,560
72, 857, 600
33,616,000
99,898,880
66,341,120
3,084,800
1,257,600
38, 400
35,111,040
37,584,000
53,618,560
35,841,280
22,966,400
35,575,040
52,335,360
25,715,840
29,061,760
19,132,800
6,362,240
5,144,960
36,787,200
51,749,120
29,671,680
43,985.280
93, 296; 640
49, 157, 120
70,285,440
5,779,840
4,808,960
78,401,920
30,498,560
31,193,600
44, 917, 120
26,073,600
44, 424, 960
61, 188, 480
28,692,480
682,880
19, 516, 800
49, 195, 520
26,679,680
167,934,720
52,597,760
5,839,360
25,767,680
42,775,040
15,374,080
35,363,840
62, 460, 160
719
116
810
2,205
290
145
405
10
3,805
540
534
663
469
561
384
417
3,097
3,145
2,386
227
500
3,824
503
693
796
712
869
310
710
131
1,550
3,686
654
300
643
1,092
294
181
494
747
335
3,498
2,806
' 440
2,365
2,291
148
810
320
460, 160
74, 240
518,400
1,411,200
185,600
92,800
259, 200
6,400
2,435,200
345,600
341,760
424,320
300, 160
359,040
245,760
266,880
1,982,080
2,012,800
1,527,040
145,280
320,000
2,447,360
321,920
443,520
509, 440
455,680
556, 160
198,400
454, 400
83,840
992,000
2,359,040
418,560
192,000
411,520
•698,880
188, 160
115,840
316, 160
478,080
214, 400
2,238,720
1,795,840
281, bOO
1,513,600
1,466,240
94,720
518, 400
204,800
51,998
113,956
53,335
158,297
103,948
4,965
2,370
70
58,666
59,265
84,313
56,665
36,354
56, 147
82,158
40,598
48,506
33,040
12,327
8,266
57,980
84,682
46,865
69,420
146,572
77,520
110,690
9,341
8,224
122, 634
49, 204
52,426
70,837
41,040
70,057
96,699
45. 126
1,248
30,989
77,615
42,022
265,896
84,990
9,564
42,627
69. 127
24, 170
56,066
97,914
2,974,159
1,903,461,760
52,630
33,683,200
3,026,789
590,884
210
6,449
474
115,026
3,435
77
33, 278, 720
72,931,840
34, 134, 400
101,310,080
66,526,720
3,177,600
1,516,800
44,800
37,546,240
37,929,600
53,960,320
36,265,600
23,266,560
35,934,080
52,581,120
25,982,720
31,043,840
21, 145, 600
7,889,280
5,290,240
37,107,200
54,196,480
29,993,600
44,428,800
93,806,080
49,612,800
70,841,600
5,978,240
5,263,360
78, 485, 760
31,490,560
33,552,640
45,335,680
26,265,600
44,836,480
61,887,360
28,880,640
798,720
19,832,960
49,673,600
26,894,080
170,173,440
54,393,600
6,120,960
27,281,280
44,241,280
15,468,800
35,882,240
62,664,960
1,937,144,960
378,165,760
134, 400
4,127,360
303,360
73,616,640
2, 198, 400
49,280
3,743,344
2,395,740,160
Owing to their location adjoining the Great Lakes, the States enumerated below contain approximately
an additional number of square miles as follows: Illinois, 1,674 square miles of Lake Michigan; Indiana,
230 square miles of Lake Michigan; Michigan, 16,653 square miles of Lake Superior, 12,922 square miles
of Lake Michigan, 9,925 square miles of Lake Huron, and 460 square miles of lakes St. Clair and Erie;
Minnesota, 2,514 square miles of Lake Superior; New York, 3,140 square miles of lakes Ontario and Erie;
Ohio, 3,443 square miles of Lake Erie; Pennsylvania, 891 square miles of Lake Erie; Wisconsin, 2,378
square miles of Lake Superior and 7,500 square miles of Lake Michigan.
In addition to the water areas noted above, California claims jurisdiction over all Pacific waters lying
within .'! English miles of her coast; Oregon claims jurisdiction over a similar strip of the Pacific Ocean
1 marine league in width hetween latitude 42° north and the mouth of the Columbia Kiver; and Texas
claims jurisdiction over ;i strip of Gulf water 3 leagues in width, adjacent to her coast and between the
Kio Grande and the Sabine Kiver.
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
107
Final homestead entries from the passage of the homestead act to June 30, 1908.
Fiscal year ended June 30—
Number.
Acres.
Fiscal year ended June 30— Number.
Acres.
1868
2,772
3,965
4,041
5,087
5,917
10,311
14,129
18,293
22,530
19,900
22,460
17,391
15,441
15,077
17,174
18,998
21,843
22,066
19,356
19,866
22,413
25,549
355,086.04
504,301.97
519,727.84
629,162.25
707,409.83
1,224,890.93
1,585,781.56
2,068,537.74
2,590,552.81
2,407,828.19
2,662,980.82
2,070,842.39
1,938,234.89
1,928,204.76
2,219,453.80
2,504,414.51
2,945,574.72
3,032,679.11
2,663,531.83
2,749,037.48
3,175,400.64
3,681,708.80
1890
28,080
27,686
22,822
24,204
20,544
20,922
20,099
20,115
22,281
22,812
25,286
37,568
31,627
4,060,592.77
1869...
1891
3,954,587.77
1870. .
1892
3,259,897.07
1871
1893
3,477,231.63
1872
1894
2,929,947.41
1873...
1895
2,980,809.30
1874...
1896
2,790,242.55
1875
1897
2,778,404.20
1876 ..
1898
3,095,017.75
1877...
1899
3,134,149.44
1878. .
1900
3,477,842.71
1879
1901
5,241,120.76
1880.'.
1902
4,342,747.70
1881
1903
26.373
3,576,964.14
1882
1904 \ 23,932
1905 1 24,621
1906 25,546
1907 26,485
1908 29.636
3,232,716.75
1883
3,419,387.15
1884
3,526,748.58
1885
3,740,567.71
1886
4,242,710.59
1887
Total
1888
825.218
111,424,828.89
1889
Timber and stone entries from the passage of the act of June 3, 1878, to June 30, 1908.
State or Territory.
Number
of
entries.
Acres.
Amount
received.
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Florida
Idaho
Iowa
Louisiana
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi . . .
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
North Dakota
Oregon
South Dakota
Utah
Washington..
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total...
138
3
1,888
18, 766
2,481
624
6,641
3
1,395
1,360
9,290
64
4,129
1
49
72
22, 637
357
6
14,883
1,016
2,742
11, 463. 19
200. 00
207, 125. 76
657,804.50
310, 314. 39
71,816.22
903,315.95
119.36
126,362.02
115,229.85
150,741.80
4, 725. 71
543,679.57
97.20
6,222.32
7,536.20
285, 006. 82
41, 502. 16
761.07
004,099.35
74,846.25
310, 152. 19
$28,663.39
500.00
517,834.74
6,644,737.17
775,790.53
179,522.88
2,273,248.05
298.40
315,909.62
288,075.17
2,880,174.02
11,814.59
1,359,151.58
243.00
15,558.19
18,840.50
8,212,512.79
103, 762. 62
1,902.68
5,010,251.25
187, 117. 12
775,377.02
545 11,833,121.88 29,601,285.31
Desert land entries from the passage of the act of March 3, 1877, to June 30, 1908.
State or Terri-
tory.
Entries.
Area.
Amount.
Origi-
nal.
Final.
Original.
Final.
Original.
Final.
Total.
Arizona
California
Colorado
Dakota Terri-
tory
3,691
8,576
7,305
35
9,950
20,341
829
6,893
501
3,294
1,362
5,791
2,892
12,439
796
1,392
1,181
1
3,200
8,773
159
880
82
848
133
1,573
329
4,240
Acres.
1,145,315.80
2,102,307.10
1,374,976.92
20,021.00
1,869,669.98
4,052,099.54
214,300.26
1,411,007.53
82,862.21
588,564.86
233, 673. 15
1,065,321.70
526,298.26
2,975,618.61
Acres.
239,072.05
337,752.18
200,620.23
300.00
580,619.26
1,713,641.72
40,958.85
219,385.96
13,773.38
152,792.76
26,456.78
265,646.55
45,817.31
1,032,531.08
$334,402.37
540,549.32
344,296.41
5,005.25
467, 360. 30
$230,539.27
360, 765. 93
200,463.90
300.00
58f).3<>6.05
$564,941. 04
901,315.25
544,760.31
5,305.25
1,047.726. 3."i
Idaho
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico
North Dakota..
Oregon
1,020,968.90 j 1,724,462.73
53,808.17 1 40,971.37
354,603.27 | 219.031.11
20,715.76 13,821.08
147,207.15 , 152,786.59
58,426.08 ! 26,456.78
273,122.75 ; 271,539.29
142,804.86 ' 49,566.79
750,935.40 , 1,041,421.88
2,745,431.63
94,779.54
573,634.38
34.536.S4
299,993.74
South Dakota..
Utah
84. ■
544.M2.04
Washington
Wyoming
192.371. 65
1.792.3o7.':S
Total
83,899
23,587
17,662,036.92
4,869,368.11
4,514,205.99 , 4,912,492.77
9,426,098.76
108
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 109
Coal-land entries from the passage of the act of March 3, 1878, to June SO, 1908.
State or Territory.
Number
of entries.
Acres.
Amount
received.
2
38
5
36
977
432
8
2
287
4
180
95
50
2
284
334
608
239.40
5,967.57
800.00
4,907.96
147,638.09
56,746.77
583.57
280.00
41,318.20
640.00
20,829.93
5,922.26
8,163.33
200.00
40,847.31
50,389.33
89,360.82
$2,394.00
59, 675. 77
16,000.00
72,060.30
2,039,636.95
840,038.90
5,835.70
2,800.00
699, 625. 30
8,000.00
318,711.60
95,241.00
North Dakota
86,940.30
2,000.00
Utah
657, 495. 70
762,042.40
1,450,292.75
Total
3,344
474,834.54
7,118,690.67
Public and Indian lands entered each year ended June 30, from 1902 to 1908, inclusive.
State or Terri-
tory.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.
1906.
1907.
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Florida
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Louisiana
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Jersey
New Mexico. . .
North Dakota.
Ohio
Oklahoma. —
Oregon
South Dakota.
Utah
Washington...
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Acres.
79,030.
1,440.
449, 175.
351,997.
656, 406.
1,107,613.
109,599.
671,327.
4.
5,733.
373,989.
233,210.
11.
51,224.
697,427.
80,395.
67,808.
1,354,222.
536,762.
34,627.
Acres.
118,015.
1,723.
142,775.
425, 695.
957,507.
1,620,391.
2,996,591.
700, 472.
303.
20.
903.
457,529.
188,457.
59,689.
933,845.
119, 124.
98,080.
1,533,205.
503,531.
206,643.
Acres.
95,338.
1,770.
234,085.
516,964.
986,253.
1,679,617.
286,095.
855,754.
4.
952.
268,627.
95,324.
47,580.
1,098,763.
82,201.
117,304.
1,052,994.
1,318,931.
216, 468.
Acres.
97,561
2,973
151,340
416,583
1,032,758
621, 100
326,579
609,568
40
9
1,010
273, 100
209,200
41,519
835,314
77,034
104,
1,086,290
4,792,351
88,563
Acres.
102,621,
4,925.
107,054.
441,530.
809,811
1,597,010.38
"" 73
70
Oil
166,053.
734,763.
40.
443,507.26
2,548,606.34
131.02
4,413,556.24
1,297,632.14
670,261.59
380,441.50
1,261,567.45
154,024.90
1,456,798.70
886,276.
935, 112.
45,
544,317.
926,395,
755,853,
165,006.
418,319.
113,766.
014,698.
601,360.
1,798,551.
603,264.
1,679,722.
1,394,227.56
1,172,415.14
823,240.29
133,503.01
961,822.89
89,949.98
402,192.24
770,225.35
769,480.58
1,028,149.12
185,517.13
773,541.23
72,012.71
347,714.32
Total.
19,488,535.30 22,824,299.65 16,332,297.68 17,056,622.27
957.
669,438.
80,086
38,669
397,567
75,856
101, 426
1,782,279
1,736,964
278,904
90
1,235,059
3,325,828
Acres.
92,530.
7, 132.
86, 121.
496,015.
579,294.
2,483,666.
109,663.
1,162,745.
296.
129.
195.
611, 726.
89,608.
42,828.
324, 418.
55,645.
154,871.
1,218,780.
1,785,762.
47,254.
Acres.
81,228.56
3,834.80
198,509.64
333,676.41
766,932.98
2,127,661.99
83,072.78
1,087,402.94
40.00
10.08
1,433.69
332,931.81
59,450.26
46,147.59
429,351.12
35,545.37
129,157.20
1,494,052.02
1,781,823.80
60,131.50
2,758,006.
2,256,423.
2,850,337.11
1,383,957.19
1,426,306.46
617,293.21
1,707,684.39
413,030.21
989,907.66
55,592.44
534,431.94
2,007,753.84
951,481.34
1,502,411.24
334,827.36
911,327.34
28,966.92
897,679.59
514,159.58
1,021,001.29
2,086,171.82
469,311.88
825,813.57
57,595.61
829,614.19
19,431,187.47 20,997,566. 58 19,090,356. 78
110 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL* LAND OFFICE.
Unappropriated lands on June 30, 1908.
State or Territory.
Surveyed.
Unsurveyed.
Total.
Alabama.
Alaska...
Arizona..
Arkansas .
California.
Colorado..
Florida. . .
Idaho
Acres.
129,713
Acres.
Louisiana
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Mexico...
North Dakota.
Oklahoma
Oregon
South Dakota .
Utah
Washington...
Wisconsin
Wyoming
12^905,121
1,061,185
23,232,284
21,498,272
353,294
7,308,958
171,446
116,249
135,551
1,523,205
42,791
27,480
20,570,256
3,074,658
33,339,460
31,566,999
2,189,300
86,339
12,188,457
6,414,049
11,901,823
2,347,825
13,280
34,492,943
368,021,509
29,864,081
6,640,209
2,198,425
61,648
19,476,044
265,500
25,962,184
27,837,590
13,210,906
132,850
4,769,456
147,246
24,677,175
2,287,176
2,652,359
Acres.
129,713
368,021,509
42,769,202
1,061,185
29,872,493
23,696,697
414,942
26,785,002
171,446
116,249
135,551
1,788,705
42,791
27,480
46,532,440
3,074,658
61,177,050
44,777,905
2,322,150
86,339
16,957,913
6,561,295
36,578,998
4,635,001
13,280
37,145,302
Grand total.
226,690,938
528,204,358
754,895,296
A circular showing areas unappropriated, by counties, has been published and is distributed on request.
Public lands remaining unsurveyed.
State.
Total land area
of State.
Areas sur-
veyed dur-
ing fiscal
year ended
June 30, 1908.
Areas remain-
ing unsur-
veyed on
June 30, 1908.
Alaska
Arizona
California
Colorado
Florida
Idaho
Louisiana
Minnesota
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico . .
North Dakota
South Dakota
Oregon
Utah
Washington..
Wyoming
Total...
Acres.
378,165,760
72,857,600
99,898,880
66,341,120
35,111,040
53,618,560
29,061,760
51,749,120
93,296,640
70,285,440
78,401,920
44,917,120
49,195,520
61, 188, 480
52,597,760
42,775,040
62, 460, 160
Acres.
5,175
234,269
4,801
688,923
36,622
732, 162
90,747
1,607,965
64,773
433,341
185,790
280,091
273,316
354, 159
193, 150
616,650
Acres.
378,151,730
52,510,304
22,391,977
1,967,488
4,198,481
29,854,404
1,884,764
2,372,303
44,735,158
30,963,756
25,867,639
2,739,047
447, 769
12,617,584
27,839,579
12, 180, 789
4,317,312
1,341,921,920
5,801,934
655,040,084
Estimated area of existing national forests, June 30, 1908.
Acres.
Alaska 12,087,626
Arizona 13, 385, 990
Arkansas 1,991,899
California 25, 605, 709
Colorado 15, 746, 932
Idaho • 20, 336, 427
Kansas 302, 387
Minnesota 294, 752
Montana 20, 402, 676
Nebraska 556, 072
Nevada...., 2,591,052
Acres.
New Mexico 8, 474, 547
Oklahoma 60,800
Oregon 16, 331, 892
Porto Rico 65, 950
South Dakota 1, 263, 720
Utah 7,414,232
Washington 12, 065, 500
Wyoming 8, 998, 723
Total area 167, 976, 886
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Ill
Acres.
Area embraced in national forests established during year 11, 789, 847
Area embraced in national forests reduced during year 27, 650, 701
Area embraced in national forests enlarged during year 26, 341, 584
Area embraced in temporary withdrawals, June 30, 1908 11, 418, 220
Estimated area in existing national forests, June 30, 1907 150, 831, 665
Estimated area in existing national forests, June 30, 1908 167, 976, 886
National monuments.
State and name.
Arizona:
Grand Canyon a Jan. 11, 1908
Montezuma Castle j Dec. 8, 1906
Petrified Forest do .
Tontoo
California:
Cinder Cone a.
Lassen Peak a
Muir Woods Jan
Pinnacles » Jan
Montana:
Lewis and Clark
New Mexico:
Chaco Canyon
May 11,1908
May
El Morro ! Dec
Gila Cliff Dwellings a.
South Dakota:
Jewel Cave a
Utah:
Natural Bridges
Wyoming:
Devils Tower
Nov.
6, 1907
8,1906
16, 1907
Feb. 7, 1908
Apr. 16,1908
Sept. 24, 1906
Area.
Acres.
806,400.00
160.00
6,776.02
640.00
5, 120. 00
1,280.00
295.00
2,080.00
160.00
20, 629. 40
160.00
160.00
1,280.00
1, 152. 91
a Under jurisdiction of Department of Agriculture.
Aggregate cash receipts from the disposal of public and Indian lands from May
to June 30, 1908.
1785,
Fiscal year.
May 20, 1785, to June
30, 1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
Cash sales.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1900
1907
1908
83,534.
6, 628,
9,657.
10.304.
6,223,
5.757.
9,246,
11,203,
8,018,
6,349,
4.160,
3,322.
3, 193.
1.G53.
1.116.
1.053.
917,
1,291.
1,703.
2,899.
2,966,
4,139,
8,960.
7, 445.
4,849
4.8S5
7.72s
9,760
Amount of { Total re- | Receipts
fees and j ceipts from : from sales
commis- ! disposal of ' of Indian
sions. public lands.
Miscella-
neous
receipts.
550. 98
775. 92!
032. 28i
5S2. 49;
926. 74
891. 06
321. 33
071. 95
254 50|
174. 241
099.07
865.01
2^0. 64
080. 71
090. 07
905. 59'
911. 19,
076. 10
9S8. 32
, 731. S3,
, 542. 86,
.268.47,
. 471. IS
.902.84.
. 766. 06
.9^8.82
.114 30
. 570. 19
1,124.
1,423.
1.536.
1.462.
1,654,
1.537.
1,498,
1,251,
1,121,
944.
1,064,
998,
1.021.
750,
793.
67S,
853,
890.
1.157,
1.340.
1.740.
1.597.
1,349.
1.2S6.
1.642.
1,819,
1,731,
833. 65
531. 15
329. 10
410.58
1S8.06
876. 25
600.39
000.05
971. 23
696. 07
938.65
805. 26
184 65
205. OS
710. 59
557. 82
469. 55
265.50
702. 17
0S1. 03
S94 29
820. IS
147. 48
990. S9
621. 93
48a 5
159. 21
8^3. 57
$4, 395.
7.753.
11.080.
11.840.
7,686,
7.412.
10. 783.
12.701.
9.270.
7:470.
5. 105,
4.3S7.
4,191,
2, 674.
1,866,
1.S47.
1.596,
2,144,
2.594.
4. 056.
4.307,
5,880,
10.557.
8.795,
6, 136.
6,528,
9.547.
11.492.
384 63:
307. 07
361.38
993.07
114. 80
767. 31
921. 72
072.00
225. 73
870. 31
037. 72
670. 27
465.29
285 79
800.66
46,3. 41
380. 74
341.60
690. 49
812. 86
437. 15
OSS. 65
61S. 66
S9a 73
3S7.88
477. 38
27a 51
453. 76
1,006,
634,
625!
938!
933:
1,607,
1,484,
821 ;
389;
293,
318,
456;
284;
91,
149,
214,
43S,
100,
442,
239,
5S5:
288;
30S,
333
791
967,
1,892,
997
691. 63
617. 22|
404 27
137. 26
483.52
729. 63
Aggregate re-
ceipts from
all sources.
>20S
302.30, 20
113.
524 72
062. 30
333. 42
6S1.S4
752. 65
9S1. 03
S79. 48
700.42
716. 31,
317. 49:
913. 731
769.39
661. 27
666.68 0X
939. 14 158
757. 62 153
807. 67 89
532.50 89
805.70 113
972. 52 225
727. 90
591. 75
11&05
274 76
821. 86
587.40
784 85;
951. 65
150.89
585.00
849.00
757. 58
516. 20
557. 50
77a 89
197. 84
834 23
336.09
5ail2
175.85
062. 37
171.85
18585
690. 63
615.72
514 02
098.79
28i 18
,059,657.14
.408.80416
. 394. 516. 04
.713,883.70
.7S9.405.09
. 628. 420. IS
,031,0S4 34
,289.008.87
.547.137.42
,685.901.34
. 780. 517. 61
.429.220.14
.860.109.69
.479.734.14
.767.824. 32
. 033. 454. 03
,106,361.67
,087,93L28
,277,995.18
,070.137.34
,379,758.10
.972.160.79
,261.927.18
,024, 74a 65
,283,341.98
,017,81L38
, 585. 52a 90
553. 17v 00
,715,709.46
Total ' I ' 411,235
III
112
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Amounts accrued and paid to States for educational purposes on account of grants of
2, 3, and 5 per cent of net proceeds of sales oj public lands.
State.
Total to June
30, 1906.
Fiscal year
1907.
Aggregate to
June 30, 1907,
inclusive.
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Florida
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Louisiana
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Mexico. . .
North Dakota.
Ohio
Oregon
South Dakota.
Utah
Washington...
Wisconsin
Wyoming
$1,072,758.36
291,076.42
973,192.59
353,747.89
122,043.38
141,155.81
1,187,908.89
1,040,255.26
633,638.10
1,097,260.27
458,419. 16
580,800.49
525,010.58
1,068,466.95
1,044,774.65
216,288.62
531,341.48
15,237. 17
24,790.72
245,951.94
999,353.01
493,343.63
89,831.13
30,089.53
• 278,992.67
584,104.69
98,524.30
$1,439. 64
8,734.03
16,852.31
17,046.81
3,774.36
32,858.24
1,738.28
3,837.29
1,956.58
12,248.85
1,069.67
5,618. 70
33,982.61
1,271.32
1,998.55
6,685.77
44,403.07
74,011.17
19,012.25
6,436.00
31,535.35
775.89
17,100.14
$1,074,198.00
299,810.45
990,044.90
370,794.70
125,817.74
174,014.05
1,187,908.89
1,040,255.26
633,638.10
1,098,998.55
462,256.45
582,757.07
537,259. 43
1,069,536.62
1,050,393.35
250,271.23
532,612.80
17,235. 72
31,476.49
290,355.01
999,353.01
567,354.80
108,843.38
36,525.53
310,528.02
584,880.58
115,624.44
Total 14,198,357
344,386.88
14,542,744.57
Amounts covered into the Treasury to the credit of the reclamation fund from the sales of
public lands and fees and commissions in the several States and Territories under the
act of June 17, 1902 (32 Stat. L.,
State or Territory.
Fiscal years—
Total for seven
years ending
June 30, 1907.
1901 to 1906.
1907.
Arizona
$298,327.25
2,562,377.70
2,503,802.05
2,349,875.08
215,245. 19
2,633,324.55
746,553.81
100,772.25
723,365.27
5,373,604.90
3,642,029.10
5,260,449.82
1,302,472.68
476,671.41
3,541,391.57
1,512,181.89
$71,688.72
365,995.19
613,520.03
650,690.09
88,937.79
740,552.33
73,533.61
45, 154. 36
382,856.77
1,101,638.16
530,664.25
1,519,958.62
505,779.42
141,156.18
703,902.62
378,103.57
$370,015.97
2,928,372.89
3,117,322.08
California
Colorado
Idaho
3,000,565.17
Kansas
304, 182. 98
Montana
3,373,876.88
820,087.42
Nebraska
Nevada
145,926.61
1,106,222.04
New Mexico
North Dakota
6,475,243.06
4,172,693.35
6,780,408.44
1,808,252.10
617,827.59
4,245,294.19
1,890,285.46
Oklahoma ,
Oregon
South Dakota
Utah
W ashington
W yoming
Total
33,242,444.52
7,914,131.71
41,156,576.23
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
113
Amount of collections from reclamation water-right charges during the fiscal year ended
June SO, 1908.
[No water right charges collected prior to July 1, 1907.]
State.
Land office.
Project.
Receipts. .
Hailey..
Minidoka
$5,706.18
38,431.85
fBillings
Huntley
\Great Falls
Carson City
Sun River
Truckee-Carson
Buford-Trenton
Umatilla
1,631.00
8,447.95
423.00
Williston
350.00
8,412.53
Total
63,402.51
Entries examined in General Land Office during fiscal year ended June 30, 1908.
Kind of entry.
Pending
June 30,
1907.
Re-
ceived.
Total.
proved.
Can-
celed.
Other-
wise
dis-
posed
of.
Total.
Pending
June 30,
1908.
Homesteads:
270,314
4,830
2,061
1,440
3,865
21,747
97,632
29,222
23,441
782
12,482
11,058
367,946
34,052
25,502
2,222
16,347
32,805
"25,"496"
19,504
413
11,750
*"2,*462"
32,340
95
106
289
14
4,851
51,687
1,721
815
"i,*55i'
2,564
84,027
27,312
20,425
702
13,315
7,415
2,462
8,941
753
179
1,847
14
205
148
29
10
260
228
10,117
8
34
146
4,377
571
1,269
228
4,348
283,919
6,740
5,077
1,520
3,032
25,390
Final
Commuted
Soldiers additional
Timber and stone
Desert land:
Original
Final
Yearly proofs examined
Assignments examined
Mineral:
Applications
179
85
14
17
134
14
Final
1,570
1,339
2,909
1,762
1,062
Coal:
Declaratory statements
Final
396
136
217
153
613
289
188
29"
2
228
228
10,117
8
30
146
2,330
557
1,194
209
1,617
408
Timber culture:
Original
141
Final
Commuted
10
329
237
10
566
2
8
30
Preemption:
Original
306
Final
Indian allotments.
5,199
48
23
144
973
202
3,145
1,452
6,257
8,ii6
31
20
298
5,025
62?
262
35
1,650
13,315
79
43
442
5,998
824
3,407
1,487
7,907
3,198
71
Indian homesteads
Townsites
4
9
296
Isolated tracts:
Applications
2,047
1
75
19
53
13"
"i,"678*
1,621
253
Sales
Lieu selections (act June 4, 1907).
Military bounty land warrants..
Miscellaneous entries
2,138
1,259
4,559
58920— int 1908— vol 1-
114 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 115
State and territorial grants — Recapitulation.
Indemnity school land.
Other grants.
State or Territory.
Pending
and
selected.
Confirmed. -
Canceled.
Pending
and
selected.
Confirmed.
Canceled.
Acres.
960.00
Acres.
Acres.
960. 00
Acres.
Acres.
Acres.
1, 120. 00
403, 520. 13
302, 434. 21
2, 755. 27
220,265.05
14,092.29
57,911.65
960. 41
640.00
219, 727. 67
723. 27
174,404.11
897. 20
57,094.80
6, 105. 30
6,349.45
1, 154. 84
15,188.11
80.00
80.00
Florida
34,340.71
22,239.58
1,442.87
696.85
120. 00
17,608.98
120.00
244,640.90
1,065.12
111,731.43
1,065.12
3,520.00
160.00
1, 040. 00
9,062.04
170,778.67
15,237.56
1,032,230.78
7,757.83
78,552.39
13,088.76
1,011,464.06
129. 90
79, 493. 61
North Dakota
15, 821. 18
15,315.58
102,825.57
43, 798. 41
307, 124. 81
188,609.95
9,071.02
14,355.03
61,559.80
24,838.47
170,032.32
96,645.38
1,997.40
360.55
4,859.05
3,919.87
2,040.00
5,660.06
908.80
Oklahoma
2, 389. 00
Utah
234, 523. 91
3,022.42
19,998.39
25,196.29
82,358.55
3, 416. 77
640.00
Wyoming
230,247.78
105,075.24
3,764.50
3,378.56
Total
2,152,348.31
1,047,860.86
56,575.98
1,563,319.75
1,218,999.73
89, 660. 95
Alleged fraudulent entries acted on during year.
Received.
Approved.
Canceled.
Referred.
Pending
June 30,
1908.
Homestead:
Originals
4,103
833
419
481
207
27
20
746
623
245
287
112
21
3
2,214
85
174
184
44
9
31
80
60
2
2
5,093
1,324
1,097
930
509
17
72
803
1,401
106
127
75
55
53
8,617
529
Finals
877
527
Commuted
1,281
824
Desert:
Originals
Finals
159
265
Timber culture:
Originals
29
Finals
13
111
Timber and stone:
Sworn statements
1,537
1,092
206
Finals
1,380
Mineral:
Applications
393
56
Selections:
State
Forest
22
Indian allotments
58
Total
8,127
2,956
2,885
11,662
15,020
116 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Indictments, convictions, and acquittals June 30, 1907- June 30, 1908.
Indictments.
Convictions.
Acquittals.
16
34
4
95
4
8
5
64
2
2
8
8
14
Perjury
7
Subornation of perjury
Conspiracy
6
3*
7
31
28
Forgery
2
Boxing trees
5
2
Misappropriations funds of United States
2
Total
234
63
60
Number and hind of patents issued during fiscal year ended June 30, 1908.
Cash (timber or stone, commuted
homestead, etc.) 43, 356
Homestead 29, 176
Forest reserve lieu selection 1, 058
Military bounty land warrants
Timber culture
Agricultural college scrip
Surveyor-general's scrip
Supreme Court scrip
Sioux half-breed scrip
Choctaw scrip
Valentine scrip
Dodge scrip
Porterfield
187
93
7
53
5
3
4
13
1
1
Arredonda scrip
Ware scrip
State desert land segregation
Donation claims
Special act
Railroad
Swamp
Private land claim
Mineral
Coal
Indian 14, 470
1
7
6
18
16
74
25
133
667
148
Total 90,522
approved and awaiting patent 6, 975
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
117
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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Sales of Indian lands during fiscal year ended June 30, 1908.
125
Number of
entries or
partial
payments.
Area.
Sales and
interest.
Alabama:
Montgomery— Cherokee Indian school lands
California:
Eureka—
Round Valley Indian Reservation lands
Klamath River Indian Reservation
Oakland— Round Valley Indian Reservation
Colorado:
Durango —
Southern Ute, act February 20, 1895
Ceded Ute, act June 15, 1880, and July 28, 1882
Glenwood Springs— Ute Indian land
Montrose— Ute Indian lands
Idaho:
Blackfoot— Shoshone and Bannock Indian lands
Kansas:
Dodge City— Osage trust and diminished reserve land. .
Topeka— Kansas trust and diminished lands
Minnesota:
Cass Lake— Chippewa Indian lands
Crookston—
Chippewa Indian lands
Red Lake Indian Reservation lands
Duluth— Chippewa Indian lands
Montana:
Billings— Crow Indian ceded lands
Nebraska:
O 'Neill— Omaha Indian land
North Dakota:
Devils Lake— Sioux Indian lands
Oklahoma:
El Reno— Wichita ceded land
Lawton — Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache Indian lands.
Oregon:
La Grande— Umatilla Indian Reservation lands
South Dakota:
Mitchell— Sioux Indian lands
Pierre— Lower Brule" Indian Reservation
Utah:
Vernal— Uintah Valley Indian Reservation lands
Washington:
Spokane— Colville Indian Reservation land.
Waterville— Colville Indian Reservation land
Lander — Shoshone or Wind River Reservation .
Total
11
117
24
180
577
65
1
93
231
112
32
149
422
51
109
393
364
154
145
100
133
Acres.
652.12
45.03
12,765.97
2,839.84
22,015.67
74,537.46
5,647.28
200
8,554.16
883.05
14,983.71
8,345.73
$815.20
578.25
112.58
4,115.24
9,852.66
1,109.95
28,063.99
51,193.33
40.00
6,459.57
20.56
16,028.24
49,936.23
106,020.34
4,603.27
58,131.42
4,930.59
58,089.90
80,865.20
186,758.93
7,164.32
167,531.80
20,810.23
25,066.87
43,965.27
21,531.17
44,177.41
3,506
151,470.02
997,972.52
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
127
COMMISSIONERS OF PENSIONS SINCE 1833.
Name.
By whom appointed.
Whence appointed.
Date of com-
mission.
Edwards, James L.. .
Heath, James E
Waldo, Loren P
Minot, Josiah
Whiting, George C . . .
Barrett, Joseph H. . .
Cox, Christopher C. .
Van Aernam, Henry.
Baker, James H
Atkinson, Henry M. .
GUI, Charles R
Bentley, John A
Dudley, William W..
Clarke, Otis P. G
Black, John C
Tanner, James
Raum, GreenB
Lochren, William
Murphy, Dominic I . .
Evans, Henry Clay. .
Ware, Eugene F
Warner, Vespasian. .
Jackson..
Fillmore.
Pierce...
.....do...
.....do...
Lincoln..
Johnson.
Grant...
....do....
....do....
....do....
Garfield...
Arthur...
Cleveland.
Harrison.
....do....
Cleveland.
....do....
McKinley.
Roosevelt.
....do....
Virginia
....do
Connecticut
New Hampshire.
Virginia
Ohio
Maryland
New York
Minnesota
Nebraska
Wisconsin
....do
Indiana
Rhode Island
Illinois
New York
Illinois
Minnesota
Pennsylvania —
Tennessee
Kansas
Illinois
Mar. 3,1833
Nov. 27, 1850
Mar. 17,1853
Aug. 1,1855
Jan. 19,1857
Apr. 15,1861
July 28,1868
May 1, 1869
Apr. 20,1871
Mar. 26,1875
Feb. 10,1876
Mar. 28,1876
June 27, 1881
Nov. 15, 1884
Mar. 19,1885
Mar. 27,1889
Oct. 19,1889
Apr. 13,1893
May 28,1896
Apr. 1,1897
May 10,1902
Mar. 4, J 905
128
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Pensions,
Washington, D. C, August 17, 1908.
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my annual report, con-
sisting of statement and exhibits numbered from 1 to 10, inclusive, of
the operations of the Bureau of Pensions for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1908.
GENERAL STATEMENT.
Exhibit 1 shows the number of pensioners of each class added to
and dropped from the roll during the year. There were 967,371 pen-
sioners on the roll at the close of the fiscal year 1907. The number of
new pensioners added to the roll during the fiscal year 1908 was
38,682, and the number of pensioners dropped from the roll was
54,366. The number of pensioners on the roll at the close of the year
was therefore 951,687, a net loss of 15,684.
The largest number of pensioners ever on the roll at any one time
was on January 31, 1905, when the number was 1,004,196. The net
decrease in the number of pensioners since that date is 52,509. The
losses to the roll during the fiscal year 1908 were as follows :
Decrease in pension roll during fiscal year ended June 30, 190S.
By death 50, 676
By remarriage 944
By minors arriving at the age of 16 years 1, 025
By failure to claim for more than three years 711
For other causes 1,010
Total 54,360
The number of survivors of the civil war on the pension roll June
30, 1907, was 644,383. The number on the roll June 30, 1908, was
620,985, a decrease during the year of 23,353. The number dropped
on account of death during the year was 34,333, and the number
dropped for other causes was 864. The death rate of the survivors of
the civil war during the year was slightly in excess of 5 per cent, and
the number dropped on account of death was 3,132 greater than dur-
ing the previous year. At the close of the year there were 7.099 orig-
inal claims of survivors of the civil war pending in the Bureau. This
number added to the number of survivors on the roll makes a total of
628,084 who either are pensioners or have claims pending.
58920— int 1908— vol 1 9 129
130
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
The following table shows the number of pensioners on the roll in
each class at the close of the fiscal years 1908 and 1907, with the gains
and losses:
Pensioners on the roll June 30, 1908, and June 30, 1907.
1908.
1907.
Gain.
Loss.
Revolutionary war:
Daughters
2
471
1. 820
3,018
2,932
6,914
142,044
75,515
541
3,688
656
240
528
140,600
3
558
2,007
3,201
3,485
7,214
178,816
75,629
599
4,578
873
224
489
349,283
180,539
4,032
292
116,239
542'
19,031
1,100
316
3,090
527
11
2
11,076
2,526
122
821
133
5
8
1
War of 1812:
Widows
87
Indian wars:
187
Widows
183
War with Mexico:
553
Widows
300
Civil war:
General law-
Invalids
36,772
114
Widows
Minor children
58
Mothers
890
Fathers
217
Brothers, sisters, sons, and daughters
16
39
Act of June 27, 1890—
Invalids
208,683
Widows
180,539
Minor children
3.954
'295
338,341
188,445
510
20,548
1,145
331
3,096
536
7
2
11,786
2,580
120
871
139
5
7
78
Helpless children
3
222, 102
188,445
Act of February 6, 1907
Act of April 19, 1908, widows
32
War with Spain:
Invalids
1,517
45
15
6
9
Widows
Minor children
Mothers
Brothers and sisters
4
Regular establishment:
710
54
Widows
Minor children
2
Mothers
50
6
Helpless children
1
Total
951,687
967,371
413,017
428, 701
Net loss
15,684
All widows of soldiers and sailors who served in the civil war on
the roll under the act of June 27, 1890, were transferred to the roll
under the act of April 19, 1908, when it became law, and this accounts
for the large number of civil war widows, shown by the table, on the
roll under said act on June 30, 1908, and also accounts for the fact
that there were no widows remaining on the roll on that date under
the act of June 27, 1890.
During the year there was a loss of 36,772 pensioners in the invalid
class, general law, civil war, and a loss of 208,083 in the invalid class,
act of June 27, 1890. These losses were due largely to the transfer
of pensioners in each of these classes to the act of February 6, 1907,
at a higher rate, the net gain to that roll being 222,102.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
131
The civil war pensioners are divided, according to the law under
which the pension is granted, into the following classes :
(1) General law.
(2) Act of June 27, 1890, as amended by the act of May 9, 1900.
(3) Act of February 6, 1907.
(4) Act of April 19, 1908.
The annual value of the pension roll at the close of the fiscal year
was $159,495,701 against $140,850,880 at the close of the previous year,
a gain of $18,644,821 in one year. The annual value is the amount
required to pay the pensioners on the roll at the close of the fiscal
year for one entire year should there be no changes in the rates or in
the number of pensioners during the year. The increase in the annual
value of the roll is due to the large number of certificates issued
during the year under the act of February 6, 1907, and the increase
in the rates to widows granted by the act of April 19, 1908.
In the table below will be found the average annual value of the
pension of each pensioner on the roll at the close of each of the last
five years :
Average value of each pension for the last five years.
Average annual value of each pension
Regular establishment
General law, civil war
Act of June 27, 1890
War with Spain
Act of February 6, 1907
Act of April 19, 1908
1908.
$167.59
173. 76
215.30
130. 75
126.87
167.70
145. 10
1907.
$145.60
173. 12
204.20
112.32
127. 19
170.09
1906.
$138. 18
173. 35
191. 43
114.33
127.33
1905.
$136.96
174. 19
187.51
113.20
127.90
1904
$134.84
173. 09
180. 58
110.00
132. 18
Exhibit 2 shows the amount of first payments on each class of cer-
tificates made by pension agents to pensioners during the fiscal year
1908, and the amount of fees paid to attorneys. The total amount
paid in first payments for the year 1908 is $13,394,633.41, being
$6,750,864.72 in excess of that paid in first payments during the year
1907. The number of certificates upon which these first payments
were made is 316,500, an average of $42.32 for each certificate.
The following table shows the first payments made each year
during the last five years:
First payments made during the last five fiscal years.
Fiscal year.
Number.
Amount.
Average.
1908
316,500
186,973
111,803
513,394, 633
6,643,768
fi.1S2.1S2
$42.32
1907
35.53
1906
55.02
1905
162,907 | 8,940,064
128,623 1 1 -375
54.87
1904
80. S2
' '
132 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
At the close of the fiscal year there were 11,093 outstanding certifi-
cates upon which no first payments were made. The amount due on
such certificates was $444,560.12. Those certificates did not reach the
agencies in time to secure vouchers and make the payments therein
before the close of the year.
Exhibit 3 shows the appropriations and disbursements for the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, and the unexpended balances at the
close of the year. The amounts appropriated and expended and the
balances are as follows:
Receipts and disbursements for fiscal year ended June 30, 1908.
Appropriation for pensions (act March 4, 1907) $145, 000, 000.00
Deficiency appropriation (act May 30, 1908) 10,000,000.00
Repayments to the appropriation 3, 390. 71
Total amount available for pensions 155, 003, 390. 71
Amount disbursed 153, 093, 086. 27
Balance covered into the Treasury 1, 910, 304. 44
Appropriation for medical examinations 600, 000. 00
Amount expended and unpaid 247, 533. 25
Balance covered into the Treasury 352, 466. 75
Appropriation for salaries and clerk hire, pension agencies 507, 000. 00
Repayments to the appropriation 20. 94
Amount available 507, 020. 94
Amount disbursed 501, 795. 74
Balance covered into the Treasury 5, 225. 20
Appropriation for rent and contingent expenses, pension agen-
cies S4, 500. 00
Repayments to the appropriation 1.93
Amount available 34, 501. 93
Amount disbursed 32, 169. 63
Balance covered into the Treasury 2, 332. 30
Appropriation for examination of pension agencies 1, 500. 00
Amount disbursed 24S. 56
Balance covered into the Treasury 1,251.44
Appropriation for salaries, Pension Bureau 1, 703, 250. 00
Amount disbursed 1, 611, 756. 60
Balance covered into the Treasury 91, 493. 40
Appropriation for salaries, per diem, and expenses of special
examiners 462, 500. 00
Amount disbursed 357,737.08
Balance covered into the Treasury 104, 762. 92
BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
133
Summary of unexpended balances at the close of the fiscal year 1908, exclusive
of unexpended appropriation for the payment of pensions, covered into the
Treasury.
Salaries in Bureau $91,493.40
Salaries, per diem, and expenses, special examiners 104, 762. 92
Fees, examining surgeons 352, 466. 75
Salaries and clerk hire, pension agencies 5, 225. 20
Rent and contingent expenses, pension agencies 2, 332. 30
Examination of pension agencies 1, 251. 44
Total 557, 532. 01
The amount expended for navy pensions during the fiscal year 1908
was $4,934,350.50. The law provides that the navy pensions shall be
paid from the income of the navy pension fund so far as the same
shall be sufficient for that purpose. The income from the navy pen-
sion fund for the year 1908 was $360,409.92, less than 8 per cent of
the amount required for the payment of navy pensions. The amount
derived from the interest on the navy pension fund has not been
sufficient to pay the navy pensions since 1870. During the last five
years, the interest on the navy pension fund and the amounts paid for
navy pensions have been as follows :
Interest on navy pension fund and amounts paid for navy pensions.
Fiscal year.
Interest.
Navy pen-
sions.
Fiscal year.
Interest.
Navy pen-
sions.
1904
$287,374
370,952
363,619
$4,082,954
4,197,166 1
4,204,004
1907
$361, 405
360,409
$4,248,712
4,934,350
1905
1908
1906
Exhibit 4 shows the amount disbursed by each pension agency
during the fiscal year. The amounts disbursed by the different
agencies vary from $2,748,387.69 at the Concord agency to $17,621,-
652.81 at the Topeka agency. The total amount disbursed for pen-
sions by the pension agencies is $152,959,537.96. In addition to this
amount there was disbursed by the Treasury Department in pay-
ment of claims for reimbursement on account of expenditures in-
curred during the last sickness and burial of deceased pensioners who
left no widows or minor children, the sum of $133,548.31, making
the total amount expended for pensions, as shown by Exhibit 3,
$153,093,086.27.
The amount expended for fees of examining surgeons, as shown by
Exhibits 3 and 4, is $177,490.88. This does not cover the examina-
tions made during the last quarter of the fiscal year. The unpaid
accounts for fees of examining surgeons will make the total expendi-
ture during the year amount to $247,533.25. This is a decrease in
the amount paid for medical examinations as compared with the
previous year of $243,040.34. This large decrease is due to the act
134
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
of February 6, 1907, granting pensions on account of age, no medical
examinations being required in claims filed under that act.
It will be observed that the contingent expenses of the pension
agency in this city are considerably larger than those of any other
agency. One item of expense of this agency is in the payment of
postage on checks mailed to foreign countries, this expenditure during
the last fiscal year amounting to $625. A similar expense does not
occur at any other agency.
The following table is a classification of the disbursements for
pensions, showing the amounts disbursed to each class of pensioners
of the various wars. The largest amount disbursed to any one class
is that under the act of February 6, 1907, to survivors of the civil
war, which is $45,645,639.19.
Classification of disbursements for pensions.
Amount.
Total.
Grand total.
Regular Establishment.
Army:
Invalids
$1,584,629.96
482,301.84
$2,066,931.80
699,671.41
Widows and dependents
Navy:
Invalids
432,223.42
267,447.99
Widows and dependents
36,217,074.54
76,652.07
12,184,201.26
$2,766,603.21
Civil war.
General law:
Army-
Invalids
48,477,927.87
•
494,537.34
44,460,947.94
1,585,191.51
45,645,639.19
3,793,332.56
Nurses
Widows and dependents
Navy-
315,498.09
179,039.25
Widows and dependents
Act June 27, 1890:
Army-
Invalids
29,033,242.02
15,427,705.92
Widows and dependents
Navy-
Invalids
928,245.61
656,945.90
Widows and dependents
Act February 6, 1907:
Army
43,843,717.35
1,801,921.84
Navy
Act April 19, 1908:
Army widows
3,604,021.02
189,311.54
Navy widows
2,698,394.73
797,024.38
144,457,576.41
War with Spain.
Army:
3,495,419.11
158,703.87
Widows and dependents
Navy:
Invalids
106,454.93
52,248.94
Widows and dependents
3,654,122.98
68,766.00
War of 1812.
Widows
War with Mexico.
Survivors
753,782.02
725,363.61
1.479.145.53
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Classification of disbursements for pensions — Continued.
135
Amount.
Total.
Grand total.
Indian wars.
$205,289.03
328,034.20
Widows
$533,323.83
133,548.31
Treasury settlements
Total disbursements
153,093,086.27
Exhibit 5 shows, by classes, the number of pensioners on the rolls
of the different agencies June 30, 1908, and the number of pensioners
on their rolls June 30, 1907. This statement shows the losses and
gains of each agency during the fiscal year. The number of pen-
sioners on the rolls of the different agencies varies from 15,633 at
the Concord agency to 109,579 at the Topeka agency, the San Fran-
cisco agency being the only one showing an increase, all the other
agencies showing a decrease in the number of pensioners at the close
of the year.
Exhibit 6 gives the number of pensioners residing in each State and
Territory of the United States, in the insular possessions, and in
foreign countries who were on the roll June 30, 1908; it shows also
the amounts paid for pensions during the fiscal year 1908 to residents
of each State, Territory, insular possession, and foreign country.
Below is a summary of this exhibit:
Residence.
Number.
Amount.
States and Territories
946,509
131
5,047
$152,120,644.12
21,420.53
Insular possessions
Foreign countries
811,473.31
Total
951,687
152,959,537.96
Exhibit 7 shows, by classes, the monthly rates of pension paid to
pensioners and the number of pensioners at each rate on the roll June
30, 1908, under the different general acts of Congress, the total num-
ber being 937,080.
Exhibit 8 shows the same details in relation to the pensioners on
the roll on that date by virtue of special acts of Congress, the total
number being 14,607.
The amount disbursed for pensions by the United States from July
1, 1790, to June 30, 1865, was $96,445,444.23. The total cost of pen-
sions and the expenses connected with the administration of the
pension lawTs from the latter date to the present time, with the num-
ber of pensioners each year, are shown by the table on the following
page.
136
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Disbursements for pensions and for maintenance of pension system, 1866 to
1908.
Fiscal year.
Paid as pensions.
Cost, mainte-
nance, and
expenses.
Total.
Number
of pen-
sioners.
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
Total
$15,450,549.88
20,784,789.69
23,101,509.36
28,513,247.27
29,351,488.78
28,518,792.62
29,752,746.81
26,982,063.89
30,206,778.99
29,270,404.76
27,936,209.53
28,182,821.72
26,786,009.44
33,664,428.92
56,689,229.08
50,583,405.35
54,313,172.05
60,427,573.81
57,912,387.47
65,171,937.12
64,091,142.90
73,752,997.08
78,950,501.67
88,842,720.58
106,093,850.39
117; 312, 690. 50
139,394,147.11
156,906,637.94
139,986,726.17
139,812,294.30
138,220,704.46
139,949,717.35
144,651,879.80
138,355,052.95
138, 462, 130. 65
138,531,483.84
137,504,267.99
137,759,653.71
141,093,571.49
141,142,861.33
139,000,288.25
138, 155, 412. 46
153,093,086.27
$407,165.00
490,977.35
553,020.34
564,526.81
600,997.86
863,079.00
951,253.00
1,003,200.64
966,794.13
982,695.35
1,015,078.81
1,034,459.33
1,032,500.09
837,734.14
935,027.28
1,072,059.64
1,466,236.01
2,591,648.29
2,835,181.00
3,392,576.34
3,245,016.61
3, 753, 400. 91
3,515,057.27
3,466,968.40
3,526,382.13
4, 700, 636. 44
4, 898, 665. 80
4, 867, 734. 42
3,963,976.31
4,338,020.21
3,991,375.61
3,987,783.07
4,114,091.46
4,147,517.73
3,841,706.74
3,868,795.44
3,831,378.96
3,993,216.79
3,849,366.25
3,721,832.82
3,523,269.51
3.309,110.44
2:800,963.36
$15,857,714.88
21,275,767.04
23,654,529.70
29,077,774.08
29,952,486.64
29,381,871.62
30,703,939.81
27,985,264.53
31,173,573.12
30,253,100.11
28,951,288.34
29,217,281.05
27,818,509.53
34,502,163.06
57,624,256.36
51,65o,464.99
55,779,408.06
63,019,222. 10
60,747,568.47
68,564,513.46
67,336,159.51
77,506,397.99
82,465,558.94
92,309,688.98
109,620,232.52
122,013,326.94
144, 292, 812. 91
161,774,372.36
143,950.702.48
144,150,314.51
142,212,080.07
143,937,500.42
148,765,971.26
142, 502, 570. 68
142,303,887.39
142,400,279.28
141,335,646.95
141,752,870.50
144,942,937.74
144,864,694.15
142,523,557.76
141,464,522.90
155,894,049.63
126,722
155,474
169,643
187,963
198,686
207,495
232,229
238,411
236,241
234,821
232,137
232,104
223,998
242,755
250,802
268,830
285,697
303,658
322,756
345,125
365,783
406,007
452, 557
489, 725
537,944
676, 160
876,068
966,012
969,544
970,524
970,678
976,014
993, 714
991,519
993, 529
997, 735
999, 446
996, 545
994, 762
998, 441
985,971
967,371
951,687
3,654,663,365.73
112,852,477.1
3,767,515,842.82
While the amount paid out for pensions, $153,093,086.27, during
the fiscal year 1908 is the largest since the organization of the Bureau,
with the exception of the amount paid out during the fiscal year 1893,
the cost of its administration is the smallest since 1883, during
which last-mentioned year there was paid out for pensions only
$60,427,573.81.
The operating expense of the Bureau during the fiscal year 1893
was $4,867,734.42 and during the fiscal year 1908, $2,800,963.36, a
decrease of $2,066,771.06.
Exhibit 9 is a statement of pension certificates issued during the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1908. The following summary shows the
number of issues by classes:
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
137
Pension certificates issued during fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, by classes.
Supplemental 463
Duplicates 2, 764
Accrueds 18, 724
Total 328, 676
Originals. 37, 691
Increases 35, 355
Additional 332
Reissues 231, 280
Restorations 159
Renewals 1, 908
The different classes of pension certificates may be defined as
follows :
Originals. — Cases in which no pension has before been granted.
Increases. — Claims for increased rate of pension.
Additional. — Issues under act of June 27, 1890, in lieu of pension under the
general law.
Reissues. — Issues to allow for additional disabilities under the general law,
to make corrections in former issues, and to allow pension under the general
law and under the act of February 6, 1907, in lieu of pension under the act
of 1890.
Restorations. — Issues to restore to the roll from date of last payment.
Renewals. — Issues to renew pension from a date when new title is shown.
Supplementals. — Cases in which title exists under different laws and issue
is made under one law for a period not covered by the other issue.
Duplicates. — New certificates issued in lieu of former certificates lost or
destroyed.
Accrueds. — Issues made for pension due in cases of deceased pensioners from
date of last payment to date of death.
The total number of pension certificates of all kinds issued in the
last ten years is as follows:
Pension certificates issued during last ten years.
1899 89, 054
1900 105, 591
1901 109, 668
1902 119, 824
1903 132, 821
1904 153, 938
1905 185, 242
1906 136, 905
1907 236, 516
1908 328, 676
More certificates were issued during the fiscal year than in any
former year in the history of the Bureau. The number issued was
328,676, being 92,160 in excess of the number issued the preceding
year (1907) and 16,130 in excess of the highest number issued in
any previous year.
The records of the Bureau show that between February 6, 1907,
and June 30, 1908, 431,113 claims were filed under the act of Febru-
ary 6, 1907, and Exhibit 10 of this report shows that there were only
16,926 of such claims pending June 30, 1908.
There will be a fewer number of allowances hereafter under that
act, and it is believed that the number of certificates issued will ma-
terially decrease from year to year.
Exhibit 10 is a summary of the pending files of the Bureau based
upon an actual count made at the close of the year. The table is
arranged in such a way as to show not only the number of claims of
138 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
each class on file, but also the number of claims of each class based
upon disabilities incurred or service rendered in each of the wars and
in the regular establishment.
The total number of applications for pension of all kinds pending
at the close of the year was 123,483, as against 356,181 pending at the
beginning of the year. There are now only a little more than one-
third as many claims pending as there were one year ago, and these
are being adjudicated as rapidly as the evidence necessary to deter-
mine their merits is furnished, as the work of the Bureau is now
practically current upon all classes of claims.
A recapitulation of the pending claims is as follows :
Claims pending at close of fiscal year ended June 30, 1908.
Civil war 77,675
War with Spain 19,280.
Mexican war 306
Indian wars 287
Old wars 53
Regular establishment 4, 729
Accrueds , 21,153
Total 123, 483
In addition to pension claims, as above noted, there were pending
before the Bureau June 30, 1908, 44 applications for original military-
bounty land warrants and 4 applications for duplicates of warrants
theretofore issued and claimed to have been lost or destroyed.
PENSIONS OF THE SEVERAL WARS AND OF THE PEACE ESTAB-
LISHMENT.
The amounts that have been paid in pensions to soldiers, sailors,
and marines, their widows, minor children, and dependent relatives,
on account of military and naval service since the foundation of the
Government, are as follows:
Total paid for pensions since the foundation of the Government.
War of the Revolution (estimate) $70,000,000.00
War of 1812 (service pension) 45, 694, 665. 24
Indian wars (service pension) 9,355,711.03
War with Mexico (service pension) 40,876,879.10
Civil war 3,533,593,025.95
War with Spain and insurrection in the Philippine Islands — 22, 563, 635. 41
Regular Establishment 12, 630, 947. 88
Unclassified 16, 393, 945. 35
Total disbursements for pensions 3, 751, 108, 809. 96
PENSIONS ON ACCOUNT OF THE WAR WITH SPAIN AND THE
INSURRECTION IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
The amounts paid each year on account of disabilities incurred in
or of deaths resulting from service in the war with Spain and in the
insurrection in the Philippine Islands are as follows :
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
139
Total paid for pensions on account of the war with Spam and the insurrection
in the Philippine Islands.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
$28, 606. 81
332, 905. 25
175, 225. 76
738, 446. 28
204, 084. 21
1904 3, 106, 931. 78
1905 $3,409,998.54
1906 3, 442, 156. 53
1907 3, 471, 157. 27
1908 3, 654, 122. 98
Total 22,563,635.41
EXAMINING SURGEONS.
Most of the surgeons appointed to make examinations of applicants
for pension or increase of pension are organized into boards of three
members each, located at points in the United States most convenient
to the applicants. In addition to the boards it is sometimes necessary
to have single surgeons or specialists make examinations of claimants
who can not go before a board or who require the attention of an ex-
pert. These surgeons are not under civil-service rules, and are paid
for the work they actually do from a fund provided for that purpose
by Congress. Examinations in foreign countries are made by sur-
geons designated by United States consuls. On June 30, 1908, there
were 4,662 examining surgeons, and during the year 45,026 examina-
tions were made, at an expense of $247,533.25.
The following table shows the location by States of the boards,
single surgeons, and experts :
Surgeons employed on June 30, 1908.
States.
Boards.
Single
sur-
geons.
Expert
sur-
geons.
States.
Boards.
Single
sur-
geons.
Expert
sur-
geons.
Alabama
10
1
23
21
19
10
3
3
8
9
3
91
88
84
73
74
5
25
11
22
57
41
7
85
7
50
0
3
1
2
6
0
0
0
3
2
6
0
0
0
5
1
1
0
0
0
0
5
1
0
2
1
5
2
9
20
6
4
2
7
6
11
2
29
30
17
18
11
4
13
4
12
24
9
5
25
5
4
2
12
9
4
61
12
6
92
29
14
80
2
4
20
41
12
2
15
7
16
33
49
2
1
0
0
1
0
5
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
6
2
5
1
0
2
5
1
2
4
0
Arizona
New Hampshire
2
Arkansas
3
California
3
Colorado
31
Connecticut
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
6
Delaware
3
37
District of Columbia . .
Florida
11
Georgia
9
30
3
3
7
18
Idaho
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
18
Louisiana
Utah . .
3
Maine
Vermont
Virginia
6
9
6
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
West Virginia
10
Minnesota
17
Mississippi
1
Total
Montana
1,354
80
520
Nebraska
SUMMARY.
Boards, 1,354 (three members each) 4,062
Single surgeons 80
Expert examining surgeons 520
Total 4, 662
140
REPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
SPECIAL ACTS.
Since 1861 there have been granted by special acts of Congress
23,316 pensions and increase of pensions, of which 14,607 are now on
the roll with an annual face value of $4,211,332. Only a little more
than one-half of said amount is properly chargeable to special acts,
as most of the beneficiaries had previously been pensioned under
general laws at lower rates.
During the first session of the Sixtieth Congress 3,579 persons were
included in the special acts passed, and pensions were granted at the
rates specified in the following summary :
Pensions granted oy special acts during the first session of the Sixtieth
Congress.
Rates specified.
Number
granted.
Rates specified.
Number
granted.
$65
1
4
5
41
4
5
107
97
5
1,183
1
17
1,313
137
23
171
$15
8
$60...
$12...
343
$55...
$10...
2
$50
$8
41
$46
$6.
1
$45...
4
$40
Inoperative:
$40
$36
4
$35
$30
17
$30
$24
15
$27
$20
3
$25
$16...
1
$24
$12...
26
$20
Total...
$17
3,579
$16
Of the above, 339 were granted to persons never before on the pen-
sion roll, and 3,240 to persons then receiving smaller pensions.
The annual value of said special acts is $1,066,764, and the increase
in payments of pension due to such acts is $535,368.
ATTORNEYS.
The following statement shows the number of attorneys admitted
to practice before the Bureau and the changes in the roll of recog-
nized attorneys during the fiscal year 1908 :
Attorneys recognized July 1, .1907, and July 1, 1908.
Attorneys on roll July 1, 1907 24,433
Attorneys gained by enrollment 743
Attorneys gained by restoration 11
Loss by death, etc 78
Loss by disbarmenl and suspension 59
Loss by relinquishment while under charges 11
Attorneys on roll July 1, 190S 25,039
Paid as attorneys' fees during year $264,522.40
There was paid, as sue]) fees, during L907 $412,105.83
Attorneys' fees are paid by the pension agents upon the order
of <1h* Bureau oul of first payments due pensioners after the allow-
EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS. 141
ance of their claims, the amount of such fees being regulated by the
pension laws. The average payment of fees to the entire bar for the
year was less than $11 each.
The marked decrease in the amount of attorneys' fees paid is due
to the fact that the act of February 6, 1907, prohibits the allowance
of any compensation for services rendered in prosecuting any claim
or in securing any pension under said act.
ORDER 78 AND ACT OF APRIL 24, 1906.
On March 15, 1904, an order was issued to take effect April 13,
1904, which provided that in the adjudication of pension claims un-
der the act of June 27, 1890, as amended by the act of May 9, 1900, it
should be taken and considered as an evidential fact, if the contrary
did not appear, that when a claimant had passed the age of 62 years
he would be disabled one-half in ability to perform manual labor
and, if all other legal requirements were properly met, would be en-
titled to be rated at $6 per month ; after 65 years, at $8 per month ;
after 68 years, at $10 per month, and after 70 years, at $12 per month.
The acts of April 24, 1906, and March 4, 1907, provided that the
age of 62 years and over should be considered a permanent specific
disability within the meaning of the pension laws.
During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, the number of claims
allowed under order 78 was as follows:
Claims allowed under provisions of Order 78 during fiscal year ended June 30,
1908.
ORIGINALS.
At $6 per month 190
At $8 per month 81
At $10 per month 28
At $12 per month 51
Total 350
INCREASES.
From $6 to $8 per month 139
From $6 to $10 per month 29
From $6 to $12 per month 12
From $8 to $10 per month 203
From $8 to $12 per month 54
From $10 to $12 per month 204
Total 641
From April 13, 1904, the date the order took effect, until June 30,
1908, the number of allowances thereunder was as follows :
Originals 24,549
Increases 84, 217
Total 10S, 766
142 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
These allowances are rated as follows :
Claims allowed under provisions of Order 78, from April 13, 1904, to June 80,
1908.
ORIGINALS.
At $6 per month 14,438
At $8 per month 5, 398
At $10 per month 1, 758
At $12 per month 2, 955
INCREASES.
From $6 to $8 18,905
From $6 to $10 3, 742
From $6 to $12 3, 913
From $8 to $10 19,194
From $8 to $12 11,404
From $10 to $12 27,059
Grand total 108, 766
Order 78 and the acts referred to are now substantially superseded
by the act of February 6, 1907, and very few, if any, claims will here-
after be adjudicated thereunder.
There were but 7 original and 10 increase claims adjudicated under
the order during the month of June, 1908.
ACT OF FEBRUARY 6, 1907.
The act of February 6, 1907, grants pensions to persons who served
ninety days or more in the military or naval service of the United
States during the civil war, or sixty days in the Mexican war, and
were honorably discharged, at rates as follows : $12 per month when
62 years of age ; $15 per month when 70 years of age, and $20 per
month when 75 years of age.
From the date of its approval to June 30, 1908, 431,113 applica-
tions for pension or increase of pension were filed under this act, and
more than one-half of these were filed within a few months after the
act became law. A few of these applications, however, were dupli-
cates of former ones filed by the same persons, and did not constitute
separate claims.
The work of adjudicating these applications was immediately
commenced, and by readjusting the clerical force of the Bureau from
time to time to meet conditions as they arose, it was rapidly carried
forward, and within a year from the time the act became law, all
claims under it had been given attention, and the work of the Bureau
was practically current.
REPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
143
The following is a statement of the number of certificates under
that law issued each month since its passage :
Certificates issued under provisions of act of February 6, 1907.
1908.
January 33, 071
February 25, 302
March.
April-.
May__
June _.
1G, 048
9,244
6,422
5,985
Total 377, 192
1907.
February 1, 108
March 15, 278
April 28, 4G5
May 36, 588
June 37, 898
July 23, 955
August 23,173
September 15,415
October 35, 451
November 33, 742
December 30, 047
Of the above only 11,223 were original allowances, or certificates
issued to persons who were not already on the pension roll.
The following table shows the ages at the dates the claims were
allowed of the survivors of the civil war and the war with Mexico
who have been granted pensions under the act of February 6, 1007.
The number of survivors in this table does not agree with the number
of certificates issued, for the reason that increase issues were included
under the certificates, while they were omitted in tabulating the
number at the various ages. There was also a number of claims
allowed on June 30, which were included in the table of ages, though
not included in certificates issued, as the certificates could not be
written until July 1.
Survivors of Mexican and civil wars, by ages.
Age.
Number of sur-
vivors.
Age.
Number of sur-
vivors
Civil war.
Mexican
war.
Civil war.
Mexican
war.
62
65,592
32,822
30,265
25,460
24,490
18,572
14, 179
8,143
37,047
15,941
14,016
11,947
7,234
14,303
8,393
6,086
4,959
3,954
3,719
2,345
2,035
83
1,424
1,147
221
63
84
174
64
85
829 : 118
65
86
726 67
66
87
403 h 51
67
88...
258
119
80
47
40
21
16
4
6
5
7
1
1
1
37
68
89 ..
19
69
90 .
12
70
91 ..
7
71
3
1
4
17
64
128
186
261
343
413
368
363
92 ..
4
72
93 .
2
73
94 ..
2
74
95
75
96 .
76
97 ..
77
98 ..
78...
103
79...
107
108
Total
80...
81
82
356,637
2,865
144 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
ACT OF APRIL 19, 1908.
The first section of the act of April 19, 1908, provides that from
and after its passage w the rate of pension for widows, minor children
under the age of sixteen years, and helpless minors as defined by exist-
ing laws, now on the roll or hereafter to be placed on the pension
roll and entitled to receive a less rate than hereinafter provided shall
be twelve dollars per month."
There were on the roll at the time of the approval of the act of
April 19, 1908, entitled to the benefit of the first section of that act,
198,260 widows, 4,017 minors, and 300 helpless children ; in all, 202,577,
and in order to save them the trouble and expense of making applica-
tion for the increase provided by that section, and in order to save
the Bureau the labor of adjudicating each of such applications, imme-
diately on the approval of said last-mentioned act, all pension agents
were directed to increase the payments to such persons to $12 per
month from April 19, 1908, on the certificates then held by them, and
from the last-mentioned date such payments have been and will be so
made.
The second section of the act grants pensions at the rate of $12
per month to the widows of persons who served ninety days or
more in the Army or Navy of the United States during the civil
war and were honorably discharged, without regard to their pecuniary
condition, provided they were married prior to June 27, 1890. All
pensions granted under the second section of the act commence on the
date the applications are filed in the Bureau of Pensions.
The conditions of title under this section of the act are identical
with those imposed upon widows by the act of June 27, 1890, as
amended by the act of May 9, 1900, with the exception that the re-
quirements as to dependence are eliminated. This act, therefore, super-
sedes the act of June 27, 1890, in so far as the claims of widows
are concerned, and pensions are not now being granted to widows
under the act of 1890 upon applications executed and filed on or after
April 19, 1908.
The records show that 22,115 applications were filed under this
law before the close of the fiscal year 1908, and up to that time 4,260
certificates were issued thereunder, as follows:
Certificates issued each month under act of April 19, 1908.
April, 1008 3
May, 1908 1, 449
June, L908 2, 808
Total 4, 260
KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
145
TEN YEARS' SUMMARY.
The following table shows the operations of the Bureau in the
adjudication of pension claims each year for the past ten years. " No
benefit cases " are allowances under one law when the claimants are
already in receipt of pension at an equal or higher rate under another
law. As two pensions under different laws can not be paid to the
same person covering the same period, the applicant, in a case of
this kind, is permitted to elect which pension he will receive.
It should be stated that the number of applications filed during
each year is not the exact number of separate or distinct claims filed.
It is very frequently found, upon an examination of the papers, that
a declaration is a duplicate of a former application filed by the
same person, and hence it is not considered or adjudicated as a
separate claim.
Summary of work for ten years ending June 30, 1908.
Year.
Cases on
hand.
Office
force.
Applica-
tions
filed.
Admis-
sions.
Rejec-
tions.
No bene-
fit cases.
Total
number
of cases
adjudi-
cated.
1899
477,239
437, 104
403,569
339, 436
304, 809
285, 523
220, 822
182, 453
356, 181
123, 483
1,741
1,741
1,741
1,741
1,736
1,734
1,709
1,684
1,534
1,464
155,952
181,005
219, 179
188,626
225,871
254, 333
217, 435
201,322
440,517
185,622
85, 160
102, 596
106,990
117,268
130, 109
151,211
182, 207
138, 809
238,249
325, 140
100,365
116, 129
110,254
118, 464
113,794
108, 114
81,853
82,938
60,573
59,449
7,554
8,000
9,836
10, 441
8,203
8,725
4,915
4,943
3,892
3,403
193, 079
1900
226, 725
1901
227,080
246, 173
252, 106
1902
1903
1904
268, 050
1905
268, 975
1906
226, 690
1907
302, 715
387,992
1908
BOUNTY-LAND WARRANTS.
During the fiscal year, 17 original military bounty-land warrants
were issued, granting 2,640 acres of land, and duplicates of two
80-acre warrants lost or destroyed were also issued. Service to give
title to bounty land must have been for at least fourteen days, or in
a battle, prior to March 3, 1855 ; and if in the Navy or Kegular Army
must have been in some, war in which the United States Government
was engaged.
The following statement shows the total number of bounty-land
warrants of all classes issued by this Bureau (including partial esti-
mate of those issued for service in the Revolutionary war) and the
number of acres granted up to June 30, 1908 :
58920— int 190S— vol 1-
-10
146 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Bounty-land warrants issued to June 30, 1908.
Grade of warrants.
Number.
Acres.
Remarks.
War of the Revolution, acts prior to 1800.
War of 1812, acts prior to 1850
16,663
29, 471
2,666,080
4,891,520
Estimated average, 160 acres.
1,101 320-acre warrants included
Total
46, 134
7,557,600
Mexican war, act of 1847:
160 acres
80,689
7,585
12, 910, 240
303, 400
This statement does not include 2,726
$100 Treasury certificates issued in
lieu of 160-acre warrants and 460 $25
certificates in lieu of 40-acre war-
rants; in all, 454,560 acres.
40 acres
Total
88,274
13, 213, 640
1812, Mexican and Indian wars, act of
1850:
160 acres
27, 450
57,717
103,978
4, 392, 000
4,617,360
4, 159, 120
Total
189, 145
13, 168, 480
Act of 1852:
160 acres
1,223
1,699
9,070
195, 680
135,920
362, 800
Superseded by act of 1855
80 acres
40 acres
Total
11,992
694, 400
Act of 1855:
160 acres
115,631
97, 090
6
49, 490
359
542
5
18,500,960
11,650,800
600
3,959,200
21,540
21, 680
50
120 acres
100 acres
80 acres
60 acres
40 acres
10 acres
Total
263, 123
34,154,830
War of the Revolution
16,663
29, 471
88,274
189, 145
11,992
263, 123
2, 666, 080
4,891,520
13,213,640
13, 168, 480
694, 400
34,154,830
War of 1812
Do.
Act of 1847
Act of 1850
Act of 1852
Superseded by act of 1855.
Act of 1855
Total
598, 668
68,788,950
This Bureau has no record of the warrants issued directly from the
General Land Office under special acts of Congress nor of those issued
on account of the Virginia military land grants satisfied by the United
States after the cession of the Northwestern Territory, and they are
not included in the above table.
CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS.
The number of new cases presented by the Bureau to the Depart-
ment of Justice for prosecution on account of offenses against the
pension laws and the number of indictments found show a marked and
gratifying decrease over last year.
Of the 101 convictions secured, only 10 represented cases against
persons who rendered military or naval service, again demonstrating
the fad that the defenders of the Government are not inclined to
become offenders against the pension laws.
KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS. 147
The effort made by the Bureau to guard and maintain the integrity
of the pension roll is shown by the following statement :
Prosecutions for offenses against the pension laws.
New cases presented for prosecution 148
Indictments found 113
Convictions secured 101
Sentences imposed 87
Acquittals 8
Cases dismissed 30
Civil suits instituted 2
Money recovered $7, 698
Of the cases brought to trial during the year (109), 92.7 per cent
resulted in convictions and 173 cases were pending in the hands of
United States attorneys on June 30, 1908.
The offenses for which convictions were obtained were as follows:
Offenses for which convictions were secured.
Accepting pension certificate as collateral 1
False affidavit 9
False claim 13
False declaration 13
False expense account 1
False jurat 15
False voucher 4
Forged anidavit 9
Illegal fee S
Perjury 9
Personating soldier 6
Personating special examiner 13
Total 101
Two civil suits were disposed of during the fiscal year, leaving seven
pending. The two cases disposed of resulted in judgments for the
United States aggregating $5,688.75. Money recovered from all
sources amounted to $7,698.
REVOLUTIONARY PENSIONERS.
But two pensioners remain on the roll on account of the Revolu-
tionary war. They are Sarah C. Hurlbutt, aged 90 years, of Little
Marsh, Pa., daughter of Elijah Weeks, who served in a Massachusetts
company, and Phoebe M. Palmeter, aged 87 years, of West Edmeston,
N. Y., daughter of Jonathan Wooley, who served in a New Hamp-
shire company. Both are pensioned by special acts of Congress. The
last surviving widow pensioner of that war was Esther S. Damon, of
Plymouth Union, Vt, who died November 11, 1906, aged 92 years.
The last survivor of the war of the Revolution was Daniel F. Bake-
man, who died at Freedom, Cattaraugus County, N. Y., April 5, 1869,
aged 109 years, 6 months, and 8 days.
148 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
WAR OF 1812.
The last surviving pensioned soldier of the war of 1812 was Hiram
Cronk, of Ava, N. Y., who died May 13, 1905, aged 105 years and 16
days. The names of 471 widows of the war of 1812 remained on the
pension roll June 30, 1908.
MISCELLANEOUS.
The mail received during the year, including applications for pen-
sions, numbered 2,820,082 pieces, and the outgoing mail aggregated
1,563,520 pieces, making a total of 4,383,602 pieces handled, or an
average of over 14,000 daily.
During the year 387,992 pension claims were adjudicated, of which
325,140 were admitted, 59,449 rejected, and 3,403 approved for allow-
ance, but no certificates were issued, because they would be of no bene-
fit to the applicants. Most of the claims rejected were applications for
increase, in which, on medical examination, no increase of disability
was shown. While the allowances exceeded by far those of former
years, fewer claims were rejected than in any one year during the last
ten years.
The act of December 21, 1893, requires the Bureau to give a notice
of thirty days to pensioners before reducing their pensions or drop-
ping their names from the roll. During the year 907 pensioners were
dropped from the roll under this act for various causes, the pensions
of 48 persons were reduced, and reissues were made in 197 cases to
recover erroneous payments.
The act of March 3, 1899, provides for the dividing of pensions of
resident pensioners of the United States who shall desert their wives
or minor children, or who are inmates of National or State Soldiers'
and Sailors' Homes. Since the passage of this act, 9,391 original
claims have been filed thereunder, and 1,668 claims have been re-
newed, making a total of 11,059 claims. Of these 5,574 have been
allowed and 5,222 rejected, leaving 263 pending on June 30, 1908.
During the year there were received in the Bureau 185,622 new
applications for pension or increase of pension.
The number of cases for special examination on hand July 1, 1907,
was 3,476, and the number referred for special examination during
the year was 8,617, a total of 12,093. Of these 8,157 were disposed
of during the year, leaving 3,936 on hand June 30, 1908. The aver-
age number of special examiners employed was 135, and the average
number of cases disposed of per examiner was 60^. The disburse-
ments for per diem and expenses of special examiners was $217,964.83,
making the average cost of examination per case $13.28.
The appropriation act for the year provided for 125 special ex-
aminers, but this force was from time to time augmented by details
from the clerical force of the Bureau, as authorized by law.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS. 149
The work of card indexing the records of the Bureau, which was
suspended for a time because of the large amount of work incident
to the adjudication of claims under the act of February 6, 1907, has
been resumed, and is now being rapidly carried forward by as large
a force of clerks as can work to advantage upon the records. All
the Regular Army records have been carded, and the Bureau is now
at work upon those of the volunteers. A total of 376,476 cards have
been written and placed in proper files for future use and reference.
When I became Commissioner of Pensions, March 4, 1905, the
policy was adopted, and since continued, of allowing the force of
the Bureau to gradually decrease in number by not filling any vacan-
cies occurring therein, and thereby avoiding the necessity of dis-
charging, at the end of any fiscal year, any worthy clerk in order to
meet the reduction made in the appropriation for the expenses of
the Bureau. The vacancies made by deaths, resignations, and dis-
missals for cause each year have been sufficient to keep the force of
the Bureau within the appropriations, and all worthy employees have
felt, and feel, that they were and are secure in their positions so long
as they can creditably perform their duties, and instead of fearing dis-
charge at the end of each }Tear they have reasonable hope of promotion.
There were on the roll of the force of the Bureau on June 30, 1904,
1,734, and on June 30, 1908, 1,464 persons, a decrease of 270.
Xotwithstanding the decrease in the force more work was ac-
complished and at less expense, proportionately, than during any
other like period in the history of the Bureau.
From 1901 to 1904, inclusive, the number of certificates of pen-
sion issued was 516,251
From 1905 to 1908, inclusive, the number issued, not including
202,577 increases under the act of April 19, 1908, made by
directions to pension agents, was S87, 340
An increase of 371, 0S9
From 1901 to 1904, inclusive, there was paid as pensions $554, SSS, 977. 03
From 1905 to 1908, inclusive 571,391,648.31
An increase of 1 16,502,671.28
The operating expenses of the Bureau from 1901 to 1904, in-
clusive, were 15, 542, 757. 44
From 1905 to 1908, inclusive 13, 355, 17G. 13
A decrease of 2, 1S7, 5S1. 31
"While the appropriations for the maintenance of the Bureau have
been reduced each year since 1904, there have been saved and covered
into the Treasury, as unexpended, of such appropriations since that
year $1,343,665.72.
Very respectfully. Vespasian Warner,
Commissioner of Pensions.
The Secretary of the Interior.
150
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
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151
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CO CM
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19, 857
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REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF PENSIONS.
157
Exhibit 6. — Pensioners in each State and Territory, each insular possession,
and each foreign country on the roll June 30, 1908, and amounts paid for
pensions during fiscal year 1908.
State or country. Number.
Amount.
UNITED STATES.
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia..
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts ,
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri ,
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada ,
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico ,
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas ,
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin ,
Wyoming ,
Total
INSULAR POSSESSIONS.
Hawaii
3,788
86
871
10, 724
27,207
9,098
11,826
2,705
8,683
3,870
3,524
2,223
66,680
58,016
33,362
37,547
25,657
6,447
17,620
12,668
40,044
40,335
15, 789
4,738
48, 615
2,114
15, 405
505
7,868
24,420
2,250
81, 167
4,091
2,108
93,941
13,545
7,862
93,388
5,369
2,021
4,548
18, 755
8,895
1,074
7,815
8,807
10, 761
12, 136
24,595
946
Philippines .
Porto Rico.
Total.
$541,
12,
128,
1,597,
4,279,
1,360,
1,848,
435,
1,409,
589,
517,
343,
10,597,
10,291,
5, 748,
6,502,
4,072,
902,
3,066,
2,041,
6,166,
7,003,
2,483,
691,
8, 169,
322,
2,322,
75,
1,316,
3,424,
352,
12, 935,
598,
327,
15, 961,
1, 548,
1, 198,
14, 120,
809,
271,
712,
2,943,
1, 255,
170,
1,422,
1,426,
1, 651,
1,938,
4,070,
148,
123.51
427.38
839.74
635.79
199.90
830.76
403.88
652. 39
497. 13
867. 65
367. 86
035. 94
891. 92
109.59
809. 05
226. 72
137.35
359. 51
015. 49
649. 22
127. 63
969.16
175. 49
581. 54
900.15
975. 25
826. 24
027. 69
580. 93
077. 35
248. 06
146. 97
807. 21
858.07
294 01
140. 11
604 73
179. 94
890. 80
649. 45
865. 62
464 16
830.09
770. 47
551. 79
472. 25
313. 86
725. 19
114 87
394 26
State or country. Number. Amount
946, 509 152, 126, 644 12 I
10,835.64
6,466.72
4,118.17
FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
Algeria
Argentine Republic...
131
21, 420. 53
126. 00
1,056.00
FOREIGN COUNTRIES-
continued.
Australia
Austria-Hungary
Azores
Bahamas
Belgium
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Cape Verde Islands...
Chile
China
Comoro Islands
Costa Rica
Cuba
Danish West Indies . .
Denmark
Dominican Republic.
Dutch West Indies
England
Fgypt
France
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Hongkong
India
Ireland
Isle of Man
Isle of Pines
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Korea
Liberia
Madeira
Malta
Mexico
Netherlands
Newfoundland
New Zealand ,
Nicaragua ,
Norway
Panama ,
Paraguay ,
Peru
Portugal ,
Russia
Scotland
Seychelles Islands
South Africa
Spain
St. Helena ,
St. Martin
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Uruguay
Wales
74
34
4
3
18
5
1
4
2,651
1
9
17
1
4
55
3
34
1
2
370
1
59
581
9
3
1
2
2
5
461
2
4
41
5
20
1
10
4
2
158
8
2
11
3
58
17
1
8
1
15
92
1
4
1
1
1
57
60
12
3
19
Total.
5,047
$12,936.33
5, 484. 87
517. 50
456.00
2,903.70
480.00
230. 67
303.47
427,743.99
96.00
1,686.00
2,742.27
120.00
579. 87
8,872.07
684. 13
5,484.57
144.00
324.00
57,683.10
204.00
9,516.85
92,820.13
1, 458. 32
350.80
87.60
334. 20
192.00
664.40
74,417.91
331. 47
805.30
6,615.12
1,050.53
3,224.67
180.00
1,615 27
888.00
288.00
25,505.98
1,218.00
236.40
1, 706. 23
294.00
9, 353. 87
1,371.87
440. 27
851.14
140. 20
2, 520. 67
14, 840. 53
180.00
727.30
143.27
216.00
165. 60
9, 994. 67
9,670.60
1,654.13
480.00
3,063.47
811, 473. 31
SUMMARY.
Pensioners. Payments.
Pensioners residing in States and Territories and payments to them \ 946,509 j $152,126,644.12
Pensioners residing in insular possessions and payments to them 131 21,420.53
Pensioners residing in foreign countries and payments to them 5,047 811,473.31
Total I 951,687 152,959,537.96
Payments by Treasury Department (Treasury settlements) 133, 548. 31
Total payments on account of army and navy pensions for the fiscal
year ' 153,093,086.27
158
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Exhibit 7. — Statement showing, by classes, the different monthly rates paid to
pensioners and number at each rate on roll June 30, 1908.
Civil war.
00
o
u
estab-
lishment.
General law.
Act June
27, 1890.
Act
April
19,1908.
Act
Feb.
6, 1907.
War with
Spain
War with
Mexico.
Indian
wars.
Rate.
OS
I
O
■O
2
o3
|
CO
g
1
t
•3
B
H
o
i
o
5
2
>
o
I
CO
o
H2
u
o
>
I
m
o
£
p
DQ
$1.50
2
4
3
3
5
3,225
2.00.
3.00
1
4 00
::::::::::
5.00
6 00
3,027
11, 331
9,600
4
6.25
7. 00. . . .
6
20
2,693
23
2
12
2
7.50...
14
1,730
1
1
19,954
35
3,657
34
8 00
7
7
1,666
8. 50. . .
8. 62|. . .
9.00...
9.50..
2
1
1,140
9.75..
10. 00. .
2,374
1
12, 800
2,107
10.20..
10.25.
5
10.50
3
3
U. 00
10
43
1
I
11.25
22
U.33J...
11.50
3
11.75...
12. 00
12.25
1,450
2,694
19,240
8
19
390
71,517
96, 494
4,242
188, 445
203, 709
1,808
4,722
446
119
6,591
2,905
12. 50. . .
8
1
2
4
8
12.68...
12.75..
84
94
6
1
1
8
44
13. 00
13.25
13. 33J
13. 37J....I
13.50 1 1
1
1
13.68 1
13.75 ! 1
8
14, 103
5
'1
14 00 535
2
548
14 25...
14 50
1
14 75...
2
1,086
15. 00. . .
36
1
46
.... 1,393
1
81, 831
78
39
15
15.18....
15.25...
4
15. 50
1
1
1
1
15. 54
15.68
15.75
1
::::::::::
1
15.86
1
143
""4
2
16. 00
3,998
3
11
35
16.25
••"i
16.50
16. 68
•
1 6. 7.". .
3
32, 078
6
2
17. 00 1, 202
112
2, 160
1
1, 097
63
17.25
17. 50
10
....
19
2
17.75
17. HO
18. 00
333
2
1
18. 18
18.25
18.50
6
32
4
18.75
1
1
19.00
3
2
1
1
19.18
19.25
2
19.60
10.08
10.75
1
2
20. (X)
180
2, 770
2,048
52, 755
83
71
2,419
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
159
Exhibit 7. — Statement showing, by classes, the different monthly rates paid to
pensioners and the number at each rate on roll June SO, 1908 — Continued.
Civil war.
h
estab-
lishment.
General law.
Act June
27,1890.
Act
April
19,1908.
Act
Feb.
6,1907.
War with
Spain.
War with
Mexico.
Indian
wars.
Rate.
as
>
a
o
a>
0?
o
d
s
>
CO
o
■a
CO
1
a
6
on"
1
3
CO
O
5
CO
«i
a
Q
0>
CO
is
O
oo
O
•d
s
CO
(1
O
>
"E
CO
O
O
>
>
GQ
CO
O
$20.36...
1
7
3
4
7
2
20.50 .
2
20. 68 .
21.00
2
3
1
21.25....
I
1
21.36
21.50
J
1
1
1
21.86
22.00...
1,797
31
1
1
33
2
22.50...
5
1
4
2
2
22.68....
23.00....
3
23.18....
23.25....
2
23.50....
2
2
734
1
23.86....
24.00
25,428
5
410
24.18....
24.25....
1
24.36....
1
24.50....
2
1,605
1
3
25.00....
72
129
481
29
37
1
Regular estab-
Civil war.
Rate.
lishment.
General law.
Act June 27, 1890.
Act Feb.
6, 1907.
Invalids.
Widows,
etc.
Invalids.
Widows,
etc.
Invalids.
Minors,
etc.
Invalids.
Widows,
etc.
325.25
1
25.50...
1
25.75...
1
2
3
1
1
1
30
2
1
5
26.00...
1
1 .
26.36...
26.50..
26.68...
26.75 ..
1
27.00 ..
779
2
2 I 13
27.18
1
27.36 ..
27.50
2
1
27.68
1
27.86
1
1
28.00...
28.36
I
2
2
2
28.68 ..
29.00...
1
29.18 ..
1 .
29.36...
29.50
i
1
1
1
30.00...
583 1M
12, 364
418
383 24
30.50 ..
1
1
1
1
1
30.68...
30.75
1
1
1
2
31.00
31.25...
32.00...
10
32.18
1
1
2
\
2
3
4
32.36...
32.50
2
1
33.00
33.36
33.50...
34.00
1
1
34.18
34.50
i
160
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Exhibit 7. — Statement showing, by classes, the different monthly rates paid to
pensioners and the number at each rate on roll June 30, 1908 — Continued.
Regular estab-
lishment.
Civil war.
Rate.
General law.
Act June 27, 1890.
Act Feb.
6, 1907.
Invalids.
Widows,
etc.
Invalids.
Widows,
etc.
Invalids.
Minors,
etc.
Invalids.
Widows,
etc.
834.86
2
1
1
4
3
1
2
35.00...
35.50...
1
35.68
36.00
48
1
4
1
36. 18
36.50
37.00
1
37.18...
1
37.36...
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
137
1
1
37.50
37.68
37.86
38.00
38. 18
38.36
39.86
40.00
2,637
1
95
40.50
41.00
1
41.68
1
41.86
1
1
1
42.00
1
42.36
42.50
1
42.68
1
2
1
1
1
1
43.00
43.50
1
1
44.00
44.50
45.00
11
1
2
1
45.50
1
67
1
2
1
46.00
1,509
1
57
46.18
47.00
1
1
47.50
1
1
48.00
48.50
1
48.86
1
59
1
50.00
63
1,140
1
50.36
52.00
3
1
31
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
05
52.68
55.00
1,704
32
55.36
57.50
58.00
59.00
1
3
60.00
61.18
62.36
62.86
72.00
773
3
39
75.00
82.50
1
1
1
28
2
1
88.00
94.86
100.00
545
8
100.18....
108.00
1
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
161
Exhibit 8. — Statement showing, by classes, the different monthly rates paid to
pensioners under special acts of Congress and number at each rate on roll
June 80, 1908.
Regular es-
tablishment.
Civil
war.
Army
nurses.
War with
Spain.
War of
1812,
wid-
ows.
War with
Mexico.
Indian wars.
Rate.
In-
valids.
Wid-
ows,
etc.
In-
valids.
Wid-
ows,
etc.
In-
valids.
Wid-
ows,
etc.
Sur-
vivors.
Wid-
ows.
Sur- Wid-
vivors. ows.
1
$6 00
5
7
39
1
13
373
25
18
39
128
1
14
480
11
3,971
38
2
6
22
1
I
1
8 00
* •
15
4
1
20 !
8.50
10 00
7
39 i 74
2
1 5
3
9 ; 5
3
1,659
3
90
238
145
9
66
2
3
2
i
12. 00
14.00
103
67
5
26
293
7 111
15.00
2
6'
2"
i'
1
15
1 !
16 00
124
17. 00
10
17.50
18. 00
3
23
1
48 ! 1
482 ! 7 i 12
2 1
55 1 j 17
117 9
1
13
1
2
"zib'
1
4
20.00
22. 00
5
2 J
24.00
13
1
""'28'
""24'
14
1
2
1
1
25. 00
1
27. 00
28. 00
5
11
. i , .. .
30. 00
62
3,425
172 32
18
29
6
32. 00
2
33.00 '
1
1
223
333
1
35. 00
24
""'52'
9
1
8
|
36.00
2
6
1
40. 00
15 2
8
1
|
42. 00
1
1
45. 00
1
3
1
36
16
1
194
25
15
4
1
1
31
1
23
46.00
1
1
49.00
:::::::::::::
50. 00
6
80
70 1 8 ' 12
..::::::::::::
55. 00
' ; 1
1
60. 00
1
65.00
67.00
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
70.00
72.00
2
2
4
1
1
75. 00
5
8
1
100.00
1
..::
1
125.00
166.66!
3
'
208. 33£ I
1
*i:
416.66|
1
Total . .
133
366
9,491
3,145
120 198
161
25
378
323
154
113
58920— int 1908— vol 1
-11
162
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Exhibit 9. — Report of certificates issued during fiscal year ended June 30, 1908.
Classes.
Orig-
inal.
In-
crease.
Addi-
tional.
Re-
issue.
Resto-
ration.
Re-
newal.
Supple-
mental.
Total.
General law:
Army-
14
6
2,247
1
13
10,350
2
58
67
3
1
1
1,071
2
45
4
524
17
107
8
4,786
479
294
34
16, 784
560
8
1
175
33
939
33
11,544
g
84
3
3
22
i'
572
4
1
9
2,992
Navy—
75
21
Old wars-
1
4
1,839
292
56
16
890
209
422
104
1,837
14, 770
235
565
8,729
727
1
4,006
227
7
298
1
44
131
1
46
3
2
1
10
1
20
i"
2
2
1
154
39
18
1
194
1
1
7
6
War with Spain —
Army —
116
3
4
30
1
3,102
301
Navy-
Invalids
108
21
Regular establishment-
Army—
50
2
29
4
5
1,478
Widows, etc
231
Navy-
Invalids
585
113
Act of June 27, 1890:
Army —
Invalids
323
9
92
42
9
1
223,525
6,463
663
30
25
3
1
2
1
56
22
2
2
190
5
1
25
1
1
7,278
Widows, etc
15,377
Navy-
570
604
Act of Feb. 6, 1907:
Army: Civil war
249, 424
Navy: Civil war *
7,757
Mexican war.
674
Act of Apr. 19, 1908:
4,032
228
War with Mexico, act 1887, etc.:
Survivors.
3
45
7
76
18
16
1
35
343
War of 1812: Widows . .
8
Indian wars:
2
1
122
150
Total
37,691
35,355
332
231,280
159
1,908
463
307, 188
2,764
18, 724
Grand total
328,676
Certificates issued each month during fiscal year ended June 30, 1908.
July, 1907 29,849
August, 1907 27,559
September, 1907 19,200
October, 1907 39, G56
November, 1907 38,327
December, 1907 34,286
January, 1908 38,128
February, 1908 30,733
March, 1908 23,648
April, 1908 16,570
May, 1908 14,840
June, 1908 15,880
Total 328,676
KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS. 163
Exhibit 10. — Classification of pending claims, June 30, 1908.
Civil war:
General law —
Original invalid 662
Reissue invalid 1,312
Increase invalid 12, 816
14,790
Original widows 3,934
Reissue widows 785
Increase widows 137
4, 856
Original minors 721
Reissue minors 26
Increase minors 82
Original dependents 142 #
Army nurses 29
1, 000
20,646
Act of June 27, 1890—
Original invalid 2,900
Additional invalid 363
Increase invalid 2,246
5, 509
Original widows 14,864
Supplemental widows 309
Original minors 1, 551
16,724
22,233
Act of March 3, 1901—
Remarried widows 882
Act of February 6, 1907—
Original 3, 537
Reissue 10, 817
Increase 2, 555
16,909
Act of April 19, 1908—
Original widows 17,005
77, 675
Regular establishment :
Original invalid 3,325
Increase invalid 864
4, 189
Original widows 291
Original minors 35
Original dependents 214
540
4, 729
War with Spain :
Original invalid 16,384
Increase invalid 1,791
18,175
Original widows 597
Original minors 61
Original dependents 447
1, 105
19, 280
164 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Mexican war:
Survivors (act January 29, 1887) 31
Survivors (act February 6, 1907) 17
Increase , 11
gg
Widows (act January 29, 1887) 244
Widows (act March 3, 1901) 1
Widows increase 2
247
306
Indian wars (acts of July 27, 1892; June 27, 1902,
and May 30, 1908) :
Survivors 141
Widows 146
287
Old wars:
Original invalid 13
Increase invalid - 18
31
Original widows 21
Increase widows 1
22
53
Accrueds 21,153
Total 123, 483
Agencies, dates of payment, and districts.
AUGUSTA, ME.
Quarterly payments March 4, June 4, September 4, and December 4.
District. — The State of Maine. Navy pensioners in this district are paid at
Boston, Mass.
BOSTON, MASS.
Quarterly payments March 4, June 4, September 4, and December 4.
District. — The States of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, and
all navy pensioners residing in this and the Augusta and Concord districts.
BUFFALO, N. Y.
Quarterly payments January 4, April 4, July 4, and October 4.
District. — The counties in the State of New York not in the New York City
district. All navy pensioners in the State are paid at New York City.
CHICAGO, ILL.
Quarterly payments January 4, April 4, July 4, and October 4.
District. — The State of Illinois, and all navy pensioners residing in this and
the Columbus, Des Moines, Detroit, Indianapolis, Louisville, Milwaukee, and
Topeka districts.
COLUMBUS, OHIO.
Quarterly payments March 4, June 4, September 4, and December 4.
District. — The State of Ohio. Navy pensioners in this district are paid at
Chicago.
CONCORD, N. IT.
Quarterly payments January 4, April 4, July 4, and October 4.
District*— The States of New Hampshire and Vermont. Navy pensioners in
this district are paid at Boston.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS. 165
DES MOINES, IOWA.
Quarterly payments January 4, April 4, July 4, and October 4.
District. — The States of Iowa and Nebraska. Navy pensioners in this district
are paid at Chicago.
DETROIT, MICH.
Quarterly payments March 4, June 4, September 4, and December 4.
District. — The State of Michigan. Navy pensioners in this district are paid
at Chicago.
INDIANAPOLIS, IND.
Quarterly payments Februn ry 4, May 4, August 4, and November 4.
District. — The State of Indiana. Navy pensioners in this district are paid at
Chicago.
KNOXVILLE, TENN.
Quarterly payments February 4, May 4, August 4, and November 4.
District. — The States of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana,
Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas. Navy
pensioners in this district are paid at Washington, D. C.
LOUISVILLE, KY.
Quarterly payments February 4, May 4, August 4, and November 4.
District. — The State of Kentucky. Navy pensioners in this district are paid
at Chicago.
MILWAUKEE, WIS.
Quarterly payments January 4, April 4, July 4, and October 4.
District. — The States of Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wis-
consin. Navy pensioners in this district are paid at Chicago.
NEW YORK CITY, N. Y.
Quarterly payments February 4, May 4, August 4, and November 4.
District. — The following counties in the State of New York : Albany, Clinton,
Columbia, Delaware, Dutchess, Essex, Greene, Kings, Nassau, New York, Orange,
Putnam, Queens, Rensselaer, Richmond, Rockland, Saratoga, Schenectady, Suf-
folk, Sullivan, Ulster, Warren, Washington, and Westchester. The following
counties in the State of New Jersey : Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Hunterdon, Mid-
dlesex, Monmouth, Morris, Passaic, Somerset, Sussex, Union, and Warren; all
navy pensioners in the State of New York, and all pensioners residing in the
island of Porto Rico.
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
Quarterly payments February 4, May 4, August 4, and November 4.
District. — The following counties in the State of Pennsylvania : Berks, Brad-
ford, Bucks, Carbon, Chester, Columbia, Dauphin, Delaware, Lackawanna, Lan-
caster, Lebanon, Lehigh, Luzerne, Monroe, Montgomery, Montour, Northampton,
Northumberland, Philadelphia, Pike, Schuylkill, Sullivan, Susquehanna, Wayne,
Wyoming, and York. The following counties in the State of New Jersey: At-
lantic, Burlington, Camden, Cape May, Cumberland, Gloucester, Mercer, Ocean,
and Salem, and all navy pensioners in the State of Pennsylvania.
PITTSBURG, PA.
Quarterly payments January 4, April 4, July 4, and October 4.
District. — The counties in the State of Pennsylvania not in the Philadelphia
district. All navy pensioners in the State are paid at Philadelphia.
166 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
Quarterly payments March 4, June 4, September 4, and December 4.
District. — The States of California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah,
Washington, and Wyoming; the Territories of Alaska, Arizona, and Hawaii;
the Philippines, Guam, and the Samoan Islands belonging to the United States ;
including all navy pensioners.
TOPEKA, KANS.
Quarterly payments February 4, May 4, August 4, and November 4.
District. — The States of Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma ; and the
Territory of New Mexico. Navy pensioners in this district are paid at Chicago.
WASHINGTON, D. C.
Quarterly payments March 4, June 4, September 4, and December 4.
District. — The States of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia ;
the District of Columbia ; all pensioners residing in foreign countries, and all
navy pensioners residing in this and the Knoxville districts.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.
167
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.
Department of the Interior,
United States Patent Office,
Washington, D. C, September 26 } 1908.
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith the following report of
the business of the United States Patent Office for the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1908:
Applications and caveats received during fiscal year ended June 30, 190S.
Applications for patents for inventions 58, 527
Applications for patents for designs 1, 091
Applications for reissues of patents 207
Applications for registration of trade-marks. 7, 467
Applications for registration of labels 810
Applications for registration of prints 339
Total applications 68, 441
Caveats * 2, 036
Disclaimers 9
Appeals on the merits 1, 250
Total applications, caveats, disclaimers, and appeals 71, 736
Applications awaiting action.
Applications awaiting action on the part of the office July 1, 1908 20, 043
Applications for patents, including reissues, designs, trade-marks, labels, and prints.
June 30, 1899 40, 320
1900 45,270
1901 48,075
1902 51,258
1903 54,256
June 30, 1904 55, 468
1905 66,228
1906 68,881
1907 66,795
1908 68,441
Applications awaiting action on the part of the office.
June 30, 1899 2, 989
1900 3,564
1901 7,683
1902 11,042
1903 9,842
June 30, 1904 13,069
1905 16,077
1906 21,958
1907 13,634
1908 20,043
Patents ivithheld and patents expired.
Letters patent withheld for nonpayment of final fees (i, 520
Letters patent expired 24. 270
Applications allowed, awaiting payment of final fees 11, 843
169
1*70 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.
Patents granted and trade-marls, labels, and prints registered.
Class.
1904.
1905.
1906.
1907.
1908.
Letters patent .
Design patents .
Reissue patents
Trade-marks...
Labels
Prints
Total
31,257
613
109
2,213
1,044
257
35, 493
29, 680
458
128
1,426
1,028
345
31,070
633
134
10,408
741
354
33,644
529
165
325
33,065
43,340
44, 121
34,003
748
151
6,135
41,952
Expenditures.
Salaries
Scientific library
Postage on foreign matter
Stationery
Furniture
Carpets, linoleum and matting.
Ice
Telephones
Washing towels
Sundries
Law library
Photolithographing, paid contractor
Photographic printing, paid contractor
Official Gazette and indexes, paid Public Printer
Printing and binding:
Printing specifications
Miscellaneous printing and binding
International Convention for Protection of Industrial Prop-
erty
Total.
Expended.
$964,053.62
1,889.18
1,019.00
13,089.92
2,217.50
1,335.94
674. 91
608. 94
105. 78
14,050.63
450. 85
134, 124. 24
5,875.76
119, 526. 70
314,528.86
24,000.82
1,597,552.65
Estimated
liabilities.
$583. 36
36.00
'moo'
750. 00
10,739.36
Total.
$964,053.62
2, 472. 54
1,019.00
13,089.92
2,217.50
1,335.94
674. 91
608. 94
105. 78
14,050.63
486. 85
134, 124. 24
5,875.76
128,896.70
314,528.86
24,000.82
750.00
1,008,292.01
Receipts and expenditures.
Receipts from all sources $1, 874, 180. 75
Expenditures (including total in all appropriations) 1, 608, 292. 01
Surplus 265, 888. 74
Comparative statement.
June 30—
Receipts.
Expenditures.
1899
$1, 209, 554. 88
1,358,228.35
1,408,877.67
1,491,538.85
1,591,251.04
1,663,879.99
1,737,334.44
1,811,297.84
1,859,592.89
1,874,180.75
$1,148,663.48
1900
1,247,827.58
1901
1,288,970.13
1902
1,329,924.63
1, 423 094. 40
1903
1904
1,469,124.40
1906
1, 472, 467. 51
1906
1, 538, 149. 40
1907
1, 584, 489. 70
1908
1,608,292.01
Summarizing these tables, there were received in the last fiscal year
58,527 applications for mechanical patents, 1,091 applications for de-
signs, 207 applications for reissues, 2,036 caveats, 7,4G7 applications
for trade-marks, 810 applications for labels, and 339 applications for
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 171
prints. There were 34,902 patents granted, including reissues and
designs, and 6,135 trade-marks, 636 labels, and 279 prints were reg-
istered. The number of patents that expired was 24,270. The num-
ber of allowed applications which were by operation of law forfeited
for nonpayment of the final fees was 6,520. The total receipts of the
office were $1,874,180.75; the total expenditures were $1,608,292.01,
and the net surplus of receipts over expenditures, being the amount
turned into the Treasury, was $265,888.74.
The net surplus for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1907, was
$275,103.19, and for the past fiscal year $265,888.74, so that the sur-
plus is less by $9,214.45. The number of patents, trade-marks, labels,
and prints, patented and registered in the fiscal year 1907 was 44,121,
and in 1908, 41,952, which shows a falling off of 2,169. The cost of
printing same in the fiscal year 1907 was $271,178.48, and for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1908, $314,528.86.
Although the number of patents issued was less by 2,169, the cost
of printing the same was $43,354.38 more than in 1907. This is
accounted for by the fact that the charges for printing made by the
Government Printer was, during a portion of the past fiscal year, much
greater than in previous years. Otherwise the net surplus for the
present fiscal year would have exceeded the net surplus of last year
by some $40,000 or $50,000 or more, as there has been a saving in the
publication of the Official Gazette by cutting down the number of
claims printed therein by only printing five claims of each patent,
thereby reducing the cost of that publication by several thousand
dollars. The falling off in the number of patents, trade-marks, labels,
and prints registered and issued from 44,121 in 1907 to 41,952 in
1908 is accounted for by the fact that the number of registrations of
trade-marks is gradually diminishing. In 1905, 10,408 trade-marks
were registered under the new law; in 1907, 8,798, and in 1908,
6,135, which latter number will probably be about the normal num-
ber hereafter issued. The trade-marks registered are less this year
by 2,663 than the previous year. Labels are less by 24 and prints
by 46. There was an increase in the number of mechanical patents
granted of 339. There were 66,795 applications for patents, trade-
marks, labels, and prints filed in 1907 and 68,441 in 1908, an increase
of 1,646 over the previous year. It will thus be seen that the volume
of business from all sources is about the same as that during the fiscal
year 1907.
I think it advisable to renew some of the recommendations made
to you in my report for the last fiscal year. Although Congress has
been fairly liberal in making appropriations for this bureau for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1909, yet I deem it important thaksome
of the immediate necessities of this office should be again presented.
172 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.
ADDITIONAL, ROOM.
The additional room assigned this office has resulted in a vast
improvement in the facilities for transacting the business of the
bureau. I desire to say, however, that the volume of work is grow-
ing so uniformly from year to year it calls for additional space, and
I deem it of the utmost importance that my recommendations in my
report for the last fiscal year should be again urged herein, to the end
that you will again favorably consider the question of causing the
building to be so remodeled that further rooms may be provided for
the examining and other divisions of the office. For the scientific
library, which is much crowded, shelving space and additional steel
stacks are required to accommodate the books now in possession of
the library and those that have been purchased in this country and
abroad and others that will be purchased from time to time for the
use of the library and paid for out of the regular annual appropria-
tions therefor. Additional shelving is also required for the foreign
patents.
When the estimates were made for installing the present steel
stacks hi 1901 they were made on the basis of space required for
ten years. Austria had issued no patents, and the output of France
was only 18 volumes per annum; Austria now has 32 volumes a year,
and France 50, while Germany has very nearly doubled, from 80 to llfi,
and England has made a very sensible increase. It is now estimated
that provision should be made for shelving (steel stacks), at the
rate of 150 linear feet per annum. Therefore there is required for
additional accommodations at the present time and for the ensuing
ten years 1,500 linear feet of steel book stacks. For this purpose
I recommend that the Congress be asked to appropriate $2,000, or
so much thereof as may be necessary, for said purpose. Additional
storage space for copies of patents and also room for inventors and
attorneys making searches and transacting other business in that
portion of the building are badly needed. In this report I shall
merely invite your attention to the plans for the remodeling of the
building which you caused to be made by the Supervising Architect
of the Treasury Department and also the Superintendent of the Capi-
tol Building and Grounds. These plans, if carried out, would result
in a great relief not only to this bureau, but probably to some other
bureaus of your Department as well. However, with these changes,
it will only afford relief for the Patent Office for one or two years at
best, as the bureau is growing so rapidly, keeping pace with the
growth of the country and the trade and commercial activities of
the nation, that the erection of a new building for the use of this
bureau will soon be imperative.
The net surplus of all years of receipts over expenditures which
have been covered into the Treasury up to June 30, 1908, shows a
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 173
grand total of $6,972,070.38. Nearly this whole sum has been paid
by the inventors of the country, and inasmuch as they have paid the
total expenses for the maintenance of the Patent Office, it is but fair
to say that they are entitled to have a suitable building provided
in which their business can be transacted in a prompt and efficient
manner. The cost of this building and ground could be entirely
paid for out of this surplus and I most earnestly urge that Congress
be asked to make provision for an adequate building for the use of
the United States Patent Office. Permit me to say in connection
with this recommendation that the patent offices of Great Britain
and Germany have outgrown their former building accommodations,
and each of those countries has erected new buildings which are
vastly superior in every respect to the one that now houses the United
States Patent Office. A bill was introduced in the Senate at the
last session of Congress providing for a new building for the Patent
Office, and I most strongly urge that Congress be asked at the forth-
coming session to pass that bill or a similar one, for the reason that
before the time a proper building could be erected and ready for
occupancy it will be very badly needed.
FORCE AND SALARIES.
I also respectfully call your attention to my former recommenda-
tions for increase of force and salaries which you approved and which
you placed before Congress at the last session. The estimates made
at that time called for a material increase of force and salaries. Con-
gress granted in part only the requests then made. As those esti-
mates for the force and salaries were very carefully considered, and
were not overestimated in any particular, I desire to urge that addi-
tional relief be given to this bureau in those respects. I therefore
make the following recommendations which I have embraced in my
estimates submitted :
That the salary of the Commissioner of Patents be raised from
$5,000 to $6,000 per annum, an increase of $1,000; that the salary of
the assistant commissioner be increased from $3,500 to $5,000, an
increase of $1,500, and that he be known in the future as first assist-
ant commissioner; and I also recommend that an additional assistant
commissioner at a salary of $4,500 per annum be provided. I make
this recommendation fov the reason that the business of the office has
increased enormously since these offices were created and the time
of the commissioner and assistant commissioner is now mainly occu-
pied in hearing cases on appeal and other judicial duties. During
the past year judicial matters have been presented and passed upon
by the commissioner and assistant commissioner and decisions ren-
174 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.
dered in 2,8Ifi cases. The following statement shows the work of the
three judicial tribunals:
Appeals taken to commissioner in interferences 128
Appeals taken to commissioner in ex parte cases 117
Interlocutory appeals to commissioner 207
Appeals taken from examiner of trade-marks 31
Petitions from examiner's rulings 469
Motions for rehearing 47
Petitions under rule 78 1, 502
Petitions to revive abandoned cases 212
Total 2, 713
Decisions rendered by commissioner:
Appeals in interference cases 130
Appeals in ex parte cases 117
Appeals (interlocutory) 306
Appeals from examiner of trade-marks 21
Petitions from examiner's rulings 505
Motions for rehearing 47
Petitions under rule 78 1, 502
Petitions to revive abandoned cases 212
Total 2, 840
Appeals taken to examiners in chief in interferences 187
Appeals taken to examiners in chief in ex parte cases 622
Total 809
Decisions by examiners in chief:
Appeals in interferences 152
Appeals in ex parte cases 633
Total 785
Interferences declared by examiner of interferences 1, 548
Cases finally disposed of by examiner of interferences 1, 605
Motions and interlocutory actions 8, 312
Total 11, 465
Appeals lie from the commissioner and assistant commissioner to
the United States court of appeals of the District of Columbia to the
extent that 50 per cent or one-half of the total business of that court
consists in hearing and passing upon such appeals. In addition to
the judicial duties, the commissioner and assistant commissioner are
also the executive heads of the bureau and are called upon to act in
the capacity of executive or ministerial officers.
I also desire to recommend that the salaries of the board of exam-
iners in chief, the next lower judicial tribunal of the office, be increased
from $3,000 fco $4,500 each, which would call for an additional appro-
priation for this board of three members of $4,500. Their duties are
wholly judicial. Also the salary of the examiner of interferences, a
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 175
court of first instance in this bureau, be increased from $2,700 to
$4,000, as his duties, like the others above mentioned, are judicial.
It is also asked that the salaries of the two law examiners be increased
from $2,750 to $3,000, which will be a total increase of $500; that a
chief of classifications be created at a salary of $3,600. This work
calls for a man who must have had both legal and technical training ;
also that the salary of the examiner of trade-marks and designs be
increased from $2,700 to $3,600, an increase of $900.
I also recommend that the salary of the 42 principal examiners in
the office be increased from $2,700 to $3,000, as approved by you in
my last report, and an increase of 10 fourth assistant examiners at
$1,500, an increase of $15,000. I desire to use these 10 assistants as
a force to classify patents and digest publications of scientific sub-
jects relating to patents for the use of the examiners and inventors.
They will form the force of the chief of the new classification division,
which is of the utmost importance and should be established at once.
With a proper classification or digest of all patents of all nations and
technical and scientific publications, the cost in salaries and numbers
of examiners will be greatly reduced and the search work in the
examination of applications for patents will be reduced to a minimum
and the facilities for making validity and other searches on the part
of manufacturers, inventors, and attorneys vastly improved. This
system of classification is imperative, owing to the fact that the
United States has issued 900,000 patents to date, and the office, in
addition to that number, has 1,000,135 foreign patents. In making
searches the examiners are required to search both the United States
and foreign patents, and works in the scientific library, which con-
sumes, under the present arrangement of classes, much valuable time
that would be thus in a great degree obviated. I have recently had
occasion to inspect the patent offices of other leading nations, and I
find the classification systems much more perfect than the one exist-
ing in our own office. The best technical talent obtainable is required
for this work, and consequently I have placed the salary of the pro-
posed chief of this division at a figure fairly commensurate with the
work and duties of the position.
I also ask that the salary of the financial clerk be increased from
$2,250 to $2,500, an increase of $250. I desire to say in connection
with this official that he gives a very heavy bond, and is called upon
to handle in the course of a year about two millions of money, a large
portion of which comes loosely through the mails, and that during
the term of the present incumbent not a single dollar has been lost.
I also ask that one translator of languages be provided at $1,800.
This officer would be called upon to translate patents in the lan-
guages of many countries, and his services would be much needed. I
also ask an increase of 5 clerks of class 2, an increase of $7,000; an
176 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.
increase of 10 clerks of class 1, increase of $12,000; an increase of
salaries of 3 draftsmen from $1,200 to $1,500, an increase of $900;
an increase of salaries of 4 draftsmen from $1,000 to $1,200, an
increase of $800; an increase of 5 clerks at $1,000, an increase of
$5,000; an increase of 1 messenger at $840. I also ask for 42 clas-
sified laborers at $480, each in lieu of 14 laborers at $600 each, and
15 laborers at $480 each, an increase of 13 persons and $4,560; and
40 messenger boys at $420, in lieu of 39 at $360, an increase of $2,560.
I make these recommendations in regard to classified laborers as
I propose utilizing them — one in each examining division of the office
in an endeavor to cut down the expense of additional examiners. It
will be a great saving in the time of the assistant examiners who are
now called upon to put away drawings and other work not strictly
technical examining work. These are in lieu of 14 messengers at $600
and 15 at $480, making 29 in all which have been transferred to the
superintendent's force of the Department.
I asked for 49 examiners at the last session and was only granted
33. These men are absolutely necessary, as set forth in my previous
report. Since the last appropriation act increasing the salaries of the
examining corps went into effect one principal examiner has resigned
at $2,700; four second assistants at $2,100; three third assistants at
$1,800; and three fourth assistants at $1,500, and four others have
notified me of their intention to resign within a month, but I hope to
be able to retain a large majority of the examiners in the office even
at the present salaries, and therefore make no recommendation as to
increase of salaries of the assistant examiners of the office at the
present time.
CONDITION OF THE WORK.
The work of the office has been and still is very much in arrears,
but with the additional force allowed by Congress and available
July 1 it will be possible after the new examiners have had a few
months' experience to bring the work practically up to date in all
the examining divisions of the office, probably by December 31, 1908.
MODELS.
The legislative, executive, and judicial appropriation act, which
became effective July 1, ultimo, embraces a provision in relation
to the model records as follows:
For rent of rooms in the Union Building for Patent Office model exhibit during so
much of the fiscal year nineteen hundred and nine as may be necessary, and for neces-
sary expenses of removal and storage of said exhibit, nineteen thousand five hundred
dollars: Provided, That a commission, which is hereby created, to consist of the Sec-
retary of the Interior, the Commissioner of Patents, and the Secretary of the Smith-
sonian Institution, shall determine which of the models of the Patent Office may be of
KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 177
possible benefit to patentees or of historical value, such models thus selected to be
cared for in the New National Museum Building, the remainder of said models shall
before January first, nineteen hundred and nine, be disposed of by sale, gift, or other-
wise, as the Commissioner of Patents, with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior,
shall determine.
In pursuance of the provisions of this section, the commission
organized in the office of the honorable Secretary of the Interior on the
29th of May, and steps were immediately taken to carry out the pro-
visions of said act. The Commissioner of Patents was authorized to
proceed with the details of the business of the removal of the models.
Under this authority some of the models have been placed in the
Smithsonian Institution; 4,000 unapplied models have been sold, and
the balance, which were deemed necessary to retain as records for office
and court use, are being boxed, labeled, and catalogued and stored
temporarily in the basement of the Department of the Interior build-
ing until the completion of the new building of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution, where the law directs they shall be finally deposited.
It is thought by October 31, 1908, all the models and cases will be
moved from the third and fourth floors and the rental for the said
floors will cease. The remaining models on the other floor, it is con-
fidently expected, will be removed by December 31, and all rent for
the balance of the fiscal year for the occupancy of these three floors
will terminate. I will, in accordance with your directions in the
matter, before the assembling of the next session in December, 1908,
submit to you for transmission to Congress a full report of the pro-
ceedings relating to the matter.
CHANGES IN THE RULES OF PRACTICE.
Since my last report, certain changes have been made in the Rules
of Practice. The amendment to rule 17, relating to attorneys prac-
ticing before this bureau, is one of the most important. The rule has
been amended so that (a) persons may be admitted to practice before
this bureau who are attorneys at law in good standing in any court
of record in the United States or any of the States or Territories
thereof, and (b) any person who is not an attorney at law who is a
citizen or resident of the United States and shall file proof to the
satisfaction of the commissioner that he is of good moral character
and of good repute and possessed of the necessary legal and technical
qualifications to enable him to render applicants for patents valuable
service.
In a number of the foreign countries the practitioners before their
respective patent offices were required to be subjects or citizens of that
country. This requirement precluded a citizen of the United States
from practicing before the foreign patent office in question, irrespec-
tive of his character and legal and technical attainments. Much
58920— int 1908— vol 1 12
178 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.
complaint has been made as to this practice, and therefore the rule
was amended by the addition of the following provisions:
(c) Any foreign patent attorney not a resident of the United States,
who is a citizen or subject of a country granting the same reciprocal
rights to citizens of the United States, who shall file proof to the
satisfaction of the commissioner that he is registered and in good
standing before the patent office of the country of which he is a citizen
or subject, and is possessed of the qualifications stated in paragraph (b).
In order that the provisions of this rule may be carried out, the
foreign patent attorneys of record have been required to file proof
before November 1, 1908, that the patent offices of their respective
countries will recognize a citizen of the United States to practice
before the office, provided that citizen is otherwise qualified, or their
names will be dropped from the roster of attorneys practicing before
the United States Patent Office.
The second important amendment is that to rule 22. This rule
has been amended so that the Secretary of the Interior may after
notice and opportunity for a hearing suspend or exclude from fur-
ther practice before the Patent Office any practitioner shown to be
incompetent, disreputable, or who refuses to comply with the rules
and regulations thereof, or who shall with intent to defraud or in
any manner deceive, mislead, or threaten any claimant by word, cir-
cular, letter, or by advertisement, or who guarantees the successful
prosecution of any application for patent. Under the old rule the
commissioner only had power, with the approval of the Secretary
of the Interior, to disbar a practitioner, either generally or in a spe-
cific case, for "gross misconduct." This rule was based upon section
487, Revised Statutes, the provisions of which have been held to be
quite limited in their effect and to include practically only those
cases in which a practitioner has actually committed fraud or mis-
application of fees in the prosecution of an application. Under the
new rule broader jurisdiction is permitted under the provisions of
section 5 of the act of Congress approved July 4, 1884.
Rule 47 of the Rules of Practice has also been amended for the pur-
pose of insuring the permanency of the records and patent applica-
tions as originally filed. It has long been the provision of the rule for
all the application papers, when the oath is taken before an officer in a
country foreign to the United States, to be attached together and a
ribbon passed one or more times through all the sheets of the applica-
tion and the ends of said ribbon brought together under the seal
before the latter is affixed and impressed by the officer before whom
the oath is taken, or else each sheet must be impressed with the
official seal of that officer, or if he is not provided with a seal, then each
sheet must he initialed by him. This rule has been amended so that
its provisions shall be applicable to all applications filed in this office
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 179
whether the oath is taken abroad or in the United States. It is the
belief that this new provision will prevent the substituting or in any
manner changing the application papers by dishonest persons after
filing, should any attempts to that end be made.
ADDITIONAL GAINS IN EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMY.
I am pleased to report that during the past year several features
of office organization have been examined and some changes have
been made which are in the interest of economy and the expedition
of the public business. Until recently the Official Gazette of the
Patent Office was distributed from this building. This work involved
the packing of the Gazettes in bundles at the Government Printing
Office and their delivery to this office, where the bundles were opened
and the single copies prepared for mailing to subscribers. The
Gazettes were again sacked and sent to the city post-office. The
Gazette is now mailed from the Government Printing Office, the
intermediate bundling and hauling thereof being eliminated, it going
from the presses to the mailing department, where the Gazettes, when
ready for transportation, are sacked for the various States and hauled
to the Union Station, a square distant. This change in the method
of handling the Gazette has released for other duties in this office
the services of six clerks.
The organization of the "publications division" for the purpose of
caring for and distributing copies of Patents, Laws, Rules of Practice,
and other publications of the office has enabled all such publications
to be brought under the supervision of one person, and has resulted
in a more economic distribution than formerly, and at the same time
has released three clerks for other work.
Under section 4885, before amendment of the said section by act
approved May 23, 1908, an inventor whose application for patent
had been allowed had six months from the notice of allowance as
time within which to pay his final fee. The work of printing the
specification and photolithographing the drawings and performing
the other work incident to the issue of the patent required three or
four weeks; yet the said section 4885 provided that every patent
should bear date as of a day not later than six months from the time
of the notice of allowance. As a result of this contradictory con-
dition the office was compelled to resort to a fiction in all those
allowed cases wherein the payment of the final fee was so delayed
that the patent could not issue within the required six months, by
sending to the applicant a notice that his case had been again
examined and allowed. It was necessary to write more than 20,000
of such notices each year. The amendment to section 4885, Revised
Statutes, above noted, has relieved the office of this anomalous
condition, and while there has been no change in the time allowed the
180 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.
applicant in which to pay his final fee, an additional period, limited
to three months, is given the office in which to prepare the papers
and issue the patent. This simple remedial legislation has been
urged by my predecessors for many years, and its enactment by
Congress at its last session changed a condition which long existed
that entailed a considerable amount of unnecessary work being per-
formed with a consequent needless expense, and also obviates the
necessity of resorting to a legal fiction in the granting of patents.
The last general revision of the patent laws was had in 1870.' At
that time it was rarely that a deed of assignment conveyed title to
more than one patent and in very few instances did such deeds con-
tain as many as 1,000 words. The scale of fees established by the act
passed in that year provided a maximum fee of $3 for all assignments
of 1,000 words or over. Many of the industrial combinations which
have been created in the last few years are based upon patent rights,
and, with organization and reorganization among such concerns, the
title in many cases to several hundred patents has been transferred.
Only a few months ago, 26 deeds transferring titles to 2,592 patents
were offered for record, and the legal fee of $78 was paid.
The work of recording the transfer of the 2,592 patents required
the entire time of thirty clerks in the Patent Office for fifteen days.
In another instance, the office received $3 for recording an assign-
ment containing more than 20,000 words, but within a week fur-
nished a certified copy of the same assignment for which it received
$23. There were so many cases in which the office received no fair
compensation for the work performed that it seemed only just to
place the work of copying, whether recording or transcribing, upon
the same basis, and an amendment to section 4934, Revised Statutes,
was proposed by me. It is gratifying to state that by act approved
May 27, 1908, the said section was amended to permit a charge of $1
for recording each paper containing 300 words or less, $2 for recording
each paper including 1,000 words, and $1 additional for each addi-
tional 1,000 words or fraction thereof. This amendment has been
productive of a marked increase in the office receipts, and it is ex-
pected that it will increase by $10,000 per year the fees heretofore
received for recording patents and papers pertaining thereto.
The Official Gazette was established January 1, 1872, and selected
illustrations, together with the claims of the patents granted from
week to week were reproduced in the Gazette by photolithographic
process. At that time the practice was inaugurated of preparing
a brief in each allowed application, such brief containing the name of
the inventor, the invention, the serial number, and date of filing of the
case, the name of the examiner, the number of the class in which the
invention had been assigned, and also a statement as to the number
of claims allowed, and indicated the particular view of the drawings
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 181
illustrating the invention which was selected for reproduction in the
Official Gazette. This " brief" had outlived its usefulness, but
notwithstanding the fact, the office continued it until recently. One
was thought necessary for each allowed case, in consequence of
which more than 40,000 per year were latterly used, an average
time of four or five minutes being required to properly prepare
each brief.
Another economy instituted, which seems worthy of note, is the
discontinuance of the long-standing practice of using the best quality
of ledger paper, and binding in the most substantial and expensive
manner those office blank books whose usefulness practically ends
with their completion as records. In many cases, it was found that
blank books used merely for the entry of current business were pre-
pared as if they were to be subject to daily consultation through a
long period of years.
The office retains a copy of the grant of each letters patent. For
forty years these volumes of "patent heads" have been of uniform
size, 12 by 16 inches, of the best quality of ledger paper, and bound
in the most substantial manner, at a cost of about $12 per volume.
The volumes were ponderous, and it was found that a great economy
in storage space could be effected by reducing their size to 8 by 12
inches, at the same time preserving every feature of the older volumes.
Each year several thousand sheets of drawings not artistically
executed are filed in the Patent Office. Such drawings, while pre-
senting informalities, have been forwarded to the various examiners
whose practice seems to have been to note the informality and
require new drawings free from objection. A great majority of the
drawings thus rejected could have been made acceptable to the Patent
Office. The filing of other drawings as substitutes for those objected
to has year by year created a mass of useless papers requiring con-
siderable space for storage. With a view to arresting the further
accumulation of unnecessary papers, the examiners have been pro-
hibited from requiring a new drawing in any case until after the
chief draftsman of the Patent Office has indicated the necessity there-
for. It has been the practice to record and number miscellaneous
communications to the office, even those asking copies of Patent Laws
and Rules of Practice. This practice as regards the communications
particularized has been discontinued, and during the year more than
15,000 written requests for Patent Laws and Rules of Practice have
been inclosed with the desired publication and returned to the
senders.
It is essential that two copies of each patent as issued be prepared
for inspection, one for the examiner's classified set and the other for
the attorney's room, where the searches are made by the profession.
For many years it has been the practice to mount, by pasting on card-
182 REPORT OE THE COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS.
board, the specifications and drawings of all patents as issued. On
account of time being required for seasoning, the copies of patents
thus mounted were not available for two or three weeks after the
date of their issue, and when not properly seasoned they would require
excessive space for storage. It cost the office $4,800 per year for
the labor and materials used in mounting these copies of patents.
At present the requirements of the case are met by printing two
copies of the specifications and drawings on heavy paper, at a cost
of $1,500 per year. This practice enables the copies of patents to
be available on the date of their issue, and the old objection of bulki-
ness is entirely overcome.
On April 1, last, a new scale of prices for copies of the drawings
and specifications of patents became effective, the former class and
subclass rates of 2 and 3 cents, respectively, being abolished
and a uniform price of 5 cents established, this being the price at
which single copies have been sold for several years. The former
rates of 2 and 3 cents for copies of patents increased the work
of the office, and entailed considerable correspondence when class
and subclass orders accumulated so that they could not be promptly
filled, or certain patents in the class and subclass were exhausted.
It is estimated that the average cost per copy of printed specifications
and drawings of patents is between 4 and 5 cents, and there was
no reason for continuing the sale of such copies at an actual loss.
The time during which the new rate has been effective has been com-
pared with the corresponding period of last year, and while there has
been a decrease of 10 per cent in the number of copies ordered, there
has been an increase of 5 per cent in the revenues therefrom.
Comparatively, this would mean an increase of revenue of the office
from this source of $15,000 per year.
TREATIES AND PROPOSED CONVENTIONS WITH FOR-
EIGN COUNTRIES.
The several treaties and conventions entered into and also those
about to be entered into with several nations will be of very great
value to manufacturers and inventors of this country who have
foreign trade relations.
The treaties between the United States and Japan signed at Wash-
ington May 19, 1908, and ratified by both governments and now
proclaimed by the President of the United States, is of especial
moment, in that it protects American patents and trade-marks in
Japan, Korea, and China.
Respectfully submitted.
Edward B. Moore,
Commissioner of Patents.
The Secretary of the Interior.
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
183
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Education,
Washington, September 14, 1908.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following statement of the
operations of this Office for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908:
I. EDITORIAL, DIVISION AND DIVISION OF STATISTICS.
The action of the Congress at its recent session in making appro-
priations for the publication of two annual reports of the Commis-
sioner of Education renders it possible to bring these reports more
nearly up to date. The report for the year ended June 30, 1907, was
sent to the Public Printer on the 20th of April, 1908. It consists of
two volumes of approximately 1,200 pages in all. The last of the
galley proofs were received at this Office on the 12th of September, and
both volumes will doubtless be ready for mailing before the end of
October.
The statistical matter of this report has been compressed by the
omission of about 300 pages of detailed information respecting indi-
vidual institutions. The omitted matter relates wholly to secondary
schools. It is fully summarized in the tables which are presented.
This compression has made it possible to throw all of the statistical
chapters into the second volume of the report, and to devote the
whole of the first volume to a fairly compact survey of the educa-
tional movements of the year and related topics.
The utmost effort has been put forth since the close of the scholastic
year of 1908 to push the report for that year to early completion.
The distribution of matter between the two volumes as indicated
above facilitates this effort. The statistical information, voluntarily
reported from educational systems and institutions, can not, under
present conditions, be assembled and tabulated before the end of the
calendar year. It is believed, however, that it will now be possible to
prepare the statistical volume of the report for publication by that
time; that is, to furnish the copy to the Public Printer not later than
the first week in January. The first volume, on the other hand, does
not depend upon the cooperation of so great a number of contribu-
tors, and can be made ready at an earlier date. It will, if possible, be
185
186 STATEMENT OF COMMISSIONER OP EDUCATION.
completed in manuscript by the first week in October. Allowing
then two months for printing and binding the first volume and three
months for printing and binding the second, the first volume of the
1908 report should appear in December, 1908, and the second volume
in March, 1909. Inasmuch as half of the usefulness of these volumes
depends upon the regularity and promptness of their appearance,
especial attention has been devoted to cutting across any avoidable
delays in their publication. This has been in accordance with your
advice, and I think it will be found that the programme indicated
above represents the utmost which can now be done in this direction.
The publication of the Bulletin of this Bureau was begun in 1906.
The following is a complete list of the numbers already issued and of
those now in press :
1906.
No. 1. The Education Bill of 1906 for England and Wales, as it passed the House of
Commons. By Anna Tolman Smith.
No. 2. German views of American education, with particular reference to industrial
development. By William N. Hailmann.
No. 3. State school systems: Legislation and judicial decisions relating to public edu-
cation, October 1, 1904, to October 1, 1906. By Edward C. Elliott.
1907.
No. 1. The continuation school in the United States. By Arthur J. Jones.
No. 2. Agricultural education, including nature study and school gardens. By James
Ralph Jewell.
No. 3. The auxiliary schools of Germany. Six lectures by B. Maennel, rector of Mit-
telschule in Halle. Translated by Fletcher Bascom Dresslar.
No. 4. The elimination of pupils from school. By Edward L. Thorndike.
1908.
No. 1. On the training of persons to teach agriculture in the public schools. By
Liberty Hyde Bailey.
No. 2. List of publications of the United States Bureau of Education.
No. 3. Bibliography of education for 1907. By James Ingersoll Wyer, jr., and Martha
L. Phelps.
No. 4. Music education in the United States: Schools and departments of music. By
Arthur L. Manchester.
No. 5. Education in Formosa. By Julean H. Arnold.
Additional numbers are in course of preparation.
The Bulletin has been received with unmistakable favor, and it
is at present one of the best channels through which the Bureau can
render its proper service to the educational interests of the country.
Much larger provision should, in my opinion, be made for conducting
needed inquiries and investigations, the results of which may be
reported through this publication.
The statistical division, in addition to the ordinary work of the
year, as indicated above, has conducted three special inquiries, the
STATEMENT OF COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 187
results of which will be published in the Bulletin. These relate to
schools and departments of music, schools and departments of the
manual arts, and public, society, and school libraries.
The effort to render the statistical inquiries more practical and
exact, in order that the replies to such inquiries may be more inform-
ing, has been continued with the special assistance of Prof. George
D. Strayer, of Teachers College, Columbia University. A closer
coordination of the statistical work with that of the Bureau of the
Census has been sought, and particular attention has been given
to the effort to secure closer cooperation in statistical inquiries with
the chief school officers of the several States and Territories. With
this end in view, among others, the heads of the several State and
Territorial education offices were invited to meet in conference with
representatives of the Bureau of Education at Washington the 24th
of February last. As far as I have been able to learn this is the
first conference of the kind which has ever been held in this country.
It was attended by thirty-six educational officers, representing as
many States. The conference appointed a committee to act with
the Bureau of Education in proposing a better basis of cooperation
between the offices concerned, with particular reference to statistical
inquiries and reports. This committee consists of State Superin-
tendents H. C. Morrison, of New Hampshire; J. D. Eggleston, of Vir-
ginia; Payson Smith, of Maine; M. Bates Stephens, of Maryland, and
J. H. Ackerman, of Oregon. Improvements of a substantial charac-
ter are expected to follow upon the activity of this conference and
its committee.
At the same time an effort is making to secure a more effective
cooperation in the matter of reports and statistics between the
Bureau and the school systems of our larger cities and towns. A
representative of the statistical division, Mr. Marion Letcher, has
visited the larger cities of the East on special detail from this Office,
with a view particularly to studying their systems of records, account-
ing, and reports. Professor Strayer is assisting also in this field
The object in view is to secure so much of uniformity in the statis-
tical reports of the several cities as will facilitate the making of
fair comparisons, with reference especially to those things in which
such comparison may suggest real improvements in the school
administration.
II. LIBRARY DIVISION.
Under the direction of the new chief of the library division,
Mr. William Dawson Johnston, the library of the Bureau has been
thoroughly overhauled and reorganized. The first task here was to
strip the collection down to its most effective working basis, by the
removal of all books and other matter no longer needed or suitable
188 STATEMENT OF COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
for the purposes of such a special library. The pieces so removed
were transferred to the Library of Congress and the District library,
under the provisions of the legislative, executive, and judicial appro-
priations act of February 25, 1903. The following statement shows
the number of pieces so transferred:
Bound volumes 26, 851
Pamphlets 15, 512
Periodical numbers 16, 241
Total number of pieces 58, 604
This constitutes, as I am informed, one of the largest transfers in
the history of American libraries. It was made with a view solely
to the increase of the working value of the library of the Bureau,
and that end has clearly been attained. The building up of the col-
lection and its more compact organization for working purposes has
followed and accompanied this reducing process. There have been
sent to the bindery 6,119 volumes, mostly of educational documents
and periodicals; considerable beginning has been made in the assim-
ilation of the catalogue with that of the Library of Congress; 3,796
volumes have been classified and catalogued; and the effort to com-
plete the sets of periodicals, official documents, and proceedings of
educational societies has been carried systematically forward. This
work has been accompanied by the regular bibliographical service of
the division, 166 bibliographies and numerous bibliographical memo-
randa having been prepared during the year.
In accordance with the act of January 12, 1895, publications of
the Bureau to the number of 18,560 volumes have been transferred
to the office of the superintendent of documents. With a view to
future needs of the Office, 10 copies of each of its publications, so far
as that number is found available, have been boxed and placed in
fireproof storage as a reserve stock.
The accessions of the year, by gift, by exchange, by purchase, and
by binding, number 6,831 volumes and 12,771 numbers of serial and
periodical publications. This brings the present numbers in the
library to approximately 62,002 bound volumes and 84,588 pamphlets
and other unbound pieces, a total of 146,590 pieces.
It is clear that the above statement represents an extraordinary
year's work, accomplished by a library division of only nine mem-
bers, with such help as could be given from time to time by details
from other divisions and from the force of the Department. The
devotion and fidelity with which this work has been done is illus-
trated by the fact that two members of the division have within the
year declined attractive offers of positions elsewhere, at a considerable
advance in salary, in order that they might continue to do their part
in this reorganization of the Bureau's library. The fact of chief sig-
nificance is that the reorganized library is rendering a direct service
STATEMENT OF COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 189
to the educational libraries of the whole country. A single phase of
this service may be mentioned here, namely, the preparation for the
Library of Congress of catalogue cards for new educational publica-
tions, not copyrighted. These cards are printed by the Library of
Congress, in connection with its regular card-publication service, and
so become available for the use of all other educational libraries.
To carry forward the work so well begun and make it more directly
serviceable to the country at large, there is needed a considerable
addition to the working force of the division and an increased appro-
priation for the purchase of books, as indicated in my estimates for
the coming year, and the collection should be removed immediately
to larger quarters of fireproof construction.
III. DIVISION OF CORRESPONDENCE AND RECORDS.
Steps were taken during the year toward the introduction uf the
flat-filing system for letters and other manuscripts, which has been
fully installed since the close of the fiscal year.
The chief increase in the work of this division during the year was
in the number of publications of the Bureau sent out (115,134, as
against 95,321 the preceding year) and in the number of requests for
such publications and acknowledgments of the same which were
received.
IV. REPORTS REQUIRED BY STATUTE.
Under the provisions of its charter the National Education Asso-
ciation of the United States is required to report annually to the
Commissioner of Education.
The commissioner of education of Porto Rico is required by law
to make such reports through the governor as may be required by
the Commissioner of Education of the United States.
In addition to the above, the reports of the following, which are
rendered according to law to the Secretary of the Interior, have been
referred by the Secretary to the Commissioner of Education: Reports
of colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts in the several States
and Territories, the General Education Board, and the United States
inspector for the Indian Territory, and those portions of the reports
of the governors of the several Territories which related to education.
These reports have all been carefully examined in this Office, and
with reference to several of them such statement as seemed called for
has been made in turn by the Commissioner to the Secretary. The
following items should be particularly noted here:
Agricultural and mechanical colleges. — Hawaii and Porto Rico have
been added to the list of States and Territories entitled to share in the
appropriations made by acts of Congress approved August 30, 1S90,
and March 4, 1907, for the more complete endowment and support
190 STATEMENT OF COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
of colleges for the benefit of agriculture and mechanic arts, and each
received the sum of $30,000 for the year ended June 30, 1908. There
are now 50 States and Territories entitled to receive the benefits of
the above-mentioned acts, and they have been paid the sum of $35,000
each, or the total sum of $1,750,000, for the year ending June 30, 1909.
The institutions endowed under the said acts have a property valua-
tion of nearly $100,000,000 and had an enrollment of 62,781 students
in 1907. They are in a flourishing condition and are making effective
use of the funds granted to them by the Congress.
General Education Board. — The capital account of the General Edu-
cation Board on July 1, 1908, amounted to $38,313,100.29, anet reduc-
tion of $4,186,860.69 during the year. Gifts were made during the
year from this account amounting to $4,404,159.92. The available
income account amounted to $3,291,072.61. Of this amount
$643,526.19 was appropriated to 34 educational institutions and
for cooperative farm work in 6 Southern States. Conditional
pledges, amounting to $2,227,171.03, have been made to 46 educa-
tional institutions and for agricultural demonstration work in the
United States. These pledges are payable in installments covering
from two to five years. The available income account of the Anna
T. Jeanes fund for negro rural schools was $15,447.51, of which sum
$13,643.79 was expended for negro rural schools.
V. EDUCATION IN ALASKA AND REINDEER FOR
ALASKA.
EDUCATION IN ALASKA,
i
During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, the Bureau of Educa-
tion maintained 59 United States public schools for natives of Alaska
(of which 10 were established during the fiscal year), with an enroll-
ment of 3,067 and an average attendance of 1,204.
In the summer of 1907 the erection of school buildings was under-
taken on Diomede Island, in Bering Strait, at Kobuk Village, on
Kobuk River about 300 miles from its mouth, at Igloo and Sinuk, on
the Seward Peninsula, at Stevens Camp, Rampart, and Kokrines, on
the Yukon River, at Nenana, on the Tanana River, and at Seldovia
and Kenai, on Cook Inlet, making a total of 10 new school buildings.
The coming of winter put a stop to building operations.
During the present summer school buildings are in process of con-
struction at Noatak and Selawik, in northern Alaska; at Mountain
Village, Pilot Station, Russian Mission, Hamilton, Nulato, Koyukuk,
and Louden, on the Yukon River; at Uiamna, Susitna, and Kaguyak,
in western Alaska, and at Petersburg, in southeastern Alaska, a total
of 13 buildings. At Tyonic, in western Alaska, and at Douglas, in
southeastern Alaska, buildings have been reconstructed for school
purposes. At Point Ellis and Sitkoh Bay, in southeastern Alaska,
STATEMENT OF COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 191
portable buildings were erected for the accommodation of summer
schools at those places. Thus 27 additional buildings for school pur-
poses have been provided during the two seasons 1907 and 1908, of
which 23 are new and permanent buildings. Of these 23 buildings,
2 were constructed from the appropriation " Education of natives of
Alaska, 1907;" 8 were constructed entirely from the appropriation
for additional schools in Alaska, " Education of natives of Alaska,
1907-8;" 12 were constructed in part from that appropriation and
are to be completed from the appropriation " Education of natives
of Alaska, 1909." It has been found necessary to divide the cost of
these 12 buildings between the two funds mentioned because of the
impossibility of completing buildings begun in the spring of 1908 and
not built under contract before the close of the then current fiscal
year. The 1 remaining building is constructed entirely from the
appropriation " Education of natives of Alaska, 1909."
To compress the work indicated above into the short time in which
it has been accomplished has called for the utmost exertion on the
part of the comparatively small supervisory and clerical force of the
Alaska division, both in the field and in Washington. Strong com-
mendation is due them for devoted service beyond what is compen-
sated by salaries paid.
During the past summer Dr. Harlan UpdegrafT, the chief of the
Alaska division of this Office, has spent several months in southern
Alaska, making a thorough study of the educational service among
the natives of that region. His attention has been directed particu-
larly to the strengthening of the system of supervision in the field,
and to the newer industrial and sanitary features of the work. Doctor
UpdegrafT has not yet returned to Washington.
Steps have been taken to meet the pressing need of the natives of
Alaska for medical aid. With the approval of the Secretary of the
Interior a contract was entered into with the Holy Cross Hospital
and with Dr. J. H. Mustard, of Nome, Alaska, for hospital care and
medical treatment of destitute natives of Nome and its vicinity. A
contract has also been entered into with Dr. H. II . Marsh, for the fur-
nishing of medical treatment to destitute natives of Barrow and its
vicinity, for the maintaining of sanitary conditions among the natives
of Barrow, and for the making of a tour of the villages along the coast
of the Arctic Ocean as far as Icy Cape twice during the current year,
with a view to furnishing medical and surgical relief and securing
sanitary conditions. A third contract has been made with Dr. J. H.
Romig, of Nushagak, in western Alaska, for furnishing hospital care
and medical relief to the natives of Nushagak and its vicinity and
for the making of a tour for medical and sanitary purposes north-
ward along the coast of Bristol Bay as far as Togiak and southward
as far as Ugashik.
192 STATEMENT OF COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
Dr. A. C. Muller has been appointed physician in the Alaska
school service, with headquarters at Susitna, and assigned to the
duty of extending medical aid and securing sanitary conditions
among the natives of the Susitna Valley and of the Cook Inlet region.
E. O. Campbell, E. A. Norton, and II. O. Schaleben, the teachers of
the schools on St. Lawrence Island, at Nulato, and Iliamna, respec-
tively, are physicians, and the treatment of the natives in their
respective villages is included in their duties. In addition to the
above, the teachers of Barrow, Wainwright, Icy Cape, Point Hope,
Kivalina, Selawik, Noatak, Kotzebue, Deering, Shishmaref, Wales,
Diomede, Teller, Igloo, Sinuk, St. Michael, Golofnin, and Unalakleet,
in northern Alaska, and at Mountain Village, Pilot Station, Russian
Mission, Anvik, Hamilton, Koyukuk, Louden, Stevens Camp, and
Eagle, on the Yukon River, have been furnished with medical sup-
plies to enable them to give nonprofessional aid to the natives.
It is proposed to contract with physicians at Haines and Sitka for
the furnishing of hospital care and medical relief to the natives in
the vicinity of those places. It is further proposed to employ two
physicians to furnish medical relief and enforce sanitary measures
throughout southeastern Alaska, one with headquarters at Juneau
and the other with headquarters at Wrangell. During the present
summer temporary schools have been conducted in the native
camps at Point Ellis and at Sitkoh Bay with excellent results.
With the cooperation of Mr. C. C. Georgeson, special agent in
charge of Alaska experiment stations, systematic instruction in ele-
mentary agriculture has been introduced as part of the curriculum
of each school, where climatic conditions render such instruction
possible, special effort being made to interest the entire native com-
munity.
In educational work for the natives throughout Alaska, efforts are
making to shift the center of gravity from routine work by the chil-
dren in the school room to the general improvement of the industrial,
sanitary, and moral condition of the native communities, by a sys-
tem of practical education for both children and adults.
The protection of the Alaskan natives from disease and the educa-
tion of their children are matters of vital importance to the race.
In order to accomplish the best results, legislation is desired to
enable the Commissioner of Education, through a corps of physicians
and the public school teachers, to enforce in the native villages a
simple code of sanitary regulations, with a legal penalty for its non-
observance.
Experience has shown that in irany sections of Alaska regularity
of attendance in the public schools for natives can not be maintained
without a legal penalty for truancy. The passage of a bill requiring
the attendance of all children of school age, unless mentally or phys-
STATEMENT OF COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 193
ically disqualified, is desirable. Failure to comply with the pro-
visions of this bill should be made a misdemeanor upon the part of
the parent or guardian of the delinquent child, punishable in the
courts. In some villages it would be impracticable to enforce this
law, because there is no United States commissioner nor United
States marshal within a reasonable distance; in other villages no
difficulty has arisen from this source. Accordingly, this bill should
authorize the Commissioner of Education temporarily to suspend
the operation of such a compulsory law for any specified village
or district in Alaska. A bill containing the provisions outlined
above was introduced into the last Congress and favorably reported
in the House of Representatives.
The following is a summary of expenditures from the several
funds for education of natives of Alaska:
Expenditure of appropriation for education of natives of Alaska, 1908.
Amount appropriated $100, 000. 00
Salaries of officials and clerks $10, 100. 00
Salaries of three local superintendents 4, 412. 50
Salary of special inspector, two months 200. 00
Salaries of teachers 45, 587. 50
Supplies and equipment, including furniture for teachers'
quarters 7, 132. 86
Traveling expenses of teachers, superintendents, and
officials 8, 300. 00
Fuel and light 7, 000. 00
Freight on equipment and supplies 1, 700. 00
Repairs to buildings and grounds 4, 200. 00
Erection of new buildings 6, 302. 74
Relief of destitute natives, food, clothing, medical attention,
etc 2, 000. 00
Printing blanks, stationery, etc 397. 14
Reserved for contingencies 2, 667. 26
Total 100, 000. 00
Expenditure of appropriation for education of natives of Alaska, 1907-8 (for additional
schools).
Amount appropriated $100, 000. 00
Architects' plans and blueprints $418. 20
Salaries of two supervisors of construction 1, 362. 50
Erection of buildings, including freight on materials 58, 021. 20
Supplies and equipment, including furniture for teachers'
quarters 9, 990. 00
Freight on equipment and supplies 3, 000. 00
Salaries of teachers 8, 837. 50
Traveling expenses of teachers 2, 000. 00
Fuel and light 3, 500. 00
Reserved for contingencies 12, 870. 60
Total 100, 000. 00
58920— int 1908— vol 1 13
194 STATEMENT OF COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
Proposed expenditure of the appropriation, education of natives of Alaska, 1909.
Appropriation $200, 000. 00
Salaries of officials and clerks $7, 900. 00
Superintendent northern district 2, 100. 00
Two assistant superintendents, northern district; at $1 ,500 each 3, 000. 00
Superintendent southwestern district 1, 700. 00
Superintendent southeastern district 2, 000. 00
Salaries of teachers 68, 000. 00
Traveling expenses of inspectors, superintendents, and
teachers 15, 000. 00
Text-books, stationery, apparatus, furniture, and industrial
supplies 20, 000. 00
Fuel and light 12, 000. 00
Freight on supplies '. 5, 000. 00
Repairs and rent 5, 000. 00
Erection of school buildings 35, 000. 00
Erection and equipment of workshops and sawmills 5, 000. 00
Relief of destitution 5, 000. 00
Sanitation and medical relief 10, 000. 00
Reserved for contingencies 3, 300. 00
Total 200, 000. 00
THE ALASKA REINDEER SERVICE.
Prior to June 30, 1907, reindeer stations had been established, as
previously reported, at 15 points. During the fiscal year ended June
30, 1908, 9 additional reindeer stations were established, as follows:
At Wainwright, Icy Cape, Kobuk, Council, Igloo, Sinuk, Golsovia,
Shaktolik, and Egavik.
Keports have as }^et been received from only 6 of the 24 herds in
Alaska, hence it is not now possible to give reliable statistics regard-
ing the number and distribution of reindeer at the various stations.
The total number of domestic reindeer in Alaska, June 30, 1907, was
15,839. If the same rate of increase has • prevailed as in previous
years, the total should now be about 20,000.
The contracts and blanks for records and reports adopted during
the previous year are proving extremely useful, and the reindeer
industry is making healthy progress under the immediate supervision
of Mr. W. T. Lopp, district superintendent of schools in the northern
district of Alaska, and his assistants.
One new mission herd has been established during the past year,
that at Sinuk, near Nome, under the control of the Woman's Home
Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church.
The establishment of new centers of this industry, instead of indi-
cating that the Government is going moro largely into the reindeer
business, provides for the more rapid distribution of the reindeer
among the Alaskan natives, as contemplated in the recent appro-
priations of the Congress for this object. It will now be possible, in
STATEMENT OF COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 195
my judgment, to reduce from year to year the appropriations of the
Congress for the reindeer enterprise, and to reduce the holdings of
reindeer by the National Government through a distribution of the
reindeer to natives, directly from the Government herds and indi-
rectly through the mission herds, and that without the waste which
would be involved in turning any of the reindeer over to natives who
are not trained to care for them intelligently.
The following is a summary of expenditures in the reindeer
industry:
Expenditures of appropriation, reindeer for Alaska, 1908.
Amount appropriated $9, 000. 00
Salaries of chief herders $1, 200. 00
Supplies for apprentices 5, 412. 09
Freight on supplies 1, 375. 00
Three cabins for herders 300. 00
Establishing new herds 500. 00
Printing blanks for records 192. 28 •
Reserved for contingencies 20. 63
Total 9, 000. 00
Proposed expenditure of appropriation, reindeer for Alaska, 1909.
Appropriation $15, 000. 00
For salaries of chief herders $2, 000. 00
Support of apprentices 8, 000. 00
Establishment of new herds 2, 000. 00
Freight on supplies 1, 500. 00
Reserved for contingencies 1, 500. 00
Total 15, 000. 00
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS.
I beg to call your attention in particular to the estimates which I
have submitted for the fiscal year of 1910.
Exclusive of provision for the education of natives in Alaska, the
appropriations for the Bureau of Education are less in amount for
this current year than they were ten years ago. The four important
appropriations for library, distributing documents, collecting statistics,
and rent are all of them less in amount than they were in 1881 and
1882. Aside from the Alaska school service, the net increase in the
staff of the office, counting employees of every grade, within the past
ten years, has been two copyists at a salary of $900 each per year.
The addition of these two employees, together with the moderate
increase in salaries made in recent appropriation acts, has increased
the aggregate of the salaries in the Bureau, all told, in this ten-year
period, by only 8.6 per cent.
196
STATEMENT OF COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
The appropriations for the past ten years are shown in the follow-
ing table:
Appropriations for Bureau of Education.
Year.
Salaries
Library.
Dis-
tributing
docu-
ments.
Collect-
ing sta-
tistics.
Rent.
Printing
of an-
nual re-
ports.a
Total.
1900
$52,020
53,620
54, 120
54,740
52,940
52,940
53, 140
54, 940
55,500
56,500
$250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
500
$2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
$2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
4,000
4,000
$4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
$32,922
33, 444
34, 466
31,280
31,800
32,740
34,000
20,000
40,000
20,000
$94, 192
96,314
97,836
95, 270
93,990
94,930
96,390
84, 190
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
106, 250
87,500
1909
a From 1900 to and including 1906 the sums given represent the actual cost of the Bureau's quota of the
annual reports, which was paid from the appropriation for printing and binding for Congress. Since
1906 Congress has limited to $20,000 the amount that may be expended in the publication of each annual
report. In 1908 provision was made for the publication of two reports, in order to bring such publica-
tion down to date.
•
In the meantime the reasonable demands upon the Bureau, within
the scope of its statutory functions, have increased with the great
expansion of educational activity in all of our States and Territories.
The utmost effort has been put forth to meet these demands with the
limited means provided. In cooperation with the Secretary's office,
such rearrangement and reorganization has been made in the per-
sonnel of the Bureau as seemed best calculated to economize the
working power of all, and labor-saving methods and appliances have
been installed. The general funds of the Department of the Interior
have been freely allotted to this office to meet such expenses as could
lawfully be defrayed from those funds, and details of clerks from the
Department have helped over times of unusual stress in the work of
the office. I beg to express my appreciation of the assistance which
has been extended in these and many other ways from the office of
the Secretary of the Interior.
But the need of largely increased appropriations is more obvious
and urgent than ever. The various items of increase asked for in the
estimates which are submitted with this statement fall under the fol-
lowing heads :
1 . An increase in the salaries of members of the office staff.
2. Provision for more commodious and fireproof housing of the
Bureau, with its valuable collections and records.
3. The addition of several competent experts in different depart-
ments of American education, with a sufficient force of clerical
assistants.
STATEMENT OF COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 197
4. Provision for the conduct of special educational investigations
and inquiries.
5. An increase in the appropriation for the library of the Bureau.
In addition to the above, there is need of an increase in the appro-
priation for education in Alaska, with a view to extending the system
of sanitary and industrial education among the Alaskan natives.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
Elmer Ellsworth Brown,
Commissioner.
The Secretary of the Interior.
TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR
OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
199
TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT OP THE DIRECTOR OF THE
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
George Otis Smith, Director.
The appropriations for the work of the United States Geological
Survey for the fiscal year 1907-8 comprised items amounting to
$1,661,420. The plan of operations was approved by the Secretary
of the Interior and a detailed statement of the work of the various
branches and divisions of the Survey is presented on later pages of
this report.
SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE WORK.
LAND CLASSIFICATION.
In the last few years the Geological Survey has broadened the scope
of its work in the classification of the mineral lands of the public
domain. At the time of the organization of the Survey the classifi-
cation intended by Congress was believed to be general in character
and such as could be expressed on maps issued for the general infor-
mation of the people. The present interpretation of the law is that
the classification should be more definite, and therefore, during the
last year, the Survey has continued its special field surveys of the
coal lands belonging to the Government. The geologic, topographic,
and technologic branches of the Survey and the General Land Office
have cooperated in these surveys, which have provided for the classi-
fication and valuation of the coal lands and for their prompt segre-
gation from the noncoal lands. A total of 22,700 square miles of
coal fields was thus classified, and the valuation of the coal lands,
based not only on the geologic field examination but on chemical
and physical tests of coal collected from these lands, was reported to
the General Land Office.
Increased demands have also been made on the mining geologists
of the Survey for assistance in determining the mineral or nonmineral
character of land for which title from the Government is sought. In
all this work the sole purpose of the Geological Survey is to deter
201
202 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
mine the truth of the issue from the viewpoint of an independent
and impartial mining engineer, and thus to protect the interests of
the people.
MINING GEOLOGY.
The development of mining geology, or the application of the
science of geology to mining operations, has been to a large extent the
result of the activity of the United States Geological Survey, and the
practical value of the Survey's contributions in this field has won for
it world-wide recognition. The actual results have demonstrated
to the mining industry its dependence upon geologic investigations.
This record warrants the hope for further development in mining
geology.
Incidental to the surveys, for the classification of coal lands impor-
tant results have been secured concerning the stratigraphic and struc-
tural relations of the coal fields of the West, and the knowledge of the
occurrence and distribution of this most valuable mineral has been
greatly increased. Similar systematic investigations of the oil fields
of the country would yield results hardly less valuable ; but even the
increased attention paid to this subject during the last few years,
resulting this year in the publication of nine reports relating to the
geology of oil, has been insufficient to keep abreast of the development
in this single branch of the mineral industry.
The goal to be sought in mining geology is the extension of sys-
tematic field surveys of all mineral deposits, so that geologic explora-
tion may keep in advance of economic development. The prosecution
of detailed areal mapping in all regions where active development
of mineral deposits is in progress would result in making pros-
pecting less expensive and more efficient and in winning a much
larger proportion of the ore deposits wherever the areal and struc-
tural relations thus became known, and would therefore effect a
double economv.
MINING TECHNOLOGY.
In January, at the suggestion of the Senate Committee on Mines
and Mining and at the request of the Secretary of the Interior, the
Director of the Geological Survey submitted a statement relative to
the proposed establishment of another bureau in recognition of the
mining industry. The part played by the Survey in the development
of that industry in the last three decades was reviewed, and the effort
was made to suggest legislation that would provide adequately for an
increase in the mining work of the Federal Government without
duplicating work already authorized. The opinion Avas expressed
I hat the only true line of cleavage for separating the investigations
concerned with the mining industry lies between the pure technology
of the industry and those studies which relate to the distribution,
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 203
occurrence, origin, and production of mineral deposits. Such studies
have formed an increasingly important part of the Geological Sur-
vey's work since its organization, so that the whole question resolves
itself into the matter of making adequate provision for the other
investigations now being conducted by the technologic branch of the
Survey. The value of these investigations has been proved and
their scope may well be expanded along technologic lines without
duplicating or overlapping the work of other branches of the Survey.
On the basis of the historical development and present status of
federal work in aid of the mining industry of the United States it
was recommended that the function of any organization independent
of the Survey should be limited to strictly technologic work, if dupli-
cation of work and rivalry are to be avoided. To that end it is
important that the name of such an organization should indicate
its particular function and nothing more. The word " mining " by
itself is inappropriate for a bureau that would conduct only a part
of those investigations which relate to mines and mining, and it was
recommended that legislation establishing a new bureau should pro-
vide not for a " bureau of mining," but for a " bureau of mining
technology." Such a bureau would supplement, along purely tech-
nologic lines, the geologic work of the Survey, and the two bureaus
could cooperate in investigations carried on in behalf of the mining
industry.
ALASKAN SURVEYS.
The progress of surveys in Alaska is shown in a table on page 41,
which clearly sets forth the need for the rapid extension of both
geologic and topographic mapping in the Territory. As the geologic
mapping must form the basis for any fundamental study of the laws
of occurrence and distribution of the mineral resources, it is evident
that, with less than a fifth of the Territory mapped, no comprehensive
treatment of the subject of its mineral wealth can yet be attempted.
Geologic mapping necessitates the preparation of base maps, which
in themselves are, indeed, among the most valuable results for the
purposes of the prospector and the mine operator.
In addition to the demand for the completion of the topographic
and geologic reconnaissance surveys, whose cost can be roughly esti-
mated at $3 a square mile, there is urgent need for detailed mapping
of the important mining districts. Such detailed work costs about
ten times as much as the reconnaissance work and need be undertaken
only in regions that give promise of becoming important producers
of mineral wealth. As soon as a district is established as a producer
it is economical to cover it by detailed topographic and geologic sur-
veys at once, as the maps and reports thus become available when they
are most needed by the mine operators.
204 TWENTY-NINTH KEPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The study of the water resources of Alaska, so far as they bear on
the problem of placer mining, is well advanced, for, though only a
comparatively small area has actually been surveyed hydrographic-
ally, the preliminary work in one of the most important placer dis-
tricts is nearing completion and similar work in another has been
well started.
MINERAL STATISTICS.
From the returns already received, it is known that the value of the
mineral products of the United States in the calendar year 1907
exceeded a total of $2,000,000,000, and that, notwithstanding the
financial depression which occurred in the latter part of the year,
1907 will be recorded as one of the most prosperous years, if not the
most prosperous, in the history of the mining industry. It is inter-
esting to note that the value of the mineral products in 1907 was
approximately six times that of 1880, nearly four times that of 1887,
and over three times that of 1897, only ten years before. An indica-
tion of the wonderful growth of the mineral industry, as recorded by
the Survey's division of mineral resources, is afforded by the fact that
the value of the coal product of 1907 was almost equal to the value of
the entire mineral production of the United States ten years before.
The work of keeping in touch with the new development that has
caused this immense growth, and of procuring returns from the
thousands of new operations, has greatly increased the work of this
division of the Survey.
The endeavor to expedite the compilation and publication of the
mineral statistics for 1907 has resulted in the issue of five chapters
and the transmission of twelve others to the printer during the first
half of the calendar year 1908, as contrasted with one issued and five
others transmitted in the corresponding period last year.
The plan of cooperation between the divisions of geology and min-
eral resources, which is referred to in the last report, has continued
with even more satisfactory results than were obtained during the
two preceding years. This plan was adopted in the preparation of
the volume on mineral resources for 1905, and as each geologist has
become more acquainted with the statistical work and with the fact
that the study of economic development is of coordinate importance
with that of geologic conditions, he has entered with more enthusiasm
into this work; and the chapters so far presented for publication bear
effective testimony to the value of such cooperation. This method of
intrusting the, supervision of the statistical work to expert economic
geologists was originated by Director King, and the return to the
original plan is believed to have been fully warranted.
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 205
NATIONAL CONSERVATION.
The congressional enactment establishing the Geological Survey
was inspired by an appreciation of the importance to the nation of
its mineral resources. Since then the Survey's investigations have not
only contributed largely to the development of the mining industry,
especially in the public-land States, but have furnished quantitative
data that are available at this time of popular awakening to the needs
of national conservation.
The last year has been one of those periods through which any sci-
entific work occasionally passes, in which the specific value and
definite usefulness of results accomplished have been brought prom-
inently into public notice. The people in general have learned to
appreciate certain applications of the Survey's investigations, which
heretofore have in large part appealed only to persons who had be-
come familiar with its work by reason of their professions or special
interests.
COAL RESOURCES.
The Survey's most notable contribution to the subject of national
conservation during the year was the publication, on the eve of the
governors' conference at the White House, of a map of the coal fields
of the United States. This map presented both graphically and sta-
tistically the extent of the nation's coal reserves. Up to that time it
had not been possible to prepare so accurate a map on account of lack
of data regarding the shape and extent of many of the western coal
fields and the quality of their coal, but during the last few years a
large amount of such information has been obtained in connection
with the classification and valuation of coal lands in the public-land
States of the West. In carrying on this work the United States Geo-
logical Survey has mapped most of the important coal fields and has
tested many of the coals, so that the information at hand was believed
to be sufficiently complete and accurate to warrant its publication.
The table printed with this map shows the size, in square miles, of
the coal areas represented on the map ; the kind of coal ; the produc-
tion in 1906; the total production to January 1, 1908, including an
estimate of production for 1907, to which is added 50 per cent for
waste in mining; the estimated original tonnage; and the estimated
amount remaining in the ground. The figures given show that the
area of the more accessible coal fields of the United States is about
327,000 square miles and that they carry an estimated content avail-
able for future use of nearly 2,000 billion tons. This exhibit of the
extent of the nation's supply of its most important fuel was timely in
connection with the addresses of the President and other speakers at
the conference.
206 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The importance of collecting similar data for other minerals is
realized, and a beginning has been made in the preparation of quan-
titative estimates of the nation's reserves of the other mineral fuels
and the principal metals. These inventories are especially opportune
at this time of unprecedented development of the mineral industry.
WATER RESOURCES.
Need of investigation. — The public interest in the importance of
conserving the natural resources of the nation, aroused by the ap-
pointment of the Inland Waterways Commission, and more especially
by the governors' conference, has emphasized the value of the
country's water resources and the necessity for their thorough
investigation.
The idea that water is our most valuable resource, as it is the most
active agent in changing or modifying or limiting all those other
resources which are so necessary to commercial and economic de-
velopment, is by no means new. Prominent engineers in this country
have long recognized it and have advocated the extension of the
government investigations of water resources; and in European
countries centuries of experience have demonstrated that water in-
vestigations are necessary to a continuance of prosperity. If the
United States were to provide for the prosecution of this work on a
scale of thoroughness equal to that of the Republic of Switzerland,
for example, it would appropriate $11,000,000 annually, a sum 110
times greater than the present annual appropriation for similar work
in this country.
Legislative provision for the investigation of water resources is
one of the most important of those necessary acts that may be called
anticipatory. The immediate value or application of the results of
such investigations is outweighed by their prospective value — a value
which will become greater as the passage of years brings increased
population and consequent enlarged demands on these resources.
Obviously, if water resources are to be utilized, the first step must
be to determine their extent and character. A brief statement of a
few of the industrial and social problems of the present day in which
the utilization of water is the controlling factor is given in the
following paragraphs.
Floods. — The average annual damage by floods in the United
Slates has never been accurately determined, but such investigations
as have been made indicate that the loss must be at least $100,000,000
annually. It appears that, in many parts of the United States, the
proper expenditure of an amount equal to one year's flood loss would
prevent future floods; in other parts of the country the cost would
probably equal the flood losses of two or more years, but in every
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 207
locality prevention could be accomplished by an expenditure equiva-
lent to the losses from the floods of a few year-.
In few flood regions, however, could this result be accomplished
except under federal action. Most of the rivers are interstate. Their
basins were defined many thousands of years before state boundaries
were conceived. The proper treatment of the flood question must
therefore follow the limits imposed by nature rather than the arti-
ficial lines defining the sovereignty of the various States. Prevention
of floods is purely an engineering problem, and the engineers who
have thoroughly investigated it realize the necessity for federal
regulation.
On another feature of this subject the engineering profession is
also agreed: namely, that whatever means may be finally adopted to
prevent this great devastation, the results of investigations of rivers
must be available to show their habit-, flows, seasonal changes, and
eccentricities; and, moreover, such investigations must extend over a
period of years and be practically completed before remedial meas-
ures can be applied.
Inland navigation. — Several hundred million dollars have been
expended by the Government for river improvement, and it is prob-
able that as much, if not more, must be expended during the next
decade. Xo one will contend that all past expenditures have been
wise, as each year brings new knowledge which changes ideas and
renders old practice inadvisable. To quote from the address of the
President before the conference of governors at the AYhite House on
May 13. 1908 :
Onr natural waterways are not gone, but they have been so injured by neglect
by the division of responsibility and utter lack of system in dealing with them,
that there is less navigation on them now than there was fifty years ago.
Whatever may be the process by which inland navigation shall be
rehabilitated, whatever may be the system under which the United
States shall make its improvements, all engineers agree that thorough
investigation of rivers is absolutely necessary to the final solution
of the problem.
Irrigation. — The United States is spending $40,000,000 in the con-
struction of irrigation systems. The great factor that will determine
the success or failure of this investment is the water supply. I: is
necessary to deliver to irrigated area- certain amounts of water, and
an irrigation project constructed in any region in which there is not
sufficient water must fail. A trip through the arid West will
thousand- of acre- in which irrig tion sys 1 by private
enterprise have failed for lock of proper investigation before
struction.
TThether or not there is water sufficient for any in _
can not be determined by mere inspection or by measurements cover-
208 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
ing a short period of time. When the reclamation act was passed, in
1902, it was possible for the Government to proceed at once with cer-
tain projects because the Geological Survey had on file the results of
stream measurements showing that sufficient water was available for
these projects. Various reclamation projects based on such exact
information have been constructed or are under way, and money is
being returned to the Treasury under the terms of the reclamation
act. This returned money will be available for the construction of
other projects, and information concerning the amount of water avail-
able for these will be as necessary as it was for the earlier work. The
Reclamation Service has no legal power to make general investiga-
tions of stream flow, and obviously it would be unjust to charge the
cost of general investigations over all the arid West against specific
projects. In other words, the continued investigation of the water
resources of the arid country will safeguard $40,000,000 of govern-
ment expenditure.
Drainage of wet lands. — More than 80,000,000 acres of the best agri-
cultural lands in the United States are unproductive because they need
drainage. The lands are so widespread that their drainage is being
agitated as a national issue, for many believe that these wet lands
should be reclaimed under federal authority, as are the arid lands of
the West. To the success of this work the investigation of water
resources, as well as accurate topographic mapping, is as necessary as
it is to the success of irrigation enterprises.
If the sentiment in the United States shall finally become so strong
that the Government will be obliged to undertake the work of wet-
land reclamation, the basic data should be in hand in order that the
work may be promptly and properly performed.
Water power. — More than half of the present coal consumption in
the United States is used for the generation of power. The substitu-
tion of water power for this fuel power would result not only in sav-
ing the coal but in great financial saving to the people of the whole
country, because water power is already cheaper than that derived
from fuel. With impoverishment of the coal resources water power
will become increasingly important and the investigation of these
power resources will be more urgently demanded.
The United States Government is at the present time the largest
owner of potential water powers, and investigation of these powers
available in the public lands is a matter of public duty. In the ab-
sence of specific information concerning its value, a water power may
be easily acquired, and water-power rights have thus gone from the
control of the Government for a fraction of their real value, not for
useful development, but for speculative holding, which involves keep-
ing them for long periods in a nonproductive state. Enormous water
powers outside of the public domain are being procured at extremely
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 209
low valuations, and although the development of these powers will
undoubtedly be of ultimate benefit to the people at large, their extent
and value should be matters of public record.
TECHNOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS.
The technologic investigations conducted by the Geological Survey
during the last year have been planned to contribute to the conserva-
tion of the nation's mineral resources. In the investigations relating
to the mineral fuels attention has been given not only to the waste in
mining but more especially to the much greater loss in utilization.
The promotion of increased efficiency has been sought by steam-engi-
neering investigations, gas-producer and briquetting tests, and smoke-
abatement experiments. The extent of mine waste has been studied
and plans have been perfected for commencing an adequate investiga-
tion of mine explosions and for conducting tests of explosives — a line
of practical research that is expected to decrease in some degree the
present excessive loss of life in the mines as well as to diminish the
waste of coal in mining.
The structural-materials investigations have included inquiries
into the nature, extent, and distribution of materials needed for use
by the Government in its building and construction work (the cost of
which now aggregates about $40,000,000 annually), in order to meet
the urgent needs for accurate data concerning the strength and the
fire-resisting and other properties of concrete, clay products, stone, and
other building materials, with the view not only to make construction
secure but to lessen waste due to use of materials in excessive amounts
and with poor protection against fire.
MAP PUBLICATION.
The increasing popularity among private citizens of the topo-
graphic maps issued by the Survey is being paralleled by the growing
appreciation of the maps by the government departments. Of the
40,000 maps distributed to the departments last year for official use,
more than 5,000 were delivered to the Forest Service and 3,600 to the
War Department. The increased use of the maps by the Forest Serv-
ice, the War College, and the service schools is especially noteworth}^.
They are used in administering the national forests, in planning
military operations, and as bases for military maps, and the text-
books in use at West Point recognize them as the mother maps to
which the army officers can add detailed data of purely military
value.
The efficiency of the engraving and printing force of the Survey is
appreciated by other branches of the government service, and during
the last year there has been a notable increase in the amount of map
printing done by the Survey, not only for the other bureaus of the
58920— INT 1908— vol 1 14
210 TWENTY-NINTH KEPOKT OP GEOLOGICAL. SURVEY.
Interior Department, but especially for the Forest Service and the
Public Printer. Large contracts have been awarded to the Survey on
bids made in competition with outside contractors. Contracts of this
character performed during the year for other bureaus and offices
aggregated 30 per cent of the work of the engraving division.
ORGANIZATION.
Another line of investigation was placed under the administration
of the Geological Survey in May by authority of the Secretary of
the Interior, upon the appropriation by Congress of $150,000 for
conducting investigations of the causes of mine explosions, with
a view to increasing safety in mining. The division of mine acci-
dents was created May 22, 1908, and made a part of the technologic
branch. The organization of this new work was immediately begun
and authority was obtained from the Secretary of War for the
use of a part of the old arsenal tract in Pittsburg as an explosive
station. Before the end of the fiscal year plans had been perfected,
contracts awarded, and progress made in equipping for this use cer-
tain of the government buildings at Pittsburg. It is proposed to con-
centrate, for the present, the other work of the technologic branch at
this testing station.
In August, 1907, David T. Day, who for more than twenty years
had been in charge of the division of mineral resources, was, at his
own request, relieved of administrative charge of the division in
order that he might take up special studies of the character of Ameri-
can petroleums and the statistics of petroleum production. Edward
W. Parker was promoted to become the administrative chief of the
division, with the title " statistician in charge."
The reorganization of the topographic branch, begun in March,
1907, was completed January 18, 1908, by the promotion of Robert
B. Marshall, geographer, to the position of chief geographer.
Other changes in the personnel were the promotion of George M.
Wood, assistant editor, to the vacancy caused by the resignation
of P. C. Warman as editor, Mr. Warman continuing in the book
publication division, and the designation of Miss Julia L. V. McCord
as acting librarian on the resignation of Fred B. Weeks, who had been
librarian since 1902.
The establishment of local offices in the West for at least a portion of
the year has proved to be of advantage, not only in insuring better ad-
ministration of the field work and in facilitating the discharge of offi-
cial business, but in encouraging closer relations between the Survey
and the public. This has been especially advantageous in the work of
the water-resources and topographic branches, as it is important to
provide for the engineers in any district every possible opportunity
to be informed of and to profit by the investigations of the Survey
and to assist the Survey in meeting local needs.
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 211
WORK OF THE YEAR.
PUBLICATIONS.
The Surve}^ is a bureau of investigation and publication. Its rela-
tion to the public requires that the results of the scientific investiga-
tions intrusted to it be presented in the form best adapted to serve
the purpose of publicity and that these reports of investigations be
distributed with the greatest possible care and expedition. The cur-
rent publications therefore furnish an important index to the nature
and value of the work of the Survey. Summaries of the book pub-
lications issued during the last fiscal j^ear follow :
Twenty-Eighth Annual Report of the Director of the United States Geological
Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, for the fiscal year ended June 30,
1907. iv, 80 pp., 1 pi.
A summary account of the work of the year, by branches and divisions, with
a map showing area covered by topographic surveys.
Monograph XLIX. The Ceratopsia, by John B. Hatcher ; based on preliminary
studies by Othniel C. Marsh; edited and completed by Richard S. Lull,
xxx, 300 pp., 51 pis., 125 text figures.
Descriptions of the remains of an order of Cretaceous Reptilia found in Mon-
tana, Wyoming, and Colorado, with foreword and sketch of the life and work
of Mr. Hatcher by Henry Fairfield Osborn, and prefaces by the author and the
editor. Part I, by J. B. Hatcher, comprises the history of discovery of the re-
mains, the classification, the osteology, and the systematic description; Part
II, by R. S. Lull, is devoted to the phylogeny, taxonomy, distribution, habits,
and environment of the Ceratopsia.
Professional Paper 53. Geology and water resources of the Bighorn Basin,
Wyoming, by Cassius A. Fisher, vi, 72 pp., 16 pis., 1 text figure.
A description of the topography and stratigraphy of the region, with brief
accounts of the structure and geologic history and sections on the water re-
sources and mineral resources, geologic map and sections, diagram represent-
ing the structure of the basin, map showing irrigated and irrigable lands, and
half-tone plates illustrating the geologic features of the country.
Professional Paper 5G. Geography and geology of a portion of southwestern
Wyoming, with special reference to coal and oil, by A. C. Veatch. vi, 178
pp., 26 pis., 9 text figures.
A historical review of exploration in the region (with bibliography) : de-
scriptions of the geography, stratigraphy, and structure; and an account of
the economic resources, principally coal and oil. Three large pocket maps and
a sheet of cross sections show the geology and the land subdivisions, and a
large map with the text indicates irrigated and irrigable lands.
Bulletin 304. Oil and gas fields of Greene County, Pa., by Ralph W. Stone and
Frederick G. Clapp. 110 pp., 3 pis., 7 text figures.
An account of the geology of southwestern Pennsylvania, with descriptions of
the oil and gas sands and fields, brief judgments as to the limits of the pro-
ductive territory, and table of well records. The large pocket map (scale 1
mile to the inch) shows the location of oil and gas wells and of dry wells and
the outcrops of important coals.
212 TWENTY-NINTH KEPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Bulletin 309. The Santa Clara Valley, Puente Hills, and Los Angeles oil dis-
tricts, southern California, by George H. Eldridge and Ralph Arnold, xi,
266 pp., 41 pis., 17 text figures.
Descriptions by Mr. Eldridge of the geologic features of the districts and
detailed descriptions of the oil fields, with accounts of the oil wells and a bibli-
ography of southern California oils, followed by a report on the physical and
chemical properties of southern California oils and descriptions of the fossils of
the oil-bearing formations, by Mr. Arnold. The illustrations include geologic
maps of the oil fields, geologic sections, and views of fossils.
Bulletin 311. The green schists and associated granites and porphyries of Rhode
Island, by Benjamin K. Emerson and Joseph H. Perry. 74 pp., 2 pis., 6
text figures.
A petrographic description of the stratified and igneous rocks, in order of
geologic age, with map of the crystalline rocks in the vicinity of Providence
and Narragansett Bay.
Bulletin 313. The granites of Maine, by T. Nelson Dale, with an introduction
by George Otis Smith ; prepared in cooperation with the Maine State Survey
Commission. 202 pp., 14 pis., 39 text figures.
The introduction describes the distribution and geologic relations of the
granite and states the scope of the report. Part I consists of a scientific dis-
cussion of granites proper and of the so-called black granites. Part II includes
economic and technologic descriptions of Maine granites and quarries, statistics,
bibliography, and glossary. A pocket map shows the distribution of granite
in Maine, and illustrations show features of structure at various quarries.
Bulletin 316. Contributions to economic geology, 1906: Part II, Coal, lignite,
and peat; Marius R. Campbell, geologist in charge. 543 pp., 23 pis., 6 text
figures.
An introduction by M. R. Campbell summarizes the work done in the coal
fields of the United States during the year and contains a brief note on techno-
logic and laboratory work on coals. The remainder of the bulletin consists of
the following papers :
Coals of the Clarion quadrangle, Clarion County, Pa., by E. F. Lines.
Coal resources of Johnstown (Pa.) and vicinity, by W. C. Phalen.
The Elkhorn (Ky.) coal field, by R. W. Stone.
The Russell Fork (Va.) coal field, by R. W. Stone.
Coal mining at Dante, Va., by R. W. Stone.
The northern part of the Cahaba (Ala.) coal field, by Charles Butts.
Coal investigation in the Saline-Gallatin (111.) field and the adjoining area,
by F. W. De Wolf.
The Arkansas coal field, by A. J. Collier.
The Great Falls (Mont.) coal field, by C. A. Fisher.
Coals of Carbon County, Mont., by N. H. Darton.
The coal fields of parts of Dawson, Rosebud, and Custer counties, Mont., by
A. G. Leonard.
Coal fields iu a portion of central Uinta County, Wyo., by A. R. Schultz.
The Lander (Wyo.) coal field, by E. G. Woodruff.
Coal fields of east-central Carbon County, Wyo., by A. C. Veatch.
Coal of Laramie Basin (Wyo.), by C. E. Siebenthal.
Coal fields of the Danforth Hills and Grand Hogback, in northwestern Colo-
rado, by n. s. Gale.
Tin- Book (Mill's coal field between Grand River, Colorado, and Sunnyside,
Utah, by G. B. Richardson.
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 213
The Durango (Colo.) coal district, by J. A. Taff.
The Pleasant Valley coal district, Carbon and Emery counties, Utah, by J. A.
Taff.
The Iron County (Utah) coal field, by W. T. Lee.
A reconnaissance survey of the western part of the Durango-Gallup coal field
of Colorado and New Mexico, by M. K. Shaler.
The Una del Gato coal field, Sandoval County, N. Mex., by M. R. Campbell.
Coal in the vicinity of Fort Stanton Reservation, Lincoln County, N. Mex., by
M. R. Campbell.
Coal of Stone Canyon, Monterey County, Cal., by M. R. Campbell.
The present status of the producer-gas power plant in the United States, by
R. H. Fernald.
Condition of the coal-briquetting industry of the United States, by E. W.
Parker.
The importance of uniform and systematic coal-mine sampling, by J. S.
Burrows.
List of Survey papers on coal, lignite, and peat, by W. T. Lee and J. M.
Nickles.
Bulletin 317. Preliminary report on the Santa Maria oil district, Santa Barbara
County, Cal., by Ralph Arnold and Robert Anderson. 69 pp., 2 pis., 1 text
figure.
A brief abstract of the report issued later as Bulletin 322, issued to meet
urgent demand for early publication of available facts.
Bulletin 318. Geology of oil and gas fields in Steubenville, Burgettstown, and
Claysville quadrangles, Ohio, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania, by W. T.
Griswold and M. J. Munn. 196 pp., 13 pis.
Part I includes a theoretical discussion of the occurrence of petroleum and
natural gas, a statement of the method of investigation, and descriptions of the
general geology. Part II consists of detailed descriptions of the stratigraphy,
with well logs or sections. Maps show the location of oil and gas wells and the
depth of the oil sands from the surface.
Bulletin 319. Summary of the controlling factors of artesian flows, by Myron
L. Fuller. 44 pp., 7 pis., 17 text figures.
A sketch of ground-water conditions, including descriptions of reservoirs and
sources of water, and discussions of the nature of artesian circulation and the
requisites of artesian flows, with plates and diagrams showing artesian reser-
voirs and conditions of flow.
Bulletin 320. The Downtown district of Leadville, Colo., by Samuel F. Emmons
and John D. Irving. 75 pp., 7 pis., 5 text figures.
A brief description of the general geology, a statement of the economic devel-
opment and present conditions, a sketch of the faults and the porphyry sheets,
and an account of the ores with a discussion of their genesis. The illustrations
consist of a geologic map of the district, with cross sections, and text figures
showing mine plans, sections, and workings.
Bulletin 321. Geology and oil resources of the Summerland district, Santa Bar-
bara County, Cal., by Ralph Arnold. 93 pp., 17 pis., 3 text figures.
A record of previous publications on the region, a sketch of the topography,
descriptions and tentative correlation of the geologic formations, and notes on
the wells, with logs or sections, conclusions as to future development, a state-
ment of the physical and chemical properties and composition of the oil, and
214 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
a section on technology and production. The illustrations comprise geologic
and structural maps, geologic sections, and half-tone reproductions of photo-
graphs, including views of fossils of the various formations.
Bulletin 322. Geology and oil resources of the Santa Maria oil district, Santa
Barbara County, Cal., by Ralph Arnold and Robert Anderson. 161 pp.,
26 pis.
An account of the previous knowledge of the geology of the region, a sketch
of the geography and topography, descriptions of the rocks, the geologic his-
tory, and the structure and conditions affecting the presence of oil, with
detailed notes on the developed territory and a section on the oil, including
accounts of its origin, physical and chemical properties, and the associated
hydrocarbons, and a brief report on the technology of production and utiliza-
tion. The illustrations consist of maps and half-tone views.
Bulletin 323. Experimental work conducted in the chemical laboratory of the
United States fuel-testing plant at St. Louis, Mo., January 1, 1905, to July
31, 1906, by N. W. Lord. 49 pp.
A report on investigations of the chemical and physical properties of coal,
including results of tests for moisture, showing changes in moisture content
under various conditions, determinations of specific gravity, impurities in coal
as related to specific gravity and fineness, adaptability of different coals to
improvement by washing, and content of volatile matter in coals and lignites.
Bulletin 324. The San Francisco earthquake and fire of April 18, 1906, and
their effects on structures and structural materials. Reports by Grove K.
Gilbert, Richard L. Flumphrey, John S. Sewell, and Frank Soule, with
preface by Joseph A. Holmes, xii, 170 pp., 57 pis., 2 text figures.
The preface states the origin and nature of the investigation. Mr. Gilbert's
report considers the earthquake as a natural phenomenon, with respect to its
origin and effect on the earth's crust. Mr. Humphrey's, Mr. Sewell's, and Mr.
Soule's reports discuss the effect of the earthquake and fire on structures and
structural materials. The illustrations include maps showing the course of the
fault or line of earth slippage and the location and extent of the burned dis-
trict, and half-tone reproductions of photographs exhibiting the nature and
extent of the effects of the earthquake and fire on various structures.
Bulletin 325. A study of 400 steaming tests made at the fuel-testing plant, St.
Louis, Mo., in 1904, 1905, and 1906, by Lester P. Breckenridge. 196 pp.,
76 text figures.
A report on a series of tests made under two water-tube boilers with a hand-
fired furnace to determine the relative value of various coals for steaming pur-
poses. The results of the tests are expressed by numerous diagrams, tables, and
mathematical equations. The general conclusions and commercial considera-
tions are stated in a few pages at the end of the report, and are followed by a
bibliography and a glossary.
Bulletin 326. The Arkansas coal field, by Arthur J. Collier; with reports on the
paleontology by David White and G. H. Girty. vi, 158 pp., 6 pis., 29 text
figures.
A brief account of the geography and stratigraphy of the field, reports on
fossil plants and marine invertebrate fossils, descriptions of geologic structure,
coal beds, and conditions of mining development, with classification and analyses
of the coals, a section on methods of mining, a tabic of mines, openings, and
exposures, and geologic and economic maps and sections.
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 215
Bulletin 327. Geologic reconnaissance in the Matanuska and Talkeetna basins,
Alaska, by Sidney Paige and Adolph Knopf. 71 pp., 4 pis., 4 text figures.
A sketch of the geography and geology of the region and a description of the
deposits of coal, gold, and copper, with topographic and geologic maps and sec-
tions and half-tone views.
Bulletin 328. The gold placers of parts of Seward Peninsula, Alaska, including
the Nome, Council, Kougarok, Port Clarence, and Goodhope precincts, by
Arthur J. Collier, Frank L. Hess, Philip S. Smith, and Alfred H. Brooks.
343 pp., 11 pis., 19 text figures.
A preface, by A. H. Brooks, is followed by reports with titles and authorship
as indicated below.
Development of the mining industry, by A. H. Brooks.
Geography and geology, by A. J. Collier.
Outline of economic geology, by A. H. Brooks.
Description of placers, by A. J. Collier and F. L. Hess.
The Bluff regioiii by A. H. Brooks.
The Kougarok region, by A. H. Brooks.
Geology and mineral resources of Iron Creek, by P. S. Smith.
The illustrations include sketch maps and sections and large pocket maps
showing topography, geology, and location of placers.
Bulletin 329. Organization, equipment, and operation of the structural-materials
testing laboratories at St. Louis, Mo., by Richard L. Humphrey ; with pref-
ace by Joseph A. Holmes, xi, 84 pp., 25 pis., 9 text figures.
A brief history of the establishment of the laboratories, with statement of per-
sonnel, description of the buildings and equipment, and sketch of work done and
projected, illustrated by views and diagrams showing apparatus employed and
results of tests.
Bulletin 330. The data of geochemistry, by Frank W. Clarke. 716 pp.
A manual of geologic chemistry, including chapters on the nature, distribu-
tion, and relative abundance of the chemical elements, the composition of the
atmosphere and of volcanic gases and sublimates, the' mineral content of sur-
face and underground waters, the nature of saline residues, the molten magma
of the earth's interior, the rock-forming minerals, the composition of igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks, rock metamorphism and decomposition,
metallic ores, natural hydrocarbons, coal, lignite, and peat.
Bulletin 331. Portland cement mortars and their constituent materials; results
of tests made at the structural-materials testing laboratories, Forest Park,
St. Louis, Mo., 1905-1907, by Richard L. Humphrey and William Jordan,
jr. vii, 130 pp., 20 pis., 22 text figures.
Records, tables, diagrams, and views showing nature and results of 25,000
tests of cements, sands, gravels, crushed stone, and other materials.
Bulletin 332. Report of the United States fuel-testing plant at St. Louis, Mo.,
January 1, 1906, to June 30, 1907. Joseph A. Holmes, in charge. 299 pp.
An introduction, by J. A. Holmes, states briefly the work done and projected.
The body of the report consists of the following papers :
Field work, by E. W. Parker and J. S. Burrows.
Work of the chemical laboratory, by N. W. Lord.
Steaming tests, by L. P. Breckenridge.
Producer-gas tests, by R. H. Fernald.
216 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Washing tests, by G. R. Delamater.
Coking tests, by A. W. Belden.
Cupola tests on coke, by Richard Moldenke.
Briquetting tests, by C. T. Malcolmson.
Results of tests by States.
Bulletin 333. Coal-mine accidents : Their causes and prevention. A preliminary
statistical report, by Clarence Hall and Walter O. Snelling, with introduc-
tion by Joseph A. Holmes. 21 pp.
Tables showing the number of men killed by accidents in coal mines in the
United States during many years, the number of men killed in various other
countries for each thousand employed, and the number killed for each million
tons of coal mined, with statement of causes of accidents and suggestions as to
their prevention.
Bulletin 334. The burning of coal without smoke in boiler plants. A prelimi-
nary report, by D. T. Randall. 26 pp.
A sketch of prevailing conditions in the United States as to smoke from fur-
naces, and of city ordinances for its prevention, and a statement of the causes
of smoke and of methods for preventing it, with a bibliography.
Bulletin 335. Geology and mineral resources of the Controller Bay region,
Alaska, by G. C. Martin. 141 pp., 10 pis., 2 text figures.
An account of surveys made in the region, of the commercial developments, the
general character of the country, climate, vegetation, settlements, harbors, and
railway routes; a description of the land forms, the geology, and the coal and
petroleum deposits, with results of analyses and tests and prospects of devel-
opment. The illustrations include maps showing topography, geology, and loca-
tion of coal beds and oil wells and seepages.
Bulletin 336. Washing and coking tests of coal and cupola tests of coke, con-
ducted by the United States fuel-testing plant at St. Louis, Mo., January
1, 1905, to June 30, 1907, by Richard Moldenke, A. W. Belden, and G. R.
^Delamater, with introduction by J. A. Holmes. 76 pp.
Tables showing the results of 65 washing tests, 192 coking tests of 102 coals,
and 172 cupola tests, with statement of equipment and methods of operation.
Bulletin 337. The Fairbanks and Rampart quadrangles, Yukon-Tanana region,
Alaska, by L. M. Prindle ; with a section on the Rampart placers by F. L.
Hess, and a paper on the water supply of the Fairbanks region by C. C.
Covert. 102 pp., 5 pis., 3 text figures.
A sketch of the geography, climate, and vegetation, descriptions of the rocks
and the economic geology, an account of the hydrography of part of the region
and of the placer diggings near Rampart, with maps showing the topography,
geology, and timber.
Bulletin 339. The purchase of coal under government and commercial specifi-
cations on the basis of its heating value, with analyses of coal delivered
under government contracts, by D. T. Randall. 27 pp.
A statement of the advantages of definite specifications in the purchase of
coal, of the requirements for proper combustion, and of the valuable constitu-
ents of coals, with reprint of specifications used by the United States Govern-
ment in coal purchases, notes on methods of sampling and testing, analyses of
coals delivered to the Government, and a brief bibliography.
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 217
Bulletin 342. Results of spirit leveling in California, 1896 to 1907, inclusive, by
S. S. Gannett and D. H. Baldwin. 172 pp.
Descriptions and elevations of bench marks in 42 counties, furnishing vertical
control for one-third of the State, the engineering data being grouped under the
headings " precise leveling " and " primary leveling," according to the degree
of refinement in the methods employed. A compilation of the results of field
work by several topographers.
Bulletin 343. Binders for coal briquets : Investigations made at the fuel-testing
plant, St. Louis, Mo., by James E. Mills. 56 pp., 1 text figure.
A discussion of the characteristics of good briquets and of the conditions gov-
erning the use of binders, and an account of laboratory investigations of vari-
ous binders, of experiments in briquetting without binders, and of results of
tests in briquetting coals, with a brief bibliography.
Bulletin 344. The strength of concrete beams : Results of tests of 108 beams
(first series) made at the structural-materials testing laboratories, by
Richard L. Humphrey. 59 pp., 1 pi., 13 text figures.
A note on the scope of the investigation and a summary of its results, fol-
lowed by statements of tests of constituent materials, methods of preparing test
pieces and of testing, and diagrams and tables showing in detail the results of
the tests.
Water-Supply Paper 195. Underground waters of Missouri ; their geology and
utilization, by Edward M. Shepard. x, 224 pp., 6 pis., 6 text figures.
A statement of the requisite conditions for flowing wells, descriptions of the
topography and geology, a brief sketch of the geologic history, a detailed report
of the underground waters, by districts and counties, a section on city water
supplies, with statistical tables and analyses, and notes on mineral and blowing
well. The illustrations include a geologic and artesian well map and geologic
cross sections.
Water-Supply Paper 197. Water resources of Georgia, by B. M. Hall and M. R.
Hall. 342 pp., 1 pi.
Sketches of the topography and geology and of the uses of water in the State,
descriptions of the river basins, tables showing gage heights and flow of the
streams, tabulated results of river surveys giving elevations of the water sur-
face of streams at certain points, and detailed notes on water powers.
Water-Supply Paper 198. Water resources of the Kennebec River basin, Maine,
by H. K. Barrows ; with a section on the quality of Kennebec River water,
by George C. Whipple, vi, 235 pp., 7 pis., 17 text figures.
Brief descriptions of the geology, drainage, forest conditions, population,
industries, and transportation facilities, sections on precipitation, snow storage
and evaporation, detailed accounts of stream flow, floods, water powers and
water storage, and the results of examinations of the quality of the water, a
section on the typhoid fever epidemic of 1902-3, and a gazetteer of the rivers,
lakes, and ponds in the basin.
Water-Supply Paper 199. Underground water in Sanpete and central Sevier
valleys, Utah, by G. B. Richardson. 63 pp., 6 pis., 5 text figures.
A sketch of the topography and geology of the region and of the sources,
distribution, and quality of the underground water, a statement of methods
adopted and suggestions offered for its recovery, and detailed descriptions, by
localities, of wells and water resources, with tables giving data concerning wells
and springs.
218 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Water-Supply Paper 201. Surface 'water supply of New England, 1906 (At-
lantic coast of New England drainage) ; H. K. Barrows, district hydrogra-
pher. 120 pp., 5 pis., 2 text, figures.
Water-Supply Paper 202. Surface water supply of Hudson, Passaic, Raritan,
and Delaware river drainages, 1906; H. K. Barrows and N. C. Grover,
district hydrographers. iv, 77 pp., 2 pis., 2 text figures.
Water-Supply Paper 203. Surface water supply of Middle Atlantic States,
1906 (Susquehanna, Gunpowder, Patapsco, Potomac, James, Roanoke, and
Yadkin river drainages) ; N. C. Grover, district hydrographer. iv, 100
pp., 4 pis., 2 text figures.
Water-Supply Paper 204. Surface water supply of Southern Atlantic and
Eastern Gulf States, 1906 (Santee, Savannah, Ogeechee, and Altamaha
rivers and eastern Gulf of Mexico drainages) ; M. R. Hall, district hydrog-
rapher. v, 110 pp., 5 pis., 2 text figures.
Water-Supply Paper 205. Surface water supply of Ohio and lower eastern
Mississippi river drainages, 1906; M. R. Hall, N. C. Grover, and A. H.
Horton, district hydrographers. 123 pp., 3 pis., 2 text figures.
Water-Supply Paper 206. Surface water supply of Great Lakes and St. Law-
rence River drainages, 1906; H. K. Barrows, A. H. Horton, district hy-
drographers. vi, 9S pp., 3 pis., 2 text figures.
Water-Supply Paper 207. Surface water supply of upper Mississippi River and
Hudson Bay drainages, 1906; A. H. Horton and Robert Follansbee, district
hydrographers. v, 94 pp., 4 pis., 2 text figures.
Water-Supply Paper 208. Surface water supply of Missouri River drainage,
1906; Robert Follansbee, R. I. Meeker, and J. E. Stewart, district hydrogra-
phers. vi, 190 pp., 5 pis., 2 text figures.
Water-Supply Paper 209. Surface water supply of lower western Mississippi
River drainage, 1906 ; R. I. Meeker and J. M. Giles, district hydrographers.
iv, 79 pp., 2 pis., 2 text figures.
Water-Supply Paper 210. Surface water supply of western Gulf of Mexico and
Rio Grande drainages, 1906 ; T. U. Taylor and W. A. Lamb, district hy-
drographers. 114 pp., 2 pis., 2 text figures.
Water-Supply Paper 211. Surface water supply of Colorado River drainage
above Yuma, 1906 ; R. I. Meeker, H. S. Reed, district hydrographers. 149
pp., 2 pis., 2 text figures.
Water-Supply Paper 212. Surface water supply of the Great Basin drainage,
1906; E. C. La Rue, Thomas Grieve, jr., and Henry Thurtell, district
hydrographers. iv, 98 pp., 2 pis., 2 text figures.
Water-Supply Paper 213. Surface water supply of California, 1906; with a
section on ground-water levels in southern California (Great Basin and
Pacific Ocean drainages in California and lower Colorado River drainage) ;
W. B. Clapp, district hydrographer. In cooperation with California state
board of examiners. 219 pp., 4 pis., 2 text figures.
Water-Supply Paper 214. Surface water supply of the north Pacific coast drain-
age, 1906; J. C. Stevens, Robert Follansbee, and E. C. La Rue, district
hydrographers. Work in Oregon done in cooperation with the state engi-
neer, vi, 208 pp., 3 pis., 2 text figures.
Fourteen papers comprising the results of stream measurements in the United
States during the calendar year 1906, continuing the scries published in previous
years under the title "Report of progress of stream measurements." These
papers give gage-height records, results of current-meter measurements, rating
tables, and estimates of monthly discharge for stations maintained on streams
in many of the important drainage basins of the country.
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 219
Water-Supply Paper 215. Geology and water resources of a portion of the
Missouri River valley in northeastern Nebraska, by G. E. Condra. 59 pp..
11 pis.
Descriptions of the stratigraphy, structure, and rocks, and of the mineral
and water resources, with geologic map and sections and map showing under-
ground water conditions.
Water-Supply Paper 216. Geology and water resources of the Republican
River valley and adjacent areas, Nebraska, by G. E. Condra. 71 pp.. 13
pis.. 3 text figures.
Notes on the topography, drainage, and climate, descriptions of the geology
and mineral resources, and detailed accounts of the surface and underground
waters, of the water supply by counties, and of the water power and agricul-
tural resources, with geologic maps and sections and half-tone illustrations.
Water-Supply Paper 217. Water resources of Beaver Valley. Utah, by Willis
T. Lee. 57 pp.. 1 pi., 3 text figures.
Sketch of the geography and geology, records of rainfall and stream measure-
ments, and an account of the springs and wells, with well sections and statistics
of wells and springs, including assays and chemical determinations of content
of waters and notes on possibilities of development.
Water-Supply Paper 218. Water-supply investigations in Alaska. 1906-1907,
Nome and Kougarok regions. Seward Peninsula : Fairbanks district. Yukon-
Tanana region, by Fred F. Heushaw and C. C. Covert. 156 pp., 12 pis.. 2
text figures.
Descriptions of the areas and of the conditions affecting water supply, lists
of gaging stations, tables showing stream flow, and meteorological records, with
maps indicating the location of gaging and rainfall stations.
Mineral Resources of the United States, calendar year 1906. 1.307 pp., 2 text
figures.
Statistics of production of mineral substances in the United States, including
an account of the chief features of mining progress, and comparisons of past
and present conditions. This report is a consolidation of 45 separate chapters,
each treating of a separate mining industry, published in pamphlet form in
advance of the publication of the volume.
Advance chapters from " Mineral Resources of the United States, calendar year
1907." as follows: The production of bauxite and aluminum, by W. C.
Phalen. 15 pp. The cement industry in the United States in 19o7. by
Edwin C. Eckel. 19 pp. The production of monazite and zircon in 1907,
by Douglas B. Sterrett 12 pp. The production of phosphate rock in 1907,
by F. B. Van Horn. 9 pp. The production of asbestos in 1907, by J. S.
Diller. 14 pp.
Statistics of production of the minerals, chief features of mining
and comparisons of past and present conditions, as in previously published
reports.
Geologic folio 151. Description of the Roan Mountain quadrangle, c
963 square miles in Washington, Sullivan. Carter, and Unicoi count
Tenn.. and Yancey and Mitchell counties. N. C. : by Arthur Keith. 11 folio
pages of text. 4 maps showing topography, geology, and mineral r
a sheet of columnar and structure sections, and 2 pages of reproductions of
photographs illustrating physiography and geology.
220 TWENTY-NINTH REPOET OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Geologic folio 152. Description of the Patuxent quadrangle, comprising 931.5
square miles, of which 24 square miles are in the District of Columbia and
the remainder in Maryland. Prepared under the supervision of William
Bullock Clark, state geologist of Maryland, by George B. Shattuck, Benja-
min L. Miller, and Arthur Bibbins. 12 folio pages of text, 3 maps, and 1
columnar section.
Geologic folio 153. Description of the Ouray quadrangle, an area 234.87 square
miles in extent in southwestern Colorado, with the mining town of Ouray
in the southwest part of the quadrangle ; geography and general geology by
Whitman Cross and Ernest Howe; economic geology by J. D. Irving and
Whitman Cross. 20 folio pages of text, 3 maps, 1 columnar section sheet,
and 1 sheet of illustrations exhibiting physiographic features.
Geologic folio 154. Description of the Winslow quadrangle, comprising 940
square miles of the Ozark region of western Arkansas and about 29 square
miles of Oklahoma ; by A. H. Purdue. 6 folio pages of text, 2 maps show-
ing topography and areal geology, and 1 sheet of columnar sections.
Geologic folio 155. Description of the Ann Arbor quadrangle, embracing an
area 884.85 square miles in extent in the southeastern part of the Southern
Peninsula of Michigan, the city of Ann Arbor being near its geographic
center. General geology, marl deposits, and mineral waters described by
I. C. Russell; topography and drainage, Quaternary geology, and water
resources by Frank Leverett ; peat deposits by Charles A. Davis ; Paleozoic
history by E. M. Kindle. In the preparation of this folio the Michigan
State Geological Survey rendered much assistance. 15 folio pages of text
and 3 maps representing topography, geology, and artesian waters.
Geologic folio 156. Description of the Elk Point quadrangle, comprising about
87S square miles in the Missouri Valley, on the western slope of the Missis-
sippi basin, mainly in Union and Clay counties, S. Dak., but including also
portions of Dixon and Dakota counties, Nebr., and Plymouth and Sioux
counties, Iowa ; by J. E. Todd. 8 folio pages of text and 3 maps of topog-
raphy, geology, and artesian waters.
Geologic folio 157. Description of the Passaic quadrangle, comprising an area
of about 905 square miles, the greater part of which lies in New Jersey,
although Staten Island, the west end of Long Island, the south end of Man-
hattan Island, and several smaller islands belonging to New York are also
included. The New York area is all in New York City; the New Jersey
area includes the counties of Union and Essex and portions of Hudson,
Passaic, Bergen, Morris, Middlesex, and Somerset counties; surveyed in
cooperation with the State of New Jersey ; by N. II. Darton, W. S. Bayley,
R. D. Salisbury, and H. B. Kiimmel. 27 folio pages of text, 3 maps — topog-
raphy, areal geology, and surficial geology — a sheet of structure sections,
and a sheet of illustrations exhibiting geologic features.
Geologic folio 158. Description of the Rockland quadrangle, comprising about
215 square miles (of which only about two-thirds is land) on the western
side of Penobscot Bay, Maine; surveyed in cooperation with the State of
Maine by Edson S. Bastin, under the supervision of George Otis Smith.
ir> folio pages of text, 4 maps — topography, surficial geology, areal geology,
and economic geology — and 1 sheet of structure sections.
Geologic folio 159. Description of the Independence quadrangle, an area 950
square miles in extent, located near the middle of the well-known Kansas-
Oklahoma oil and gas field, of which it forms an important part; by F. C.
Schrader. 7 folio pages of text ; 3 maps, showing topography, areal geology,
and structural and economic geology; and 1 sheet of structure sections;
also sheel showing names thai have been applied to the geologic formations
iu lliis region in various publications issued since 18GG.
ANN. REPT. DEPT. OF INTERIOR, 1908.
127° 125' 123" 121° 119° 117° 116°
r-^i
MAP OF UNITED STATES, SHOWING AREAS COVERED BY GEOLOGIC SURVEYS
Scale
I00_ _ 0 100 200 300 miles
1908
TWENTY-NINTH REPOKT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 221
FIELD WORK BY THE DIRECTOR.
During the field season of 1907 the Director visited geologic, topo-
graphic, and hydrographic parties in California, coal-land classifica-
tion parties in Wyoming, and the testing plants in Denver, St. Louis,
and Norfolk. He also accompanied the Inland Waterways Commis-
sion on its Mississippi River trip and attended the public-land, irri-
gation, and mining congresses at Denver, Sacramento, and Joplin,
respectively.
GEOLOGIC BRANCH.
ADMINISTRATION.
The geologic branch consists of four divisions, viz, (1) geology
and paleontology, (2) Alaskan mineral resources, (3) mining and
mineral resources, and (4) chemical and physical research.
Each division is in charge of an administrative chief, while the
cooperation between the divisions and the coordination of the several
lines of work are in the hands of the chief geologist, C. Willard
Hayes. It is often to the advantage of the Survey to employ the
members of one division in the work of another, and the form of the
organization readily permits such transfer when exigencies demand it.
PUBLICATIONS.
The publications of the year prepared in the geologic branch in-
cluded 9 geologic folios, 1 monograph, 2 professional papers, 18 bul-
letins, and the annual volume on mineral resources. Besides these a
large number of papers were, with the permission of the Director,
published in scientific journals and in the transactions of scientific
societies, and some original matter obtained incidentally during the
course of the work and not appropriate for official reports has also
been made the subject of unofficial publications. Such publications
are ordinarily restatements of results in a more technical form, and
are usually prepared by members of the Survey without compensation.
The progress of geologic mapping during the year, as represented
in the publications of the Survey, is shown on PI. I.
DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY.
ORGANIZATION.
The scientific force of the division at the beginning of the year
consisted of 50 geologists and paleontologists, 45 assistant geologists,
and 26 junior geologists. During the year there were 7 resignations
and 19 appointments, resulting in a net gain of 12, or a total of 133
at the end of the year. Of this number 85 were continuously em-
ployed ; 33, carried on the per diem roll, gaAre only a portion of their
time to Survey work; and 22 were not employed during the year. In
addition to the above regular force 44 field assistants were employed
for a portion of the year.
222 TWENTY-NINTH REPOET OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
GEOLOGIC WORK IN EASTERN AND SOUTHEASTERN STATES.
New England. — The State of Maine cooperated in geologic work
to the extent of $2,100. The detailed geologic survey of the East-
port 30-minute quadrangle was continued by Edson S. Bastin, as-
sisted by C. L. Breger. Prof. Henry S. Williams cooperated in
investigations of Devonian paleontology and stratigraphy.
The detailed mapping of the areal geology of the Frenchman Bay
quadrangle was continued by Charles W. Brown, and a study of the
hard-rock road materials of Maine was made by Henry Leighton,
under the direction of Mr. Bastin. The Office of Public Roads of
the United States Department of Agriculture cooperated in the test-
ing of samples and in the publication of the report.
During the winter Prof. H. S. Williams, assisted by C. L. Breger,
continued the preparation of a manuscript on the Chapman fauna
of Maine. A paper entitled " Revision of the mollusk genus Pteri-
nea " Avas published in April by the United States National Museum
preliminary to the publication of this monograph.
Brief studies of some of the molybdenite deposits of Maine were
made by Frank L. Hess.
A detailed study of the Branford Light-House Point area, Con-
necticut, was made* under Prof. Herbert E. Gregory's direction by
Freeman Ward.
Field work* on the Ware and Quinsigamond (Mass.) quadrangles
was completed by Prof. B. K. Emerson. The text of the Ware folio
is in final form, and that of the Quinsigamond folio is nearly ready.
The glacial deposits of these quadrangles have been studied by W. C.
Alden, and chapters on the Pleistocene geology for the folios have
been prepared by him. Professor Emerson also compiled a general
geologic map of the States of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, on
the scale of 4 miles to the inch. The map is ready for publication
and a brief text which will accompany it is well advanced.
All the granite quarries in Vermont, 79 in number, were visited by
T. Nelson Dale, and similar work was begun in Connecticut. Mr.
Dale also completed a bulletin on the chief commercial granites of
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island (Bulletin 354)
and a bulletin on the granites of Vermont, an abstract of which he
has furnished for publication in the report of the state geologist of
Vermont for 1908.
Atlantic Coastal Plain. — A geologic study of the Atlantic Coastal
Plain is being carried on in cooperation with the official Surveys of
the various States concerned. Although the need for such work was
long recognized, the plans for it were not perfected until about a year
a<ro, when, in response to an invitation sent out by the Director of the
National Survey, the state geologists from the various States came to
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 223
Washington and met in conference those members of the federal
organization that were most directly interested in the proposed in-
vestigation. At this meeting, which was held December 31, 1906, it
was decided that a cooperative survey of the geology of the Coastal
Plain should be undertaken, with special reference to the underground
water resources of the region.
In accordance with the views expressed at the conference a super-
vising board was formed, with Prof. William Bullock Clark, of Johns
Hopkins University, as chairman, the other members being the state
geologists of the cooperating States and, from the National Survey,
the chiefs of the geologic and water-resources branches, the geologist
in charge of the section of paleontology, and the geologist selected to
supervise the investigation.
The state geologist of each State has general supervision of the
work in his State, and the chief geologist, chief hydrographer, and
chief paleontologist of the federal Survey act in their respective offi-
cial capacities. T. Wayland Vaughan, the geologist selected to super-
vise the investigation, has charge of the coordination of the work
between the different States represented and of the geologic correla-
tions.
Prof. W. B. Clark was in immediate charge of the Coastal Plain dis-
trict extending from Massachusetts to and including North Carolina.
Field operations were continued under his direction during the last
fiscal year in New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North
Carolina. He had the assistance of Messrs. B. L. Miller, E. W.
Berry, L. W. Stephenson, M. W. Twitchell, and A. Bibbins and Miss
Gardner.
In New Jersey the geology of certain portions of the Philadelphia
quadrangle was revised in cooperation with the state geologist of New
Jersey, preparatory to the publication of the Philadelphia folio, work
on which was completed some years ago.
In Pennsylvania further work was done on the Cretaceous deposits,
preparatory to the publication of the Philadelphia folio.
Work in Delaware has been confined largely to reconnaissance sur-
veys in the Wilmington quadrangle. The Cretaceous, Tertiary, and
Quaternary formations were provisionally platted as the result of
work along the stream channels in the district.
In Maryland a systematic study of the Potomac floras, including
the revision of the synonymy, was begun by Mr. Berry.
The work in Virginia consisted of a study of the stratigraphy and
a laboratory study of the Tertiary fossils. Particular attention was
given to the stratigraphy of the Tertiary formations- The leading
divisions recognized in Maryland were found, and their extension
across the State was mapped in a preliminary way. Mr. Berry began
an exhaustive study of the Potomac floras in conjunction with the
224 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Maryland materials, with the idea of making a complete revision
of the synonymy and carefully determining the horizons from which
the various forms come.
The North Carolina work was continued by Doctor Clark, in coop-
eration with Messrs. Miller, Berry, Twitchell, and Stephenson, and
Miss Gardner. Extensive collections were made from the Lower
Cretaceous beds, and the deposits have been correlated with those of
regions farther north. A preliminary map showing the distribution
of the several formational units has been been prepared, and also
a report on North Carolina Coastal Plain stratigraphy.
T. Wayland Vaughan was in immediate charge of the Coastal Plain
district extending from the North Carolina-South Carolina line
southward.
In South Carolina, in company with Earle Sloan, state geologist
of South Carolina, Mr. Vaughan reviewed the Tertiary stratigraphy
of the State, making at numerous localities collections of fossils,
which were subsequently studied, in order to establish geologic corre-
lations between South Carolina and adjoining States. L. W. Stephen-
son spent several weeks in South Carolina for the purpose of correlat-
ing the Cretaceous formations of the State with those of the other
Coastal Plain States and of determining the Eocene or Cretaceous
age of certain beds. Considerable progress was made in the study of
the geology of South Carolina, and as a result of the cooperative
work Mr. Sloan will soon issue a report on the Coastal Plain forma-
tions of that State. This report will be followed by a special report
on the underground waters of the State, for which most of the data
have already been collected.
An arrangement, contingent on receiving the necessary appropria-
tions, was made with S. W. McCallie, state geologist of Georgia, for
the detailed study of the Coastal Plain of Georgia, with especial refer-
ence to underground water resources. In accordance with this arrange-
ment L. W. Stephenson, on the part of the United States Geological
Survey, spent some time in the study of the stratigraphy and correla-
tion of the Cretaceous formations. The Georgia Geological Survey
assigned Otto Veatch as its representative in the work. Mr. Vaughan,
in company with Earle Sloan, visited critical localities in Georgia
near Savannah River.
An agreement was made between the Director of the United States
Geological Survey and E. H. Sellards, state geologist of Florida,
for cooperative work in that State. According to this arrangement
Mr. Sellards and an assistant, Herman Gunter, conducted the field
researches regarding the underground waters in 1G counties, compris-
ing the central portion of the State, while the underground water
investigations in the remainder of the State, as well as the strati-
graphic work, were carried on by representatives of the United States
TWENTY-NINTH EEPOKT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 225
Geological Survey. Mr. Vaughan supervised the investigation on
behalf of the federal Survey, and F. G. Clapp and George C. Matson
were assigned to the field work and completed it as planned.
Mr. Vaughan had several conferences with Prof. Eugene A. Smith,
state geologist of Alabama, with reference to stratigraphic correla-
tions, and Professor Smith was also visited by Messrs. Clapp and
Stephenson for similar consultations. A few of the more important
exposures of Cretaceous formations were visited by Mr. Stephenson
for the purpose of comparing the geologic sections in the more eastern
States with the section in Alabama.
In Texas Alexander Deussen undertook field work and the prepa-
ration of a report on the stratigraphy and underground waters of
the region extending eastward from the Sabine to the Brazos and
lying south of a line crossing Marion, Upshur, Wood, Van Zandt,
and Kaufman counties. The field work for this area was completed
and the report is almost ready for publication.
A preliminary study was made by L. W. Stephenson, under the
supervision of T. AY. Stanton, of collections of Cretaceous fossils
from North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, ob-
tained in the course of work on the stratigraphy of the Atlantic
Coastal Plain.
The stratigraphy and paleontology of a part of Staten Island, New
York, was investigated by E. C. Jeffrey and Arthur Hollick under
the direction of F. H. Knowlton, and much valuable material bearing
on the stratigraphy of the Cretaceous formations of the Atlantic
coast was obtained.
Northern Appalachian region. — A detailed study of the Dalma-
nellas of the Devonian of New York was made by H. S. Williams to
illustrate the amount and kind of modification of species coordinate
with geologic sequence in time. A preliminary paper by Professor
Williams on the Dalmanellas of the Chemung formation was pub-
lished in April, 1908, by the National Museum.
A paper on the correlation of the Devonian section of the Tiougli-
nioga and Chenango valleys with the standard Ithaca section was
finished in August, 1907, but was withheld from publication awaiting
the settlement of questions of nomenclature for the Watkins Glen
and Catatonk quadrangles.
Geologic work in Pennsylvania was done in cooperation with the
State, which made an appropriation of $5,500 for this purpose. De-
tailed areal and economic surveys of the Carnegie and Warren quad-
rangles were completed, and the text of the Warren folio has been sub-
niitted. The areal survey of the Claysville quadrangle was completed
and areal work was carried on in the Sewickley quadrangle. The
work on the Clarion quadrangle was completed and additional studies
were made in the Johnstown. Punxsutawney, and Houtzdale quad-
58020— int 1008— vol 1 15
226 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
rangles. The work in Pennsylvania was in charge of George H.
Ashley, with whom were associated George C. Martin, Charles Butts,
M. J. Munn, Frederick B. Peck, W. C. Phalen, and Edwin F. Lines.
A. C. Spencer continued the study of the magnetite deposits of the
Cornwall type in Dauphin, Lancaster, and York counties, and the
final report on this work is ready for publication.
The mapping of the New Jersey Highlands was continued by
W. S. Bay ley, the field work being completed for the Ramapo quad-
rangle. Doctor Bayley spent the remainder of the field season in
revising the mapping of the Raritan quadrangle and in extending
the mapping of the Easton quadrangle west of Delaware River w
Pennsylvania.
George W. Stose completed and transmitted for publication the
Mercersburg-Chambersburg (Pa.) folio, completed the field work in
the Pawpaw and Hancock (W. Va.-Md.-Pa.) quadrangles and began
preparation of the folio in cooperation with the Maryland Geological
Survey, and partly surveyed the Carlisle (Pa.) quadrangle.
Frank W. De Wolf nearly completed an economic bulletin and a
folio for the Newcastle (Pa.) quadrangle.
E. O. Ulrich spent the month of July in the Champlain and Mo-
hawk valleys in New York. Through the courtesy of Dr. John M.
Clarke, state geologist of New York, Dr. Rudolph Ruedemann, of his
staff, was detailed as guide and associate to Mr. Ulrich in a study of
typical outcrops in these classic areas of American early Paleozoic
stratigraphy. During about half of the time Prof. H. P. dishing,
also of the New York State Survey, accompanied Messrs. Ruedemann
and Ulrich. It is believed that this association of state and federal
geologists will lead to a clearer appreciation of the composition of the
New York section and to greater exactitude in correlations with it.
The month of August was devoted to a continuation of strati-
graphic studies in the Mississippi and Appalachian valleys, begun
several years ago. Those in the Appalachian area were resumed in
May, 1908. In the early part of this month Mr. Ulrich, in association
with Mr. Stose, extended these studies through the Carlisle (Pa.)
quadrangle, and thence northward to Harrisburg, Pa.
Southern Appalachian region. — In the Cowee (N. C.) quadrangle
field work, done for the most part jointly with the state Survey, con-
sisted in the examination of deposits of ruby, mica, and kaolin, by
D. B. Sterrett, together with a review of the base of the Ocoee strata
by Arthur Keith.
In the Morgantown (N. C.) quadrangle field work included the
mapping of the monazite and gold-bearing sands, mainly by Mr.
Sterrett. In the Dahlonega (Ga.) district the mapping of the aurif-
erous gravels and similar deposits was completed by Mr. Keith.
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 227
For the determination of the sequence of gneisses and schists in
the Dahlonega, Suwanee, and Dalton quadrangles, in Georgia, and
the Walhalla quadrangle, in South Carolina, a brief reconnaissance
was made by Mr. Keith.
W. C. Phalen carried on revisional work in the Ellijay (Ga.) quad-
rangle and in adjacent portions of the Suwanee and Dalton quad-
rangles.
The iron-ore deposits that appeared to be of economic interest were
visited and brief accounts of them were prepared for publication in
Bulletin 340 (Contributions to Economic Geology, 1907, Part I).
The known bauxite deposits in Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee
were visited by Messrs. Hayes and Phalen, partly in the interest of
work for the annual report on mineral resources and partly to extend
the knowledge of the geology of the deposits.
Work was continued in the Birmingham (Ala.) district by Mr.
Butts, in the preparation of folios, special reports, and a paper on
the coal fields of Alabama.
Selected outcrops of Ordovician and late Cambrian rocks in the
Appalachian Valley between Clinchport, Va., and Knoxville, Tenn.,
were studied by E. O. Ulrich and R. S. Bassler. The immediate
object of these investigations was to determine the causes of the well-
known local variations in lithologic and f aunal characters of the great
series of dolomites and limestones commonly referred to as the Knox
dolomite. In June an areal survey was made of the Woodbury
(Tenn.) quadrangle by Messrs. Ulrich and Bassler.
GEOLOGIC WOKK IN CENTRAL STATES EAST OF 97°.
Areal and economic surveys in the coal fields of southern Illinois
were continued in cooperation with the state Geological Survey.
T. W. Savage, Stuart Weller, and J. H. Udden were employed on this
work by the State, and Frank W. De Wolf, E. C. Lines, and David
White by the federal Survey. Three quadrangles, the Belleville,
Breese, and Galatia, were surveyed with the assistance of members
of the state Survey. These quadrangles form parts of two belts of
15-minute areas, which will extend across the State at a distance of 36
miles apart. In connection with the field work systematic collection
and analysis of face samples from shipping coal mines has been car-
ried on. Preliminary reports On these quadrangles have been sub-
mitted, and final reports on the Belleville and Breese quadrangles are
in preparation. A bulletin on the Peoria quadrangle was submitted
by the state Survey, in accordance with an agreement made in the
previous year.
The results of the Illinois surveys will be available for publication
in folio form after the general correlation studies planned for the
following year have been completed.
228 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
A reconnaissance study of the stratigraphy and structure of the
Henderson (Ky.) and the Evansville (Ind.) coal fields and of part
of the southern Illinois field was made by George H. Ashley and
Frank W. DeWolf.
As part of the cooperation with the state Survey of Illinois the
field study of the fossil floras of the basal " Coal Measures " in that
State was continued by David White, who at the same time worked
out the age and number of the coals laid down in the early Penn-
sylvanian basin. During the two months available this work was
extended along the greater part of the western border of the coal field.
In Arkansas work was done by the United States Geological
Survey in cooperation with the Geological Survey of Arkansas, Prof.
A. H. Purdue, state geologist, being in charge of the work. The
mapping of the slates of Arkansas and of such part of the Caddo
Gap quadrangle as time would permit, for folio publication, was
the object in view. E. O. Ulrich accompanied Professor Purdue to
Crystal Springs, Montgomery County, for the purpose of making
paleontologic studies to determine the age of the rocks in the slate
region.
A reconnaissance of portions of the Cherokee and Creek Nations
was made b}^ C. E. Siebenthal to ascertain more exactly the rela-
tions of the Pennsylvanian formations in the Wyandotte (Okla.-Mo.),
Independence (Kans.), and Muskogee (Okla.) quadrangles. Mr.
Siebenthal subsequently took up the collection of lead and zinc
statistics for the calendar year 1907, for publication in the annual
report on mineral resources, and carried on this work throughout the
remainder of the fiscal year.
Previous study of the critical relations of the several parts of the
Keewatin and Labradoran glacial formations on the north and west
sides of the Driftless Area in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa was
continued by Frank Leverett, who during the winter prepared a re-
port of progress on this work and continued the preparation of manu-
script on the formations of the Michigan glacial lobe.
A real glacial work was continued by W. C. Alden in Wisconsin,
chiefly in the townships of Monroe. Bellville, Cross Plains, Baraboo,
Denzer, Dells, and Briggsville, in the south-central part of the State.
In June. L908, Mr. Alden resumed field work in northern Illinois on
subjects related to his previous work in Wisconsin.
Supplementary studies of the area of the Michigan glacial lobe and
related tract- were made by Frank B. Taylor, who directed his at-
tention particularly to the former beach lines and other lacustrine
phenomena. .Mr. Taylor made some studies in correlation on the
south side of Lake Erie in Ohio and New York, and, without expense
to the Survey, extended his examinations to related phenomena in
Ontario. His office work was devoted chiefly to the preparation of
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 229
manuscript on the lacustrine formations associated with the Michigan
glacial lobe.
Careful spirit-level surveys of the elevated beach lines of the
glacial Lake Michigan were made by J. W; Goldthwait to determine
the nature of the former movements of the lake level. This work was
done in close association with and supplementary to that of Messrs.
Taylor and Leverett. The work of Messrs. Leverett, Alden, Taylor,
and Goldthwait was carried on under the general supervision of Prof.
T. C. Chamberlin.
C. E. Van 'Hise and C. K. Leith gave a large amount of time
during the winter to the completion of the final monograph on the
Lake Superior region. Doctor Van Hise devoted the months of July
and August to this work, which involved the writing of several new
chapters, the radical revision of others, a large amount of chemical
and physical investigation of the ores and the iron formations, and
the direction of a draftsman continuously during the year in the
revision of maps.
An extensive series of physical and chemical tests of the iron ores
of the Lake Superior region was made by W. J. Mead in connection
with the discussion of the origin of the iron ores forming a chapter
in the forthcoming monograph.
A study of the physiographic features of the Lake Superior region
was made by Lawrence Martin in connection with the preparation of
a chapter on the surface features of the region for the monograph.
Some corrections of the map in the Mesabi iron region were made
by Doctor Leith, who also conferred with Mr. Mead in reference to
the latter's work.
A topographic and geologic model of the Lake Superior region has
been prepared under direction of C. K. Leith and Lawrence Martin,
by E. H. J. Lorenz, mechanician and model maker, of the University
of Wisconsin. A reproduction of a large photograph of this model,
which shows many interesting features, will be included in the mono-
graph.
A. N. Winchell gave some time to the collection of available infor-
mation concerning the petrography of Keweenawan lavas and
intrusives.
W. S. Bayley, of the University of Illinois, gave a little time
to the revision of the chapter and map on the Calumet trough of
Michigan for this monograph.
The summaries of literature for a bulletin on the North American
pre-Cambrian rocks were brought up to January 1, 1908, by Doctor
Leith, and a revision of the general discussion was made by Doctors
Van Hise and Leith. This work touches closely subjects discussed by
them at a conference in Chicago on the geologic map of North
America with Messrs. Chamberlin, Willis, Adams, Brock, and Miller.
230 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
GEOLOGIC WORK IN THE SIXTEEN WESTERN PUBLIC-LAND STATES AND TERRITORIES.
Rocky Mountain region. — M. R. Campbell continued in charge of
the coal-land classification and valuation in the Western States, carry-
ing on this work in addition to supervising the surveys of various
oil and gas fields in the United States.
The plans provided for the classification of about 20,000 square
miles of supposed coal territory in the Rocky Mountain region. To
carry out this work sixteen field parties were organized, and groups
of parties working in close proximity were placed in charge of sub-
ordinates, C. A. Fisher having direct supervision of five parties in
south-central Montana and north-central Wyoming, and A. C. Veatch
having charge of four parties in south-central Wyoming. The other
parties worked independently, with only such supervision as Mr.
Campbell was able to give them.
A party under the direction of Max W. Ball carried on a geologic
survey of the western part of the Little Snake River coal field, in
southern Wyoming, beginning at Rawlins, on the Union Pacific Rail-
road, and extending southward to the Colorado line.
A party under the direction of W. R. Calvert made a survey of the
Lewistown (Mont.) coal field, from July 1 to October 1, 1907. Mr.
Calvert's work extended from the Great Falls coal field on the west,
which was examined by Mr. Fisher during the previous year, to a
point as far east of Lewistown as the workable coal beds appeared to
continue.
A party under the direction of Arthur J. Collier surveyed the
Miles City (Mont.) coal field, beginning work before the 1st of July
and continuing until September 5, 1907, when Mr. Collier was de-
tailed to examine mineral claims in the national forests, and Carl D.
Smith assumed charge of the party in the Miles City field.
A party under the direction of Hoyt S. Gale made an examination
of the northern rim of the Uinta coal basin in Colorado and Utah,
working from the Danforth Hills in Colorado westward as far as
Vernal, Utah. At the close of this examination Mr. Gale crossed the
[Jinta Mountains and made a brief survey of the Henrys Fork coal
field, which lies partly in Utah and partly in Wyoming.
A party under the direction of James H. Gardner made an examina-
tion of the eastern rim of the San Juan River coal basin of north-
w« stern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado, from July 1 to Oc-
tober 5, L907. Most of this work was done in a field already described
by Mr. Schrader, bul the reexamination was made necessary by the
fad that in the previous work the lands had not been classified ac-
cording to legal subdivisions. On February 15 Mr. Gardner was
again detailed to New Mexico to make an examination of several
isolated coal fields in the Rio Grande Valley. From February 15 to
WORK OF THE YEAR — GEOLOGIC BRANCH. 231
July 1 he was engaged in this work, examining in that time the
Carthage, Hagan, Cerrillos, Santa Fe, Glorieta, and Cabezon fields.
C. A. Fisher was placed in charge of five parties operating in the
vicinity of Billings, Mont. The heads of these parties were Messrs.
Calvert, Stone, Woolsey, Washburne, and Woodruff. From July 1
to October 31 Mr. Fisher was engaged in supervising the work of
these parties.
A party under the direction of Willis T. Lee was engaged in the
examination of the Grand Mesa coal field of Colorado from July 1 to
September 30, 1907. This field is the eastern continuation of the
Book Cliffs coal field, examined during the previous year by George
B. Richardson. From October 1 to October 7 Mr. Lee was engaged
in the study of the " Red Beds " in the vicinity of Las Vegas, N. Mex.
A party under the direction of George B. Richardson made a sur-
vey of the coal fields of southwestern Utah, including the so-called
anthracite field of New Harmony and the bituminous fields of the
Colob Plateau. Mr. Richardson was engaged in this work from July
1 to October 1, after which he proceeded to Texas and continued his
work in the El Paso and Van Horn quadrangles.
A party under the direction of A. R. Schultz was engaged in the
survey of the Rock Springs (Wyo.) coal field from July 1 to De-
cember 23, 1907. The geologic work in this field was carried on in
conjunction with a resurvey of the land lines of a part of this region
and the inspection of land surveys in another part of the same region
under the General Land Office.
A party under the direction of E. Wesley Shaw was engaged in
the survey of the Glenrock (Wyo.) coal field from July 1 to October
16, 1907.
A party under the joint direction of Carl D. Smith and Prof.
A. G. Leonard, state geologist of North Dakota, made a survey of
the Sentinel Butte coal field of North Dakota and eastern Montana.
Professor Leonard was able to be with the party only a few weeks,
and consequently the major portion of the work devolved upon Mr.
Smith. He was engaged in this work from July 1 to September 5,
when, owing to the transfer of Mr. Collier to other fields of work,
Mr. Smith was detailed to Miles City to continue the unfinished
work in that field.
A party under the direction of E. E. Smith made a geologic sur-
vey of the Great Divide Basin coal field of Wyoming from July 1
to November 15, 1907. The work of this party connects with that
of Mr. Ball on the south, that of Mr. Schultz on the west, and that
of Mr. Veatch, done during the previous year, on the east.
A party under the direction of R. W. Stone made a geologic sur-
vey of a large territory north and west of the Crazy Mountains,
Montana, from July 1 to October 18, 1907. This work was done on
232 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
the supposition that large bodies of coal occur in this region, but the
work of Mr. Stone shows that coal of workable thickness is entirely
absent, and that there is no reason for regarding this area as a coal
field.
A party under the direction of Joseph A. Taff made a geologic
survey of the Sheridan (Wyo.) coal field from July 1 to October 31,
1907.
A. C. Veatch was placed in charge of the parties of Messrs. Schultz,
Shaw, Smith, and Ball in central Wyoming. In addition to super-
vising the geologic work of these parties Mr. Veatch was authorized
by the General Land Office to make a resurvey of a small area north
of Rock Springs and to inspect certain contract surveys in the same
locality. This work engaged Mr. Veatch's attention from July 1 to
September 19, 190T, when he was transferred to the office of the
President to investigate the mining laws of Australasia.
A party under the direction of C. W. Washburne made a geologic
survey of the coal fields on the northeast side of the Bighorn Basin,
Wyoming, from July 1 to October 31, 1907. This work, although
principally in Wyoming, extended northward from Montana for 20
or 30 miles, including all of the so-called Bridger coal field in the
valley of Clark Fork.
Carroll C. Wegemann was engaged during the field season of
1907 and much of the office season of 1907-8 as an assistant to Arthur
J. Collier and Carl D. Smith. On April 20, 1908, Mr. Wegemann
was instructed to proceed to Miles City, Mont., and join a party from
the Forest Service in the examination and classification of coal lands
in the Otter National Forest. This work occupied his time until
May 29, when he returned to Helena, Mont., for the purpose of col-
lecting data regarding the land surveys of the Bull Mountain region.
Mr. Wegemann completed this work by June 10, and then proceeded
to Sheridan, Wyo., to assist Mr. Gale in the survey of the Buffalo
coal field.
A party under the direction of L. FI. Woolsey made a geologic
survey of a portion of the Musselshell Valley, including the southern
part of the Bull Mountain field, Montana, from July 1 to October 29,
11)07. A large part of the area examined was found to be barren of
workable coal beds, so (hat the energy of the party was largely cen-
tered on the Bull Mountain field, which contains a great many coal
beds and doubtless will become an important coal producer. In order
to complete the survey of this field at an early date, so that the lands
might soon be restored to coal entry, R. W. Richards, who has been
ciated with Mr. Woolsey in the work, returned to the field on
Mav 1. L908, and with a small party continued the surveys of the
previous season. This work is in progress July 1 and will soon be
completed.
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 233
A party under the direction of E. G. Woodruff made a geologic
survey of the coal fields on the southwest side of the Bighorn Basin.
Wyoming, including the Red Lodge field in Montana.
T. W. Stanton, paleontologist, spent the months of July, August.
and September in field work on the stratigraphy and paleontology
of the coal-bearing formations of the Rocky Mountain region, in co-
operation with the geologic parties that were doing areal and eco-
nomic work in the various coal fields. Visits of sufficient length to
determine the important features of the sections were made to the
parties near Rawlins, Rock Springs, Casper, Sheridan, and Cod}^, in
Wyoming, and near Red Lodge, Crazy Mountains, and Judith Moun-
tains, in Montana.
F. H. Knowlton, assisted by A. C. Peale, spent the field season in
the study of stratigraphic and paleontologic problems along Missouri
and Yellowstone rivers in North Dakota and Montana, in connection
with the coal work, procuring much paleobotanic material for use in
the correlation of various Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary formations.
Mr. Knowlton also visited the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, and the
northern side of the Crazy Mountains, Montana, studying the stra-
tigraphy and paleontology of these regions.
A detailed survey of the central pre-Cambrian area of the Black
Hills, South Dakota, was begun by A. Johannsen. The areal dis-
tribution of the slates, schists, and intrusives of a portion of the area
was mapped and a large number of specimens were collected. The
ke}^ to the structure was obtained.
Some revision work in the Black Hills was done by N. H. Darton,
in the Hermosa, Rapid, and Deadwood quadrangles.
During the field season of 1907 S. F. Emmons, under leave of ab-
sence without pay, took charge of a geologic survey of the important
copper-mining district of Cananea, in Sonora, Mexico, not far south
of the international boundary. The product of this district is en-
tirely tributary to the United States and its geologic structure pre-
sents some phenomena not hitherto observed in mining districts within
our boundaries, so that its study serves to round out investigations of
natural processes of ore distribution that have been carried on by this
Survey.
Whitman Cross did no field work during the summer of 1907, being
absent for several months on leave of absence without pay. Ho was
assisted by Howland Bancroft from December 1 to June 30 in office
work connected with the Ouray and Engineer Mountain folios of
Colorado.
Work was resumed by Mr. Cross in June, 1908, on the geology of
the San Juan region, Colorado, particularly on that of the Lake City
and San Cristobal quadrangles, where work had been done in previous
seasons. The survey of the former area will be completed during
234 TWENTY-NINTH KEPOBT OF GEOLOGICAL SUBVEY.
the coming season, and that of the latter will be carried as far as
possible toward completion.
Frank C. Schrader spent several months in examining mining
claims in the national forests of Colorado and occupied the remainder
of the year in field and office work on a report on the mineral de-
posits of western Arizona.
F. B. Weeks continued the reconnaissance of the western phosphate
field in Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah, and spent about a month at
Osceola, Nev., in a study of the mineral resources of the Osceola and
Tungsten mining districts. He also, in company with V. C. Heikes,
devoted a few days to a reconnaissance of the Fort Hall mining dis-
trict, Idaho.
In Nevada F. L. Ransome revisited the Goldfield and Bullfrog
districts to gather supplementary data. Reports embodying these
data were nearly completed during the year and require only the
insertion of information afforded by recent mining developments to
be ready for publication. The Goldfield report is by Mr. Ransome,
and the Bullfrog report by Messrs. Ransome, W. H. Emmons, and
G. H. Garrey.
The final report on the geology and ore deposits of the Cceur
d'Alene district, Idaho, by F. L. Ransome and F. C. Calkins, was
completed and submitted for publication in August, 1907. It is now
available for distribution.
A detailed study was made of the region in the vicinity of the
Canadian Pacific Railway between Castle Mountain, Alberta, and
Field, British Columbia, by Charles D. Walcott and L. D. Burling.
The sections of Castle Mountain, Lake Louise, Mount Bosworth, and
Mount Stephen were measured in detail, and numerous collections of
fossils were obtained, which have an important bearing on the early
Paleozoic succession in Montana, Idaho, and Utah. During the field
season of 1908 Doctor Walcott will continue this investigation by
making a detailed study of the section along the line of the forty-
ninth parallel between Montana and British Columbia, in an attempt
to correlate, if possible, the rocks studied by him in Canada with
those in the United States. During September, 1907, Doctor Walcott
spent two weeks in making a collection of Cambrian fossils in south-
easter!] [daho. The office work of Doctor Walcott for the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1908, has been the completion of a monograph on
the Cambrian Brachipoda.
The pre-Cambrian rocks of the Laramie Hills of southeastern Wyo-
ming were studied in detail and mapped within the limits of the
Sherman quadrangle by Eliot Blackwelder. It is believed that these
-indies will materially aid an understanding of the ancient rocks
thai occiic generally in the cores of many western mountain ranges.
An examination of similar rocks in the Laramie quadrangle was
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 235
made by Mr. Blackwelder, and the final manuscript for the Laramie-
Sherman folio was submitted for publication.
Detailed mapping of the geology of the Shasta County copper
region, in California, begun by L. C. Graton in 1906, was extended by
B. S. Butler during two months of the summer of 1907, when Mr.
Graton was on leave in Mexico. The mapping was completed in
November, and Mr. Graton completed the underground investigation
of the mines in January. Progress has been made on the final report.
The investigation of the copper resources of the country, which was
begun by Mr. Graton in 1906, was continued during the year, and trips
were made to nearly all the important copper districts not already
visited.
The final joint report on the mining districts of New Mexico by
Messrs. Lindgren, Graton, and Gordon was carried nearly to com-
pletion.
F. C. Calkins continued detailed areal mapping in the Philipsburg
district, Montana. The work has been virtually completed, but it was
determined that a visit to the field in company with a paleontologist
would be necessary for the correlation of the Mesozoic formations.
W. H. Emmons, after completing the survey' of the metalliferous
deposits of the Philipsburg quadrangle, made a study of the gold
deposits of the Little Rocky Mountains, Montana.
J. M. Boutwell was engaged in the preparation of the annual re-
ports on the production of zinc, lead, and quicksilver during the year
1906. He also visited the Park City mining district, Utah, and pro-
cured valuable data on mining developments there during the last
year. In the office he has since prepared sections on gold-bearing
gravels in Calaveras County, Cal., and resumed the preparation of
the report on the Park City mining district, Utah, with a view to
completing it this year.
T. Way land Vaughan resurveyed a portion of the Brackett (Tex.)
quadrangle. The survey of this area is now completed and the manu-
script, including text and geologic map, will soon be submitted for
publication as a folio of the Geologic Atlas.
Pacific coast. — Detailed surveys were made of the Coalinga oil dis-
trict, Fresno County, and the region as far south as Dudley, Kings
County, Cal., by Ralph Arnold, assisted by Robert Anderson. Special
attention was given to the details of the underground geology in the
proved territory in order to discover the conditions of the occurrence
of petroleum in this particular field, and also to a study of the struc-
ture and stratigraphy of the adjacent regions with a view to obtain-
ing information as to the extension of the procfuctive area, so as to
decrease the cost of development hy reducing the number of dry holes
drilled. A study of the paleontology, which bears a peculiarly im-
portant relation to the interpretation of the structure and stratigraphy
236 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
in this district, was carried on simultaneously with the strictly
economic work. Both a preliminary and a final report on the district
were prepared. A continuation southward to Sunset, Kern County,
of the investigations begun in the Coalinga district will be carried
forward during the field season of 1908. Mr. Arnold also spent a
short time in the Santa Cruz quadrangle, doing some supplementary
mapping and attending a field conference with George D. Louderback
relating to the Franciscan-Knoxville question, and made a brief visit
to the Miner ranch oil field, in Contra Costa County, on which he
prepared a short report.
A bulletin on the magnesite deposits of California was prepared
by Frank L. Hess and is in course of publication.
The detailed mapping of the Riddles quadrangle, in Oregon, was
completed and work on the Grants Pass quadrangle was begun by
J. S. Diller, assisted by G. F. Kay. Mr. Diller also investigated, for
the Forest Service, the coal in the northern part of the Siskiyou
National Forest and reported later that a large number of coal claims
that have been taken up are nonworkable under present conditions.
In response to numerous requests by citizens of Oregon, a reconnais-
sance was made by Mr. Diller about Mount Bolivar, in Douglas
County, to determine the mineral character of the land. With James
Storrs, Mr. Diller visited Oroville, Cal., to study the Mesozoic plant
beds of that region. This study was continued in Curry County,
Oreg., and Trinity and Tehama counties, Cal., to determine more
closeh7 the epoch of greatest deformation and mineralization in the
Klamath Mountains, where mining is extensive. In studying the
asbestos deposits of the United States Mr. Diller visited Sail Moun-
tain, Georgia; Rocky Mount and Bedford, Virginia; Lowell, Ver-
mont; Casper Mountain, Wyoming; Grand Canyon, Arizona; and
Towle, California.
The investigation of Pleistocene glaciation in the Sierra Nevada
lias been continued by Willard D. Johnson, attention being given to
contemporary deformation and volcanism as locally complicating and
radically affecting the glacial record. The resulting studies have been
carried far enough, it is believed, to warrant a general statement of
results, and a report is now well advanced.
In June. L907, Prof. James Perrin Smith spent three weeks in the
West Humboldt Range of Nevada, studying the Triassic stratigraphy
and collecting Triassic fossils to illustrate a monograph. Later he
vi-ited the Klamath Mountains of Shasta County, Cal., and spent
three *eeks in collecting Upper Triassic fossils. In Nevada he col-
lected Beveral new specie of Middle Triassic cephalopods, which have
been included in a monograph on that fauna. In California Pro-
or Smith found several new species of cephalopods and discovered
in the Upper Triassic limestone a coral reef that forms an important
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 237
lithologic horizon and gives a new element to the faunas of that
series in America.
Progress was made in arranging the material collected and in pre-
paring a monograph on the marine Middle Triassic faunas of Amer-
ica, which is not completed.
The work of Waldemar Lindgren has consisted largely of admin-
istrative duties in connection with the section of metalliferous depos-
its and the section of metal statistics (the larger part of the time
having been given to the latter), and with the examination of mining
claims in national forests. The remaining time has been given to
geologic field work and office work and to testimony before the United
States court in connection with prosecutions instituted by the Post-
Office Department for the abuse of mailing privileges.
In cooperation with the technologic branch N. H. Darton made an
examination of the geology of Portland, Oreg., and Tacoma and
Seattle, Wash., especially in relation to structural materials.
GENERAL GEOLOGIC AND PALEONTOLOGIC WORK.
The important investigations relating to river hydraulics with
special reference to laws of detrital load were continued by G. K.
Gilbert in cooperation with the water-resources branch. ■ In studying
the obstruction of Sacramento River, rough measurements were made
of the pits formed by past hydraulic-mining operations, from which
estimates were made of the amount of material removed in the basin
of Yuba River. In order to elucidate the conditions affecting the
surcharged river and the possibilities of its treatment, the relations
of load to gradient and volume in stream flow were studied. This
work, the application of which is much broader than the specific
and local problems here involved, was carried forward in the labora-
tory of the University of California. The results thus far obtained
include the relations of load to slope, of load to discharge, of load to
coarseness of detritus, and of load to form of cross section of channel.
The partial submergence of shell mounds about the shores of San
Francisco Bay, as determined by the University of California, led to
an investigation by Mr. Gilbert of such mounds near the mouth of
Sacramento River, in order to discover if such subsidence had taken
place there.
Prof. Harry Fielding Reicl has continued to collect all available
data relative to earthquakes in the United States. The International
Seismological Association, of which this country is a member, held
its first general assembly last September at The Hague. Professor
Reid attended the meeting as delegate from this country. The
assembly voted to continue Strassburg as the location of its central
bureau for the next four years and elected Professor Schuster, the
delegate from Great Britain, as the president of the association for
238 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
the same period. A number of important scientific questions were
debated and the central bureau presented a compilation of all the
earthquakes in the world for the year 1904. The association prom-
ises to be a great stimulus to seismologic investigation.
W. H. Dall identified between 3,000 and 4,000 fossils for field
parties of the Survey. He also continued his studies ofXhe post-
Eocene fauna of the Pacific coast. The report on the Miocene of
Oregon is now in course of publication.
George H. Girty, in addition to preparing reports on material
referred to him, made preliminary studies of some Arkansas collec-
tions of fossils and described the fauna with which the phosphates
were associated in Idaho and Utah. He spent a month in the study
of the types of Winchell's Carboniferous species preserved at Alma
and Ann Arbor, Mich., and devoted another month to collecting
paleontologic and stratigraphic data in the Carboniferous rocks of
Arkansas and Kansas.
From July 1 until August 15 T. Wayland Vaughan was on leave
of absence without pay, studying Paleozoic fossiFcorals for the New
York State Museum, in accordance with an arrangement between the
director of that museum and the Director of the United States Geo-
logical Survey. In April, 1908, in response to an invitation from
the Carnegie Institution of Washington, he undertook special inves-
tigations of the geology of the Florida keys and reefs, of the near-
shore bottom deposits of the ocean, and of the recent corals of the
region, with reference to environmental conditions, and initiated a
series of experiments for the purpose of procuring data on the factors
influencing variation and determining distribution, the information
obtained from the last two investigations to be used as a basis for the
reconstruction of the physical conditions under which fossil faunas
lived. Valuable information was procured on each of the subjects to
which attention was paid.
Work in vertebrate paleontology has been continued under the
direction of Prof. Henry Fairfield Osborn. The monograph on the
Ceratopsia, begun by O. C. Marsh, continued by J. B. Hatcher, and
edited and completed by K. S. Lull, has been published. The mono-
graph on the Stegosauria, originally assigned to F. A. Lucas, but
transferred to II. S. Lull, is slowly progressing through simultaneous
studies in Hi" National, Yale, and American museums. No allotment
lias been made by the Survey during the present year for the work
of Professor Lull.
Excepi during two periods of absence abroad and in the field,
Professor Osborn lias been engaged continuously in completing the
monograph on the titanotheres. The study of the stratigraphy of the
Eocene of (lie Rocky Mountain region, reported last year as under
way. has been finished, Professor Osborn having made a special
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 239
journey to the Washakie to complete his observations. This strati-
graphic and paleontologic correlation forms the subject of a special
paper now in course of publication by the Survey and will contribute
to the geologic section of the titanothere monograph. It is expected
that the manuscript of this monograph will be finished in Novem-
ber, 1908.
The Sauropoda in the Paris and British museums have recently
been briefly studied by Professor Osborn, who has done some work on
the Sauropoda monograph, with the assistance of W. K. Gregory.
David White was engaged during the larger part of the year in
studying the kind, quality, and physical and chemical composition of
coals of various epochs and areas, the conditions of deposition, the
nature of the original material, and the present state of the organic
matter. In the study of the microscopic structures of the coals he has
had the aid of Keinhart Thiessen for most of the year. This work
has been carried on at the request of the technologic branch, which
has borne the expense of field work for two and a half months in the
western areas and has paid one-half of Mr. White's salary and the
entire salary of his assistant. A paper by Mr. White, discussing the
relation of oxygen in coal to its calorific value, is now in preparation
for publication.
F. H. Knowlton, besides performing field work, has studied and
reported on more than 700 collections of fossil plants for the use of
geologists in locating and correlating horizons in the Mesozoic and
Tertiary, mainly in Alaska and the Rocky Mountain region. A little
time was also devoted to preparing a report on the stratigraphy and
paleontology of the Livingston formation in Montana.
Work on the bibliography and compendium of paleobotany has
been carried on by Miss L. M. Schmidt, who for about two-thirds of
the year has had the aid of Miss I. P. Evans. This work was done
under the joint supervision of Messrs. White and Knowlton.
The preparation of the general geologic map of North America,
which is being compiled in cooperation with the geological surveys
of Canada and Mexico, has been continued by Bailey Willis. The
basis of compilation is the map prepared in 1906 for the geological
congress at the City of Mexico and printed at the expense of the
Mexican Government, but it has been found desirable to revise a great
deal of the material incorporated in that map in order to bring it up
to date. The work includes also the preparation of a general descrip-
tion of the map and of the sources of the information it embodies,
an account of the several geologic provinces of North America, and
maps showing the geography of the continent at different geologic
periods — all to be published in a professional paper of the Survey.
E. C. Harder made a reconnaissance examination of the principal
manganese and manganiferous-ore deposits of the United States,
240 TWENTY-NINTH EEPOKT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
giving special attention to their commercial aspect and preparing a
report on them.
For many years N. H. Darton has been collecting data on under-
ground temperatures. During the last year a number of very im-
portant observations were made and the preparation of a list of all
deep underground temperatures determined in the United States was
continued.
DIVISION OF ALASKAN MINERAL RESOURCES.
The work of the division of Alaskan mineral resources was carried
on under an appropriation of $80,000 for " continuation of the in-
vestigation of the mineral resources of Alaska," work of the follow-
ing classes having been done: Reconnaissance and detailed geologic
surveys; special investigations of mineral resources; reconnaissance
and detailed topographic surveys; and investigations of water
resources in reference to supply available for placer mining.
PERSONNEL.
The personnel of the division varies greatly during the year by
transfers of technical employees to and from other divisions of the
Survey and by the employment of temporary clerks, according to
the demands of the work. Throughout the year 1 geologist in charge,
7 other geologists, 3 topographers, and 3 clerks have been employed.
In addition 5 geologists were employed a part of the time on a per
diem compensation. In May, 1908, 2 additional geologists, on annual
salaries, were added to the force by transfer from other divisions.
One additional topographer was employed up to the 1st of March,
and '2 engineers were detailed to the division from the water-resources
branch, giving about two-thirds of their time to the Alaskan work.
In May, 1908, 2 additional engineers were temporarily detailed to
the division.
During the season of 1907 the field force included also 1 topo-
graphic and 1 engineering field assistant and about 24 teamsters,
cooks, etc. The temporary assistants in the field force for 1908 in-
cluded 2 geologic and 2 topographic field assistants, with 25 labor-
er-. Two temporary clerks have been employed in the office for
three and six months. On June 30, 1908, the division included 1
geologic in charge, !> other geologists on annual salaries and 3
geologists employed at a per diem compensation, 2 geologic field
assistants, ■'> topographers and 2 topographic field assistants, 1
engineers, 25 camp hands, and 3 clerks.
FIELD OPERATIONS l N SEASON OF l*.>07.
General outline. Twelve parties engaged in Alaskan surveys and
investigation during the field season of 1!>()7. Six of these were car-
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
241
rying on geologic work, four were making topographic surveys, and
two were engaged in stream gaging. The aggregate area covered by
geologic reconnaissance surveys is 4,000 square miles; by detailed
geologic surveys, 400 square miles; by topographic reconnaissance
surveys, 6,125 square miles; and by detailed topographic surveys,
501 square miles. In addition, reconnaissance investigations of water
resources were carried over an area of 1,000 square miles and studies
were made in considerable detail over 400 square miles. Eleven of
the 28 mining districts of Alaska in which developments are going
on, including all but two of the most important, were visited by
members of the staff. The following table shows the allotment of
the appropriation to the different districts of Alaska. The figures
include the cost of both field and office work as well as of inspection.
Allotment to Alaskan surveys and investigations, 1907.
Continuation of general investigation of coal resources $4, 700
Surveys and investigations in —
Southeastern Alaska 5,300
Copper River region 12,000
Yukon region 41,000
Seward Peninsula 17,000
80, 000
The following table shows the progress of Alaskan surveys since
the beginning of systematic work in 1898 and the need for extending
the map work :
Progress of surreys in Alaska, 1898-1907, in square miles.
Appropria-
tion.
Geologic.
Topographic.
Hydrographic.
Year.
Recon-
naissance.
Detailed.
Recon-
naissance.
Detailed.
Recon-
naissance.
Detailed.
1898
$46, 189. 60
25, 000. 00
2j>, 000. 00
35, 000. 00
60, 000. 00
60, 000. 00
60, 000. 00
80, 000. 00
80,000.00
80, 000. 00
9,500
6,000
10,000
12, 000
17, 000
13, 000
6, 000
8,000
9,000
4,000
14,912
8,688
11, 152
15, 664
20, 304
15, 008
6,480
8,176
10, 768
6, 125
1899
1900
1901
1902
336
1903
336
1904
ISO
948
40
501
1905
550
414
400
1906
1907
1,000
1,000
200
ion
Percentage of total
551,189.60
94, 500
16.11 +
1,700
.3-
117,277
20
2, 305
2, 000
.3 +
600
.1 +
Administration. — As in previous years, the administration of the
Alaskan division was in the hands of Alfred II. Brooks, who also
devoted considerable time to various geologic problems connected
with the investigation of the mineral wealth of the Territory. He
also supervised personally the collection of statistics of the precious
metals in the Territory and carried on some field work in southeast-
58020— INT 1908— vol 1 10
242 TWENTY-NINTH REPOKT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
ern Alaska and the Fairbanks district. The general supervision of the
topographic work, as in previous years, was in charge of T. G.
Gerdine until June, when he was succeeded by R. H. Sargent in this
work. During the absence of the chief of the division E. M. Aten
was left in charge of the office.
In pursuance of a general plan outlined two years ago, the study
of the coal-bearing rocks of the Territory has been continued by
W. W. Atwood and H. M. Eakin, who in 1907 visited the coal-bearing
areas of southeastern Alaska and the Yukon and in connection with
this work did some topographic and geologic mapping.
Southeastern Alaska. — The most important part of the geologic
reconnaissance mapping in southeastern Alaska having been com-
pleted, detailed surveys were begun in 1907. A large part of the
copper-producing district of Kasaan Peninsula, on Prince of Wales
Island, including an area of 64 square miles, was mapped topograph-
ically by D. C. Witherspoon and J. W. Bagley in May, 1908, on a
scale of 1 : 62500, and the same area was subsequently covered with
geologic surveys made by C. W. Wright and Sidney Paige. Unfor-
tunately, the weather conditions and other interruptions prevented
the completion of these surveys, which are, however, now being
continued.
Copper River region. — Though the geologic and topographic map-
ping in the Copper River basin was practically completed in 1902,
the important industrial advancement in this field made it urgent
that a reexamination of the copper-bearing belts should be under-
taken, in order to collect the data bearing on the mineral wealth
which had become available by the mining developments, and to
embody it in a second edition of the report on this field. The Kotsina-
Chitina copper belt, the most important, was chosen for investigation
in 1907 and the work was carried to completion by F. H. Moffit and
A. G. Madclren.
Yukon basin. — In view of the large gold production and impor-
tant mining developments in the Fairbanks district, a detailed survey
of this district was determined upon. This survey was made by T. G.
Gerdine and R. II. Sargent, who mapped an area of 436 square miles
for publication on a scale of 1 mile to the inch, with 25- foot contours.
In the Yukon region, where the water supply is an all-important
feature of the placer-mining industry, the rainfall is slight and the
stream flows are small. As there was urgent need for hydrographic
investigation in this region, C. C. Covert, hydrographer, was detailed
to begin work in the Fairbanks district, the largest producer of placer
gold in the legion. A single season's stream measurements can not
be conclusive, yel the results are of considerable value in estimating
the amount of water available for mining purposes.
As part of the plan to carry a topographic reconnaissance map over
the mosl important purls of Alaska as soon as means permit, it was
determined to continue the mapping m the Yukon-Tanana region
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 243
during 1907. To this end D. C. Witherspoon and J. W. Bagley
mapped an area of about 6,000 square miles lying between the inter-
national boundary, the Tanana, the Yukon, and the mouth of the
Delta.
In the same general field geologic studies of the mineral resources
were continued by L. M. Prindle, who completed the geologic map-
ping of the Fortymile quadrangle (submitted for publication) and
also visited a number of other localities which promise to throw light
on the geology and mineral resources.
Seward Peninsula. — As part of the plan to map geologically the
important mining districts of Seward Peninsula in detail, the Solo-
mon and Casadepaga districts were covered during the last season.
This work was carried on by P. S. Smith, F. J. Katz, and George
I. Findlay over an area of 400 square miles of exceedingly intricate
geology, and important clues were obtained in regard to the struc-
ture and mineral resources of the peninsula. The complexity of the
field, however, makes it necessary to supplement this work by further
investigations before the report can be published. For this reason
also the report on the geology of the Nome and Grand Central quad-
rangles has been withheld from publication, it being necessary to set-
tle certain problems by further field investigations.
In accordance with the general plan made for the investigation of
the water resources of Seward Peninsula two years ago, F. F. Hen-
shaw, assisted by Raymond Richards, was detailed to continue stream
measurements in this area. By this work additional data were ob-
tained in the area previously examined. The work was also extended
both northward into the Kougarok district, where important mining
developments are going on, and eastward into the Solomon River
region. It is expected that this preliminary study of the water re-
sources of Seward Peninsula can be brought to a close during another
field season.
FIELD OPERATIONS IN SEASON OF 1908.
Thirteen parties were dispatched to Alaska in March, April, May,
and June, and another party will be sent early in July. One of these
parties is carrying on detailed topographic surveys in southeastern
Alaska. Another party is doing detailed geologic work in the same
region, and still another is engaged in studying the copper-bearing
region at the headwaters of White, Tanana, and Copper rivers. A
detailed topographic survey of the eastern and best-developed portion
of the Kotsina-Chitina copper belt was begun in April. The recon-
naissance of the copper-bearing area of Prince William Sound is
being completed. The coal-bearing rocks on Herendeen Bay are
being investigated, and incidentally some reconnaissance surveys of
this area are to be undertaken.
244 TWENTY-NINTH REPOKT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
In the Yukon region a detailed geologic survey of the Fairbanks
special area and an investigation of the water resources of the Fair-
banks, Birch Creek, and Rampart regions have been begun. A party
is also engaged in continuing the topographic reconnaissance survey
of the Yukon-Tanana region, including a small area lying north of
the Tanana between Fairbanks and the Delta, and a large area lying
south of the Tanana between the Delta and the Nenana. A prelim-
inary survey of the newly discovered Innoko placer district has been
undertaken.
In Seward Peninsula two men are completing a reconnaissance of
the water resources available for placer mining, and two parties are
engaged in general studies of the stratigraphy and areal geology to
obtain information needed in investigating the mineral resources.
OFFICE WORK.
It is gratifying to state that the office work bearing on the study of
notes and specimens and also the preparation of manuscripts has been
brought up to date, with the single exception of a report on the Mount
McKinley region, by the geologist in charge.
In addition to the reports issued, there have been submitted for
publication the following manuscripts : " The Ketchikan and Wran-
gell mining districts," by F. E. and C. W. Wright (Bulletin 347) ;
" Physiography and glacial geology of the Yakutat Bay region,
Alaska," by R. S. Tarr, with a chapter on the bed-rock geology, by
R. S. Tarr and B. S. Butler ; " Geology of the Seward Peninsula tin
deposits," by Adolph Knopf (Bulletin 358) ; " Mineral resources of
the Kotsina-Chitina copper belt," by F. H. Moffit and A. G. Maddren;
and " Description of the Fortymile quadrangle, Yukon-Tanana
region," by L. M. Prindle.
Two manuscripts bearing on the geology and mineral resources
of Seward Peninsula, entitled " Geology of the Nome and Grand
Central quadrangles," by F. II. Moffit, F. L. Hess, and P. S.
Smith (nine-tenths completed), and "Geology of the Solomon and
Casadepaga quadrangles," by P. S. Smith and F. J. Katz (three-
fourths completed), are awaiting the solving of some general strati-
graphic problems in Seward Peninsula. The report on " Copper
deposits of the Kasaan Peninsula," by C. W. Wright, is about half
done, but a month more of field work will be required before office
work is undertaken. Mr. Atwood's summary report dealing with
the Cretaceous and Tertiary coals of Alaska is about half done. The
report cut it led "An exploration in the Mount McKinley region," by
Alfred II. Brooks, is three-fourths completed.
GEOLOGIC RESULTS.
It is difficult to summarize the geologic results of one year's work,
as these may embody much previous preparation and study and are
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 245
usualty attained by gradual evolution. Worthy of record, however,
is the additional knowledge gained on the genesis and distribution of
the copper deposits of southeastern Alaska by C- W. Wright, and on
the tin and other metal-bearing lodes of Seward Peninsula by Adolph
Knopf. L. M. Prindle's studies in the Yukon-Tan ana region point
to the conclusion that large batholithic masses of intrusive rocks are
there mantled by a comparatively thin shell of met amorphic sedi-
ments and that the gold deposits are closely connected with the intru-
sions. W. W. Atwood's investigations indicate that there was more
than one extensive period of base-leveling in the Yukon basin. In
Seward Peninsula Messrs. Smith and Katz have obtained evidence
of exceedingly intricate folding of the metamorphic sediments of the
Nome group. The Chitistone limestone in the Copper River region,
long believed to be Carboniferous, has been proved to be Triassic by
fossils collected by Messrs. Moffit and Maddren and determined by
T. W. Stanton. This adds at least 4,000 feet of strata, and probably
double that amount, to the Triassic section of central xVlaska.
The report on the geology and mineral resources of the Controller
Bay region, by G. C. Martin (Bulletin 337), describes the geography
and the bed-rock, glacial, and economic geology of this region,
which lies on the Pacific coast of Alaska between meridians 143° 45'
and 144° 40'. Most of the bed-rock formations fall into two groups,
one of which is known to be Tertiary (Miocene?), and the other is
probably Tertiary. There is also a small area of metamorphic rocks
of unknown age. The sediments are closely folded and profoundly
faulted. Igneous rocks are represented solely by a few dikes. The
mineral resources include some oil seepages, with two wells that have
made a small production. Of far greater importance are the coal
beds. These coals are anthracite and semibituminous and include
some coking coals. They are known to underlie an area of 56.4
square miles, and the field probably extends to the northeast, beyond
the area mapped.
DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES.
The work of the division of mineral resources consisted in the
preparation of reports on the mineral resources of the United States
for 1906 and 1907. The report for 1906 was completed, published,
and distributed, and the report for 1907 was prepared in part, seven-
teen chapters of it having been completed before the close of the fiscal
year 1907-8 and transmitted for publication separately in advance
of the volume. The chapters on aluminum and bauxite, cement,
asbestos, monazite and zircon, and phosphate rock were printed and
distributed before June 30, and the manuscript for the reports on
asphalt and bituminous rock, barytes, anthracite coal, fluorspar and
cryolite, fuller's earth, gypsum, manganese ores, mica, mineral paints,
salt and bromine, tin, and slate was submitted for publication. The
246 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
production statistics for many other minerals were announced to the
press for jDublication in advance of the full report.
Waldemar Lindgren, geologist in charge of economic geology of
metalliferous ores (except iron), has given about one-half of his time
to the administrative work on the same subjects for this division.
During July and August, 1907, Mr. Lindgren spent some time in the
Denver office, having been detained in that city as witness in the suit
instituted by the postal authorities against the Lost Bullion Mining
Company of New Mexico. During March and April Mr. Lindgren
made a tour of inspection covering the three suboffices, San Fran-
cisco, Salt Lake City, and Denver.
Congress having failed to make specific appropriations for continu-
ing the investigation of the black sands of the Pacific coast and other
portions of the United States, this investigation was discontinued
July 1, 1907.
A considerable part of the time of the experts employed in this
division is consumed in answering technical inquiries and making
visual examinations of mineral specimens that are submitted by
numerous persons for determination. Inquiries for information as
to the character of ores are answered as promptly as possible, and
such information is given freely where a chemical analysis or assay
is not required.
DIVISION OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL RESEARCH.
In the physical laboratory George F. Becker continued his inves-
tigations on geophysical problems, with particular reference to their
application to geology. C. E. Van Orstrand has remained in imme-
diate charge of the work on elasticity. In addition to theoretical
investigations and the reduction of observations made at the Wash-
ington Monument, systematic observations have been made on the
elastic after-effect of steel tapes maintained at a constant tempera-
ture. The problem presents many difficulties from either a theoret-
ical or an experimental standpoint ; but the possibility of its applica-
tion to a precise discussion of the stress-strain relation, the variation
of electric resistance, the condition of isostasy which probabty exists
in the crust of the earth, the internal resistances of solids, etc.,
would seem to justify a general investigation of high precision. A
few experiments on the diffusivity of solid metals are being con-
ducted, partly with the hope of throwing some light on the mechan-
ism of the elastic after-effect, but chiefly for the purpose of inves-
tigating :i very interesting property of matter which has hitherto
received but little attention from scientific men. The following
publications indicate the scope of these investigations:
Becker, a. l\, Currenl theories of slaty cleavage. (Am. Jour. Sci., July, 1907.)
Becker, <;. i\. and Van Orstrand, C. E., Tables of hyperbolic functions. (Now
in course of publication by the Smithsonian institution.)
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 247
Van Orstraud, C. E., Inverse interpolation by means of a reversed series.
(Philos. Mag., May, 1908.)
Becker, G. F., Age of a cooling globe in which the initial temperature increases
directly as the distance from the surface. (Science, February 7, 1908.)
Becker, G. F., Relations of radioactivity to geology and cosmogony. (Bull.
Geol. Soc. America.)
In the chemical laboratory during the year 116 quantitative anal-
yses were reported, and also 826 qualitative determinations, chiefly of
minerals sent for examination by persons not connected with the Sur-
vey. F. W. Clarke completed and published during the year his bulle-
tin (No. 330) entitled " The data of geochemistry." He also published
a paper on the composition of two marine sediments — the average " red
clay " and the intermediate terrigenous clay. W. F. Hillebrand pub-
lished an important paper on vanadium minerals from Peru, and a
joint paper with W. T. Schaller on the mercury minerals of Texas.
He also made a considerable number of analyses of lead bullets, fur-
nishing data for use of the United States Senate committee in the
Brownsville investigation. He conducted and completed an investi-
gation on the determination of ferrous iron and water in rock analyses.
E. C. Sullivan continued his work on the chemistry of ore deposition
until April 1, when he severed his connection with the Survey, having
accepted an invitation to engage in work for a private firm. George
Steiger, whose time was largely occupied with routine work, com-
pleted and published the results of two investigations on analytical
methods, one on a new form of colorimeter and the other on the esti-
mation of small quantities of fluorine. He also did some work on
the dehydration of gypsum and on the precipitation of zirconium as
phosphate. W. T. Schaller, in addition to his 'necessary routine
work, including a large number of mineral determinations, published
several papers on mineralogical subjects. A paper by Messrs. Hille-
brand and Schaller on the mercury minerals from Terlingua, Tex., is
nearly ready for publication as a bulletin of the Survey.
TOPOGRAPHIC BRANCH.
ORGANIZATION.
The organization of the topographic branch remained the same as
at the close of the last fiscal year until January 18, 1908, when R. B.
Marshall was appointed chief geographer and T. G. Gerdine suc-
ceeded Mr. Marshall as geographer in charge of the Pacific division.
The organization is as follows:
Atlantic division, Frank Sutton, geographer in charge.
Central division, W. H. Herron, geographer in charge.
Rocky Mountain division, E. C. Barnard, geographer in charge.
Pacific division, T. G. Gerdine, geograi)her in charge.
Inspectors of topography, J. H. Renshawe, geographer; W\ M.
Beaman and F. E. Matthes, topographers.
248 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
E. M. Douglas, geographer in charge of office prior to the appoint-
ment of the chief geographer, retains immediate supervision of the
computing and instrument sections, and is in general charge of the
office administration of the topographic branch in the absence of the
chief geographer. During April, May, and June Mr. Douglas was
in charge of the survey of the boundary of the Luquillo National
Forest in Porto Rico.
Henry Gannett, geographer, was absent o%n leave during the whole
year while assistant director of the Cuban census.
PERSONNEL.
The technical corps of the topographic branch was increased during
the year by the appointment of 16 junior topographers, 4 assistant
topographers, and 1 draftsman. It was reduced by death, transfers,
and resignations amounting to 12. With these changes the technical
force now includes a chief geographer, 9 geographers, 40 topog-
raphers, 38 assistant topographers, 4 topographic aids, 20 junior
topographers, and 4 draftsmen. Four of the topographers and 1
geographer are on leave without pay. In addition to the above regu-
lar force 1GT technical field assistants were employed during the whole
or a part of the field season.
SUMMARY OF RESULTS.
The condition of topographic surveys to July 1, 1908, distinguished
as to scale, etc., is shown on PL II.
As shown in the following tables, which give the details of topo-
graphic mapping and spirit leveling for the fiscal year, the total area
mapped was 25,658 square miles, making the total area surveyed to
date in the United States 1,051,126 square miles, or about 35 per cent.
In addition, 6,979 square miles of revision or resurvey were com-
pleted, making the total area of actual surveys for the season 32,637
square miles.
Triangulation and primary-traverse stations to the number of 504
were occupied, located, and marked and 19 were intersected, and 3,468
miles of primary traverse were run. In the course of this work 35,325
square miles were covered by primary control.
In connection with these surveys 7,543 linear miles of primary
levels and 843 miles of precise levels were run, making the total
amount of primary and precise spirit leveling done since the authoriza-
tion of this work by Congress, in 1896, 212,149 miles.
The area covered by topographic surveys in Alaska during the
fiscal year L907 8, as reported in detail on pages 40-43, was about
6,626 square miles. 501 of which were mapped for publication on the
scale of 1 : 62,500 and 6,125 for publication on the scale of 1:250,000.
ANN. REPT. DEPT. OF INTERIOR
MAP OF UNITED STATES, SHOWING AREAS COVERED BY TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS
AND THE SCALE EMPLOYED FOR EACH AEEA
Scale
100 0 100 200 300 miles
1908
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
249
The results of primary triangulation and primary traverse in all
States in which field work was in progress were summarized and pre-
pared for publication as a bulletin.
Present condition of topographic surveys of the United States and new areas
surveyed in 1907-8.
State or Territory.
New area
surveyed
in 1907-8.
Total area
surveyed
to July 1,
1908.
Percent-
age of
total area
of State
surveyed
to July 1,
1908.
Sq. miles.
Sq. miles.
18, 283
62, 962
20, 469
82, 379
38, 896
4,965
1,008
70
1,821
17,087
15,358
8,171
2,618
10,092
64, 159
15, 845
7, 923
7,185
10,294
8,266
4,244
3,087
1,003
34, 246
48, 977
25,974
44, 221
3,376
8,224
29, 990
38, 808
17, 418
8,919
23, 067
37, 663
17, 333
21,029
1,248
5, 640
17, 956
20, 345
66, 314
63, 320
3,537
29, 980
18,398
24, 120
11,373
23, 4G5
35
250
55
38
2,998
1,130
52
Colorado
37
100
43
100
3
232
162
771
160
197
29
Idaho
18
Illinois
14
7
Iowa
18
Kansas
78
Kentucky
1,330
39
16
Maine
380
22
Maryland
84
Massachusetts
100
Michigan
491
211
97
229
1,788
7
Minnesota
4
Mississippi
2
Missouri
49
Montana
33
Nebraska
34
Nevada
3,739
216
40
New Hampshire
36
New Jersey
100
New Mexico
1,255
599
344
3,070
1,168
1,053
1,421
24
New York
79
North Carolina
33
13
Ohio
56
54
Oregon
18
47
Rhode Island
100
144
18
South Dakota
23
Tennessee
242
469
48
Texas
25
Utah
75
Vermont
37
151
170
70
Washington
27
99.8
Wisconsin
176
871
20
24
25, 658
1, 051, 126
ATLANTIC DIVISION.
FIELD WORK.
SUMMARY.
During the season topographic mapping was carried on in
Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Mississippi, New
Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Ohio, Penn-
250
TWENTY-NINTH KEPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
sylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. This work com-
prised the survey of 33 quadrangles and the resurvey or revision of 11
quadrangles and 1 special area. In addition, 18 quadrangles were
partly surveyed and 5 quadrangles partly resurveyed. The total new
area mapped was 8,226 square miles — 8,129 square miles for publica-
tion on the scale of 1 : 62,500, and 97 square miles for publication on
the scale of 1 : 31,680. The area resurveyed was 3,046 square miles —
248 for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, 2,710 for publication on
the scale of 1 : 62,500, and 88 for publication on the scale of 1 : 36?000.
In connection with this work 2,993 miles of primary levels and 304
miles of precise levels were run and 898 permanent bench marks were
established.
Primary triangulation, primary traverse, and precise leveling were
carried on at various times by eight parties. This work was distributed
over portions of Alabama, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Mississippi,
Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. The
total area covered by this primary control was about 8,550 square
miles, of which 6,300 square miles were controlled by primary trav-
erse. The result of this work was to make control available in forty-
one 15-minute quadrangles.
Topographic surveys in Atlantic division from June 1, 1907, to July 1, 1908.
Contour
interval.
For publication on scale of —
Total
area sur-
veyed.
Levels.
State.
1:125,000.
1:62,500.
Distance
run.
Bench
marks.
Resur-
vey.
New.
Resur-
vey.
Feet.
50
20-50
20
20
20
Sq. miles.
248
Sq. miles.
Sq. miles.
145
247
Sq. miles.
393
a 501
1,330
380
684
b 97
216
599
a 349
3,070
1,479
144
a 303
223
1,504
Miles.
31
96
483
82
101
246
31
232
1,330
380
28
86
Maine
23
Maryland
684
26
65
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20-50
50
216
599
344
3,070
1,421
144
242
151
231
57
Ohio
965
456
298
58
117
72
53
481
14
Virginia
72
1,504
10
West Virginia
143
248
8,129
2,710
11,272
3,297
898
" HH square miles of resurvey, 5 in North Carolina, 22 in Georgia, 61 in Tennessee, for
publication on the scale of 1 : 36,000.
"97 square miles in Mississippi for publication on scale of 1 : 31,680.
DETAILS OF WORK BY STATES.
. 1 labama. — The resurvey of the Opelika quadrangle, in Chambers
and Lee counties, was completed by II. W. Berry, 248 square miles
being mapped for publication on the scale of 1: 125,000, with a con-
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 251
tour interval of 50 feet. The resurvey of the Montevallo quadrangle,
in Shelby, Chilton, and Bibb counties, was commenced by Mr. Berry,
145 square miles being completed, for publication on the scale of
1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 50 feet. For the control of these
and adjoining areas 31 miles of primary levels were run and 31 per-
manent bench marks were established by A. K. Gilman and J. B.
Metcalf. The control of the Seale quadrangle, in Lee and Russell
counties, was completed by F. J. McMaugh, who ran 38 miles of pri-
mary traverse.
Georgia. — The resurvey of the Acworth quadrangle, in Cherokee,
Bartow, and Cobb counties, and the survey of the Columbus quad-
rangle, in Chattahoochee and Muscogee counties, were completed by
Duncan Hannegan. The total area resurveyed was 247 square miles
and the new area surveyed was 232 square miles, all for publication
on the scale of 1:62,500, with contour intervals of 20 and 50 feet.
For the control of the Columbus quadrangle 96 miles of primary
levels were run and 28 permanent bench marks were established by
J. B. Metcalf.
Kentucky. — For the continuation of cooperative topographic sur-
veys the state geologist allotted $8,000 and the federal Survey allotted
a like sum. The Providence, Earlington, Madisonville, Central City,
Hartford, and Whitesville quadrangles, in Webster, Hopkins, Cald-
well, Crittenden, Daviess, Ohio, Hancock, McLean, Muhlenberg, and
Butler counties, were completed by Van. H. Manning, A. O. Burk-
land, C. C. Gardner, R. L. Harrison, T. H. Moncure, and R. W. Berry.
The total area surveyed was 1,330 square miles, for publication on
the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet. For the
control of these quadrangles 408 miles of primary spirit levels were
run and 61 permanent bench marks were established by H. W. Pea-
body and G. W. Crane, and in addition 178 miles of primary traverse
were run and 10 stations established by C. B. Kendall. A line of
precise levels 75 miles in length was run by W. H. Monahan from
Center along the Illinois Central Railroad to Cerulean Springs, cross-
ing Caldwell, Crittenden, Elmore, and Trigg counties, and furnishing
control for the Eddyville, Marion, Morganfield, Princeton, Provi-
dence, and Shawneetown quadrangles. In connection with this line
25 permanent bench marks were established.
Maine. — For the' continuation of cooperative topographic surveys
in Maine the State Survey Commission allotted $2,500 and the United
States Geological Survey allotted a like sum. The survey of the
Eastport quadrangle, in Washington County, and the Poland quad-
rangle, in Androscoggin, Oxford, and Cumberland counties, was
completed, and that of the Ellsworth quadrangle, in Hancock County,
was commenced. This work was done by Hersey Munroe, R. Puring-
ton, and F. E. Matthes, the total area surveyed being 380 square miles.
252 TWENTY-NINTH REPOKT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of
20 feet. For the control of the Eastport quadrangle 82 miles of
primary levels were run and 23 permanent bench marks were estab-
lished by H. M. Gilman, jr. The Ellsworth quadrangle, in Hancock
County, was controlled by S. S. Gannett by means of triangulation,
5 stations being occupied and 2 points located by intersections.
Maryland. — For the continuation of cooperative topographic sur-
veys in Maryland the state geologist allotted $5,000 and the federal
Survey allotted $4,000. The resurvey of the Ijamsville and Mount
Airy quadrangles and the Maryland portion of the Seneca quadrangle
was completed, and that of the Middletown and Taneytown quad-
rangles was commenced. The total area resurveyed was 684 square
miles, in Montgomery, Frederick, Carroll, Howard, and Jefferson
counties, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour
interval of 20 feet. This work was done by W. Carvel Hall, J. H.
Wheat, Fred Graff, E. W. McCrary, J. S. B. Daingerfield, J. D.
Forster, L. C. Fletcher, and S. P. Floore. For the control of these
and adjacent areas 101 miles of primary levels were run and 26 per-
manent bench marks were established by W. R. Winstead and J. E.
McCorkle. The Emmitsburg and Taneytown quadrangles, in Fred-
erick, Carroll, and Montgomery counties, and the Seneca quadrangle,
in Montgomery County, Md., and Fairfax County, Va., were con-
trolled by 119 miles of primary traverse run and 9 stations established
by F. J. McMaugh.
Mississippi. — For cooperative topographic surveys in Mississippi
the state Geological Survey and the United States Geological Survey
each allotted $1,600. An irregular area of 323 square miles in the
vicinity of Clarksdale, in Coahoma, Bolivar, Quitman, Tallahatchie,
Panola, and Tunica counties, was controlled, under the direction of
C. D. S. Clarkson, by 80 miles of primary levels run by J. E. Mc-
Corkle and W. W. Boone, who established 18 permanent bench marks ;
and by 158 miles of primary traverse and 15 stations established by
F. J. McMaugh and C. A. Clunet.
On May 11 a tentative agreement was entered into with the gov-
ernor of the State and the president of the Tallahatchie drainage
commission, which empowered the federal Survey to undertake the
mapping of the Tallahatchie drainage district. On June 15 a final
agreement was made which provided that the. Geological Survey
should expend $!),000 for this work and the Tallahatchie drainage
commission $27,000, more or less, to complete the survey of the dis-
trict. Work was commenced by Van. H. Manning, E. P. Davis, K. L.
Harrison, C. C. Gardner, and J. R. McMillen on the Belen, Coahoma,
and Evansville quadrangles, in Coahoma, Quitman, and Tunica
counties, the survey of 1)7 square miles being completed, for publica-
tion on the scale of 1 : 31,680, with a contour interval of 5 feet. For
TWENTY-NINTH EEPOKT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 253
the control of this district 101 miles of primary and G5 miles of
precise levels were run by L. L. Lee, C. C. Gardner, and W. H. Mona-
han, in connection with which 47 permanent bench marks were estab-
lished and 172 miles of primary traverse were run and 58 stations
established by F. J. McMaugh and C. A. Clunet.
Alabama-Mississippi-Tennessee. — The Iuka quadrangle, in Colbert
and Lauderdale counties, Ala., Tishomingo County, Miss., and
Hardin County, Tenn., was controlled by 84 miles of primary traverse
run by F. J. McMaugh.
New Hampshire. — The survey of the Lake Winnipesaukee quad-
rangle, in Belknap and Carroll counties, was completed by J. I.
Gayetty, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour inter-
val of 20 feet, the area mapped being 216 square miles.
New York. — The state engineer and surveyor allotted $8,000 for
the continuation of the cooperative topographic survey of the State,
and the federal Survey allotted a like amount for the same purpose.
The work on the Cooperstown quadrangle, in Otsego County, and the
Stony Creek quadrangle, in Warren, Hamilton, and Saratoga coun-
ties, was completed; that on the Delhi quadrangle, in Otsego and
Delaware counties ; the Neversink quadrangle, in Sullivan and Ulster
counties; and the Bath quadrangle, in Steuben County, was partly
completed. This work was done by C. E. Cooke, W. H. S. Morey,
Fred Graff, jr., W. M. Beaman, J. I. Gayetty, L. C. Fletcher, J. M.
Whitman, and S. P. Floore, the area surveyed being 599 square miles,
for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20
feet. For the control of these and' adjoining areas 231 miles of pri-
mary levels were run and 57 permanent bench marks were established
by C. H. Semper.
North Carolina. — The survey of the Great Coharie quadrangle, in
Sampson County, was completed by Albert Pike, the area mapped
being 244 square miles.
North Carolina-South Carolina. — The survey of the Gaffney quad-
rangle, in Cleveland County, N. C., and Cherokee County, S. C, was
completed by W. L. Miller and L. L. Lee. The area surveyed was
214 square miles, 100 of which are in North Carolina, for publication
on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet.
Ohio. — The governor of Ohio allotted $19,000 for the continuation
of the cooperative topographic survey of the State, and a like sum
was set apart for the same purpose by the United States Geological
Survey. The survey of the Ottawa, McClure, Napoleon, Continental,
and Defiance quadrangles, in Defiance, Williams, Lucas, Paulding,
Putnam, Henry, Wood, and Fulton counties; the Newark. Thurston,
Thornville, Logan, and Lancaster quadrangles, in Licking, Knox,
Muskingum, Pickaway, Fairfield, Perry, and Hocking counties; and
the Alliance, Lisbon, and Columbiana quadrangles, in Stark, Coluni-
254 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
biana, and Mahoning counties, was completed, and that of the Fra-
zeysburg, Conesville, Zanesville, New Lexington, and Granville quad-
rangles, in Coshocton, Morgan, Perry, Hocking, Athens, Muskingum,
and Licking counties, was commenced. This work was done by J. H.
Jennings, R. C. McKinney, W. H. S. Morey, R. D. Cummin, W. H.
Monahan, J. S. B. Daingerfield, C. W. Goodlove, J. M. Whitman,
I. M. Flocker, J. A. Duck, and W. H. Lovell, the area surveyed be-
ing 3,070 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, Avith
a contour interval of 20 feet. For the control of these and adjacent
areas 965 miles of primary levels were run and 298 permanent bench
marks were established by C. H. Semper, R. C. Seitz, C. H. Burns,
W. H. Monahan, I. M. Flocker, and E. C. Bibbee. The Coshocton,
Brinkhaven, Caldwell, McConnellsville, New Lexington, Millers-
burg, and Plimpton quadrangles, in Holmes, Wayne, Ashland, Coshoc-
ton, Knox, Washington, Morgan, and Perry counties, were controlled
by 299 miles of primary traverse run and 28 stations established by
C. B. Kendall.
Pennsylvania. — The Geologic and Topographic Survey Commission
of Pennsylvania allotted $11,500 for the continuance of cooperative
topographic surveys of the State, and the United States Geological
Survey allotted a like sum for the same purpose. The survey of the
Shenango quadrangle, in Mercer and Crawford counties ; the Smicks-
burg quadrangle, in Jefferson, Armstrong, and Indiana counties; the
Foxburg quadrangle, in Venango, Clarion, Butler, and Armstrong
counties; the Gettysburg quadrangle, in Adams and York counties,
and the Freeport quadrangle, in Armstrong, Butler, Allegheny, and
Westmoreland counties, was completed; and that of the York quad-
rangle, in York County; the Zelionople quadrangle, in Butler and
Lawrence counties; the Bedford quadrangle, in Bedford, Somerset,
and Cambria counties; the Fairfield quadrangle, in Adams County,
and the New Kensington quadrangle, in Butler and Allegheny coun-
ties, was commenced. This work was done by J. H. Jennings, C. W.
Goodlove, Hersey Munroe, J. M. Whitman, W. O. Tufts, R. H.
Reineek, L. C. Fletcher, J. H. Wheat, J. S. B. Daingerfield, A. O.
Burkland, J. D. Forster, and R. W. Berry, the total area surveyed
being 1,421 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1:62,500,
with a contour interval of 20 feet. In addition, the work on 58 square
miles of the Sewickley quadrangle was revised. For the control of
these and adjoining areas 456 miles of primary levels were run and
1 1 T permanent bench marks were established by C. II. Semper, H. D.
Hilton, and C. H. Burns. The Bellefonte and Philipsburg quad-
rangles, in Center and Clearfield counties; the McCall Ferry and
Quarryville quadrangles, in Lancaster and York counties; and the
Franklin, Milliards, Mercer, and Stoneboro quadrangles, in Butler,
Crawford, Mercer, Lawrence, and Venango counties, were controlled
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 255
by 411 miles of primary traverse run and 30 stations established by
F. J. McMaugh and C. B. Kendall. The Berlin. A Je. Con-
fluence. Hyndman. and Somerset quadrangles, in Somerset. Fayette.
Bedford, and Westmoreland counties, were partly controlled by tri-
angulation by G. T. Hawkins, who occupied 9 stations.
Te\ . — The survey of the Franklin quadrangle, comprising
an area of 2-12 square miles in Williamson and Maury counties, was
completed by Oscar Jones, for publication on the scale of 1
with a contour interval of 20 feet. For the control of this area 19
miles of primary level- were run and four permanent bench marks
were established. Mr. Jones also ran 93 miles of primary traverse
and established -1 station- for the control of the Hollow Spring- quad-
rangle, in Coffee, Rutherford. Cannon, and Bedford count:
■. — The mapping of the Duck-
town special area was completed by Oscar ■ the area covered
being SS square miles. 5 of which are in Cherokee County. X. C. 22
in Fanning County. Ga.. and 61 in Polk County. Tenn.. for publi-
cation on the scale of 1 : 30.000. with a contour interval of 20 feet. For
the control of this area Mr. Jones located -1 new stations by means of
triangulation. and J. G. Martin and W. H. Gray ran 53 miles
primary levels, in connection with which 10 permanent bench marks
were establish
Vi . i ■■'•. .'. — The survey of the Eagle Rock quadrangle, in Botetourt.
Alleghany, and Craig counties, was commenced by Albert Pike and
T. H. Moncure; and the resurvey of the Virginia portion of the
Seneca quadrangle, in Fairfax and Loudoun counties, was com-
pleted by W. Carvel Hall and J. D. Forster. The new area mapped
was 151 square miles and the area resurveyed was 72 square miles —
all for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with contour intervals
of 20 and 50 feet. For the control of these and a areas 42
miles of primary levels were run and 10 permanent bench marks were
blished by R. S. Deemer and W. B. Winstead.
Virginia-West Vir ' ' . — A line t precise levels was extended
by C. H. Semper from the vicinity of Covington. Va.. to Charles-
ton. TV Va.. 11 miles being in Virginia and 153 miles in West
ginia. The line extended along the Chesapeake and Ohio and the
Kanawha and Michigan railways, passing aero-- the Lewisburg,
Hint on. Raleigh. Kanawha Fall-, and Charleston quadra: .
Alleghany County. Va.. and Greenbrier. Summer-. Fayette.
K oawha counties, TT. Va. The work in Vest Virginia was done in
cooperation with the State.
West Vi . — For the continuation of cooperative topographic
surveys in West V: u _ the state geol gist allotted $12,
the federal Survey allotted an equal sum. The resurvey resulted in
the completion of the work as quadrangle, in Randolph
256 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
and Barbour counties, and the Wayne, Midkiff, St. Albans, Charleston,
and Clendennin quadrangles, in Wayne, Lincoln, Kanawha, Putnam,
Clay, and Logan counties, and the commencement of the work on the
Clay quadrangle, in Clay and Nicholas counties. This work was
done by E. I. Ireland, J. K. Eakin, S. P. Floore, T. F. Slaughter,
J. I. Gayetty, and P. W. McMillen, the area surveyed being 1,504
square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour
interval of 50 feet. For the control of these and adjoining quad-
rangles, 328 miles of primary levels were run and 86 permanent
bench marks were established by C. H. Semper, O. N. Meredith,
C. K. Alexander, and E. S. Dawson. The Clendennin and Clay
quadrangles, in Clay, Kanawha, and Nicholas counties, and the Hor-
ton and Elkins quadrangles, in Randolph and Tucker counties, were
controlled by D. H. Baldwin, who located 12 new stations by tri-
angulation. The Montgomery, Winifrede, and Fayetteville quad-
rangles, in Boone, Fayette, Kanawha, Clay, and Nicholas counties,
were partly controlled by R. H. Chapman, assisted by P. W. Mc-
Millen, who occupied 3 stations.
Porto Rico. — In compliance with a request from the Forest Service
for an immediate survey of the boundary of the Luquillo National
Forest, the work was commenced in March and completed early in
June by E. M. Douglas, geographer, in charge of party, and C. L.
Nelson, assistant topographer, 40.2 miles of line having been sur-
veyed and marked by 98 concrete, stone, or wooden posts. In order
to locate the corners of the reserve two United States Coast and
Geodetic Survey triangulation stations were occupied and four new
stations were selected, marked, and occupied. In addition to an
accurate contour sketch of a narrow strip along the entire boundary,
a reconnaissance sketch of 54 square miles of the reserve was made
by Mr. Nelson.
OFFICE WORK.
The drafting of the following sheets was completed: Opelika,
Ala.; Acworth and Columbus, Ga. ; Providence, Hartford, Earling-
ton, Madisonville, Central City, and Whitesville, Ky. ; Eastport and
Poland, Me.; Seneca, Ijamsville, and Mount Airy, Md. ; Lake Winne-
pesaukee, N. H. ; Cooperstown, N. Y. ; Great Coharie and Gold Hill,
N. C. ; Gaffney, N. C.-S. C. ; Newark, Logan, Lancaster, Columbiana,
Lisbon, Alliance, Thurston, Napoleon, Continental, McClure, Ottawa,
Thornville, and Defiance, Ohio; Gettysburg, Shenango, Foxburg,
Freeport, and Smicksburg, Pa.; Franklin and Ducktown special,
Tennessee; Charleston, St. Albans, Clendennin, Elkins, Wayne, and
Midkiff, W. Va.
Progress in the drafting of additional sheets was made as follows:
Middletown, Md., l> per cent ; Stoney Creek, N. Y., 38 per cent; Eagle
Rock, Va., 60 per cent.
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 257
In the triangulation and computing section the following computa-
tions were made :
For the control* of the Seale (Ala.) quadrangle, 262 latitudes and
departures and 35 geographic positions were computed. Level cir-
cuits in the same area were adjusted.
For the control of the Madisonville, Earlington, Central City, and
Hartford (Ky.) quadrangles, 1,622 latitudes and departures and 182
geographic positions were computed. For the control of the Prince-
ton, Dawson Springs, Greenville, and White Plains (Ky.) quad-
rangles, 1,317 latitudes and departures and 159 geographic positions
were computed. Level circuits were adjusted in the same area.
The geodetic positions of six triangulation points for the control
of the Ellsworth (Me.) quadrangle were computed. Level circuits
in the Eastport, Poland, Lewiston, and Cutler (Me.) quadrangles
were adjusted.
For the control of the Emmitsburg, Taneytown, and Seneca quad-
rangles (Md.-Va.), 853 latitudes and departures and 123 geographic
positions were computed. Level circuits in these areas and also in
the Middletown (Md.) quadrangle were adjusted.
For the control of the Friars Point and Clarksdale (Miss.) quad-
rangles, 495 latitudes and departures and 84 geographic positions
were computed. Level circuits in the same area were adjusted.
For the control of the Iuka ( Miss.- Ala. -Tenn.) quadrangle, 1,071
latitudes and departures and 77 geographic positions were computed.
Level circuits were adjusted in the Bath, Delhi, and Monticello
(N. Y.) quadrangles.
For the control of the Millersburg, Plimpton, Coshocton, Brink-
haven, Caldwell, McLean, and New Lexington (Ohio) quadrangles,
2,565 latitudes and departures and 320 geographic positions were
computed. Level circuits throughout Ohio were readjusted on the
basis of the 1907 adjustment of the precise-level net as made by the
Coast and Geodetic Survey.
For the control of the Bellefonte, McCall Ferry, and Quarryville
(Pa.) quadrangles, 2,274 latitudes and departures and 242 geographic
positions were computed. Level circuits in the Butler, Smicksburg,
Bedford, Brook ville, and York (Pa.) quadrangles were adjusted.
For the control of the Ducktown (Tenn.-N. C.-Ga.) special quad-
rangle the final geodetic positions of four triangulation points were
computed and level circuits in the same vicinity were adjusted.
The office computation of the precise-level line extending from
Covington, Va., to Charleston, W. Va., was made.
The geodetic positions of 12 triangulation stations, located for
the control of the Clendennin, Clay, Horton, and Elkins (TV. Va.)
quadrangles, were computed. Level circuits on the Midkiff, Wayne,
Clendennin, and Elkins (W. Va.) quadrangles were adjusted.
58920— int 1908— vol 1 17
258
TWENTY-NINTH REPOKT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
CENTRAL DIVISION.
FIELD WORK.
SUMMARY.
During the season topographic surveying was carried on in Arkan-
sas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,
Oklahoma, Texas, and Wisconsin. The survey of 14 quadrangles
and the resurvey of 2 quadrangles were completed. In addition, 13
quadrangles were partly surveyed and the resurvey of one quad-
rangle and one special area was partly completed. The total new area
mapped was 3,872 square miles — 3,002 for publication on the scale of
1 : 62,500 and 870 for publication on the sale of 1 : 125,000. The area
resurveyed was 843 square miles — 625 for publication on the scale of
1 : 62,500 and 218 for publication on the scale of 1 : 24,000. In con-
nection with this work, 2,049 miles of primary levels and 331 miles
of precise levels were run and 564 permanent bench marks were
established.
Primary traverse and precise leveling were carried on at various
times by seven parties, the work being distributed over portions of
Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Oklahoma,
Wisconsin, and Texas. The total area covered by primary traverse
was 6,075 square miles, furnishing control in one 30-minute and
thirty-one 15-minute quadrangles.
Topographic surveys in
central division
from June 1, 1907, to July 1, 1908.
Contour
interval.
For publication on scale of —
Total
area
surveyed.
Levels.
State.
1:125,000.
1:62,500.
Distance
run.
Bench
marks.
New.
New.
Resur-
vey.
Feet.
Sq. miles.
Sq. miles.
Sq. miles.
Sq. miles.
Miles.
63
694
65
99
3
258
534
163
241
217
43
16
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20-50
20
20
771
160
197
771
160
197
a 89
491
211
« 765
1,168
469
394
"141
Indiana
21
20
491
211
229
767
77
94
407
31
401
469
95
61
Wisconsin
176
218
8
870
3,002
625
4,715
2,380
564
■ " 218 square miles of resurvey (89 in Kansas and 121) in Missouri) for publication on the
scale of 1 : 24,000.
DETAILS OF WORK BY STATES.
Arkansas. — For the control of the I)e Queen quadrangle, in Sevier,
Polk, and Howard counties, W. A. Gelbach ran 63 miles of primary
Levels and established 16 permanent bench marks, and J. R. Ellis ran
119 miles of primary traverse and occupied 11 stations,
TWENTY -NINTH EEPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 259
Illinois. — The governor of Illinois allotted $8,000 for the continua-
tion of cooperative topographic surveys in the State, and the United
States Geological Survey allotted a like sum for the same purpose.
The survey of the Tallula quadrangle, in Morgan, Sangamon, Cass,
and Menard counties; the Herrin quadrangle, in Jackson, Perry,
Franklin, and Williamson counties; and the West Frankfort quad-
rangle, in Franklin and Williamson counties, was completed; and
that of the Carlyle, New Athens, and Okawville quadrangles, in St.
Clair, Washington, Clinton, and Bond counties; the Hardinville
quadrangle, in Jasper, Crawford, Richland, and Lawrence counties;
and the Vandalia quadrangle, in Fayette County, was commenced.
This work was done by W. J. Lloyd, E. W. McCrary, J. F. McBeth,
H. L. McDonald, Lee Morrison, and J. E. Tichenor, the total area
surveyed being 771 square miles, for publication on the scale of
1 : 62,500, Avith a contour interval of 20 feet. For the control of these
and adjacent areas 662 miles of primary levels were run and 129 per-
manent bench marks were established by W. J. Lloyd, W. A. Gelbach,
and Henry Bucher, and 236 miles of primary traverse were run and
22 stations established by J. R. Ellis. The Lasalle and Hennepin
quadrangles, in Lasalle, Bureau, and Putnam counties, were con-
trolled by 104 miles of primary traverse run and 5 stations established
by C. B. Kendall. A line of precise levels 32 miles in length, extend-
ing from the vicinity of Terre Haute, Ind., to Oakland, 111., through
the Paris and Kansas quadrangles, in Edgar County, was run by
C. H. Semper, and in connection with this work 12 permanent bench
marks were established.
Indiana. — The survey of the Bloomington quadrangle, in Munroe,
Owen, and Greene counties, was commenced by W. H. Griffin and
C. L. Sadler, the area covered being 140 square miles, for publication
on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet. A line
of precise levels 57 miles in length was extended by C. H. Semper
through the Bloomfield, Jasonville, and Saline City quadrangles, in
Clay and Vigo counties, and in connection with this work 19 perma-
nent bench marks were established. Mr. Sadler also ran 8 miles of
primary levels and established two permanent bench marks for the
control of the same general area.
Iowa. — The state geologist allotted $1,750 for cooperative topo-
graphic surveys in Iowa and the federal Survey allotted a like sum
for the same purpose. The survey of the Milo quadrangle, in Warren
and Marion counties, Avas commenced by J. G. Staack and A. T.
Fowler, the area covered being 197 square miles, for publication on
the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet. For the
control of this area 76 miles of primary traverse were run and 7
stations established by J. R. Ellis, and 99 miles of primary levels were
run and 20 permanent bench marks were established by W. A.
260 TWENTY-NINTH KEPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Gelbach. For the control of the Knoxville and Pella quadrangles, in
Marion and Mahaska counties, Mr. Ellis ran 72 miles of primary
traverse and established 7 stations.
Kansas-Missouri. — The resurvey of an area already covered by re-
connaissance maps — the Fort Leavenworth special quadrangle, in
Leavenworth County, Kans., and Platte County, Mo. — was com-
menced by Glenn S. Smith, Arthur Stiles, and J. G. Staack, the area
completely surveyed being 218 square miles, 129 of which are in
Missouri, for publication on the scale of 1 : 24,000, with a contour
interval of 20 feet. In connection with this work 6 miles of primary
levels, 3 being in Missouri, were run and 1 permanent bench mark
was established by A. J. Ogle.
Michigan. — For the continuation of cooperative topographic sur-
veys in Michigan the state geologist and the United States Geological
Survey each allotted $3,000. The survey of the Howell and Milford
quadrangles was completed and that of the Durand and Fowlerville
quadrangles was commenced by A. M. Walker and C. D. S. Clarkson,
the total area surveyed being 491 square miles, for publication on the
scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet. This area lies
in Livingston, Oakland, Shiawassee, Genesee, and Ingham counties.
For the control of these quadrangles and adjacent areas 258 miles of
primary levels were run and 77 permanent bench marks were estab-
lished by C. B. Kendall and Frank H. West. The Calumet special
quadrangle, in Houghton and Keweenaw counties, and the Fowler-
ville and Mason quadrangles, in Livingston and Ingham counties,
were controlled by 191 miles of primary traverse run and 37 sta-
tions established by J. R. Ellis.
Minnesota. — The survey of the Rockford quadrangle, in Hennepin
and Wright counties, was completed by J. G. Staack, the area sur-
veyed being 211 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500,
with a contour interval of 20 feet. For the control of this quadrangle
74 miles of primary levels were run and 15 permanent bench marks
were established by Edward Bandli.
Missouri. — For the continuation of cooperative topographic sur-
veys in Missouri the state geologist and the United States Geological
Survey each allotted $5,000. The resurvey of the Ste. Genevieve
quadrangle was continued, which resulted in the completion of the
Weingarten quadrangle, in Ste. Genevieve and Perry counties, by
C. G. Anderson, and the survey of the Higclon quadrangle, in the
same region, was commenced. The survey of the Macon quadrangle,
in Macon, Shelby, Monroe, and Randolph counties, was commenced
by Merrill Hackett. The total area resurveyed was 407 square miles
and the new area surveyed was 229 square miles, all for publication
on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet. For the
control of these and adjacent areas 134 miles of primary levels were
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 261
run and 22 permanent bench marks were established b}7 Edward
Bandli ; and 164 miles of primary traverse were run and 14. stations
established by J. R. Ellis. The Sullivan quadrangle, in Franklin and
Crawford counties, was controlled by 26 miles of precise levels by
E. L. McXair, who set 8 permanent bench marks.
Oklahoma. — The governor of Oklahoma and the United States
Geological Survey each allotted $4,000 for the continuation of cooper-
ative topographic surveys in that State. The work on the Luther,
Merrick, Maud, and Shawnee quadrangles, in Lincoln, Logan, Okla-
homa, Payne, Pottawatomie, and Seminole counties, was completed,
and that on the Newalla and Burnett quadrangles, in Cleveland, Lin-
coln, Oklahoma, and Pottawatomie counties, was nearly completed.
This work was done b}7 C. L. Sadler, H. H. Hodgeson, and L. B.
Roberts, the total area surveyed being 767 square miles, for publica-
tion on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet. For
the control of these and adjacent areas 241 miles of primary levels
were run and 95 permanent bench marks were established by F. M.
Hutchinson, and 194 miles of primary traverse were run and 30 sta-
tions established by J. R. Ellis. In addition to the cooperative work,
the survey of the Wyandotte quadrangle, in the Cherokee Xation, was
completed by C. G. Anderson and J. A. Duck, the total area surveyed
being 401 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with
a contour interval of 50 feet.
Texas. — The survey of the San Marcos quadrangle, in Caldwell,
Hays, Comal, Gonzales, and Guadalupe counties, was completed by
Fred McLaughlin, W. J. Forster, and D. B. Penick, the total area
surveyed being 469 square miles, for publication on the scale of
1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of 20 feet. For the control of the
Mount Pleasant, Bassett, Boxelder, and Daingerfield quadrangles, in
Bowie, Red River, Morris, Cass, and Titus counties, 217 miles of
primary levels were run and 61 permanent bench marks were estab-
lished by W. A. Gelbach, and 98 miles of primary traverse were run
by F. J. McMaugh.
Wisconsin. — The survey of the Cross Plains quadrangle, in Dane
County, was completed by A. T. Fowler; that of the Sparta quad-
rangle, in Monroe and La Crosse counties, was completed by Mer-
rill Hackett ; and that of the Fond du Lac quadrangle, in Fond du
Lac and Winnebago counties, was commenced by H. L. McDonald,1
the total area mapped being 176 square miles, for publication on the
scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet. The revision of
the Oconomowoc quadrangle, covering 218 square miles in Wau-'
kesha, Dodge, and Washington counties, was completed by A. T.
Fowler, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour inter-
val of 20 feet. The Fond du Lac and Menasha quadrangles, in Fond
du Lac, Winnebago, and Calumet counties, and the Stoughton and
262 TWENTY-NINTH REPOKT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Waterloo quadrangles, in Dodge, Jefferson, Dane, and Polk counties,
were partly controlled by J. R. Ellis, who ran 184 miles of primary
traverse, and by H. L. McDonald, who ran 15 miles of levels. The
De Soto quadrangle, in Franklin County, was partly controlled by
E. L. McNair, who ran 28 miles of precise levels and established 8
permanent bench marks.
DRAINAGE SURVEYS IN MINNESOTA.
A further appropriation of $10,000 was made by Congress in the
Indian act for the continuation of the survey of the swamp areas in
the ceded lands of the Chippewas in Roseau, Beltrami, Marshall, Reel
Lake, and Koochiching counties, the work being assigned to the Geo-
logical Survey by the Secretary of the Interior. The work was pros-
ecuted by A. P. Meade and E. L. McNair, and approximately 1,800
square miles were covered by a network of levels, 188 miles of precise
levels and 272 miles of primary levels being run, in connection with
which 79 permanent bench marks were established.
OFFICE WORK.
The drafting of the following sheets was completed : West Frank-
fort and Tallula, 111. ; Howell, Mich. ; Rockford, Minn. ; Weingarten
and Wyandotte, Mo.; Perkins, Maud, Shawnee, and Luther, Okla. ;
New Boston, Texarkana, and Linden, Tex.; Cross Plains, Sparta,
and Oconomowoc, Wis. Progress was made on the drafting of
sheets as follows: Carlyle and Hardinville, 111., and Macon, Mo., 50
per cent each ; Burnett, Okla., 85 per cent ; Bloomington, Ind., 47 per
cent; Fort Leavenworth special, Kans.-Mo., 45 per cent; Milo, Iowa,
35 per cent.
In the triangulation and computing section the following computa-
tions were made:
For the control of the DeQueen (Ark.) quadrangle, 1,055 latitudes
and departures and 100 geographic positions were computed.
For the control of the Hardinville, Okawville, New Athens, and
Carlyle (111.) quadrangles, 913 latitudes and departures and 209
geographic positions were computed. The final computation of the
precise-level line in Edgar County, 111., was made. Level circuits
were adjusted in the Okawville, New Athens, Baldwin, Carlyle, Har-
dinville, Herrin, and Murphysboro quadrangles, all in Illinois.
The final computation of the precise level line extending through
Clay and Vigo counties, Ind., was made and primary-level circuits
in the Bloomington (Ind.) quadrangle were adjusted.
For the control of the Milo (Iowa) quadrangle, 292 latitudes and
departures and 55 geographic positions were computed. Level circuits
in the same area were adjusted.
For the control of the Calumet (Mich.) sjoecial quadrangle, 554
latitudes and departures and 57 geodetic positions Avere computed.
TWENTY-NINTH KEPOKT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
263
Level circuits in the Howell and Milford (Mich.) quadrangles were
adjusted.
Level circuits in the Rockford and Elk River (Minn.) quadrangles
were adjusted.
For the control of the Edmond, Luther, Moore, Norman, Newalla,
and Burnett (Okla.) quadrangles, 1,800 latitudes and departures
and 212 geographic positions were computed. Level circuits in the
same area were adjusted.
For the control of the Bassett, Boxelder, Daingerfield, and Mount
Pleasant (Tex.) quadrangles, 816 latitudes and departures and 82
geographic positions were computed.
ROCKY MOUNTAIN DIVISION.
FIELD WORK.
SUMMARY.
During the season topographic surveying was carried on in Colo-
rado, Montana, North Dakota, New Mexico, and Wyoming. The
survey of 7 new quadrangles and of 2 special areas was completed;
also the resurvey of 1 quadrangle and 1 special area. In addition 4
new quadrangles were partly surveyed and 3 were partly resur veyed.
The total new area-mapped was 5,188 square miles — 3,804 for publi-
cation on the scale of 1 : 125,000, 1,347 for publication on the scale of
1 : 250,000, 35 for publication on the scale of 1 : 24,000, and 2 -for pub-
lication on the scale of 1 : 12,000. The area resurvey ed was 759 square
miles for publication on the scale of 1: 125,000. In connection, with
this work 510 miles of primary levels and 80 miles of precise levels
were run and 161 permanent bench marks were established.
Triangulation and precise leveling were carried on by four parties.
This wrork was distributed over Montana, New Mexico, and Wyo-
ming, covering an area of about 5,400 square miles and furnishing
control for nine 30-minute quadrangles and one special quadrangle.
Topographic surveys in Rocky
Mountain division from June
July 1, 1908.
1, 1907, to
Contour
interval.
For publication on scale of —
Total
area sur-
veyed.
Levels.
State.
1:125,000.
1:250,000.
Distance
run.
Bench
marks.
New.
Resur-
vey.
New. •
Colorado
Feet.
60-100
50-100
100
50
100
Sq. miles.
1,130
585
1,218
Sq. miles.
615
20
Sq. miles.
Sq. miles.
a 1,817
1,808
b 1,255
144
995
Miles.
213
110
252
70
Montana
1,203
31
New Mexico
55
North Dakota
144
Wyoming
871
124
IS
5
3,804
759
1,347
6,019
590 | 161
a 72 square miles of resurvey in Colorado for publication on the scale of 1 : 48,000.
6 In New Mexico 35 square miles for publication on the scale of 1 : 24,000 and 2 square
miles for publication on the scale of 1 : 12,000.
264 TWENTY-NIHTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
DETAILS OF WORK BY STATES.
Colorado. — The survey of the Livermore quadrangle, in Larimer
County, was completed, and that of the Eaton quadrangle, in Lari-
mer and Weld counties, was commenced by Frank Tweed}'', Dave
Winbray, H. S. Starr, and G. W. Lucas, the area covered being 267
square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour
interval of 100 feet. The resurvey of areas in El Paso, Fremont,
and Teller counties was continued by R. T. Evans, D. F. C. Moor,
and H. R. Elliott, and resulted in the completion of the work on the
Colorado Springs quadrangle and the Pikes Peak special area, the
former including 575 square miles, surveyed for publication on the
scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of 100 feet, and the latter
72 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 48,000, with a con-
tour interval of 50 feet. A special line of levels was run from a
bench mark at Manitou to the top of Pikes Peak for the purpose of
accurately establishing the elevation of the peak, 20 miles of levels
being run and 10 permanent bench marks established by Charles
Hartmann, jr. The survey of the Ignacio quadrangle, in the San
Juan National Forest, in La Plata County, was completed by Frank
Tweedy, Gilbert Young, and Lee Morrison. This area includes the
Durango quadrangle, the total new area mapped being 713 square
miles. In connection with this work the mapping of 40 square miles
of the Engineer Mountain quadrangle was revised by Mr. Tweedy.
The survey of the Mount Jackson quadrangle, in the Holy Cross
National Forest, in Pitkin and Eagle counties, was commenced by
Fred McLaughlin and D. F. C. Moor, the area surveyed being 150
square miles. This work was done for publication on the scale of
1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of 100 feet. For the partial con-
trol of the Eaton quadrangle 24 miles of primary levels were run
and 7 permanent bench marks were established by W. R. Winstead.
For the control of the Ignacio quadrangle and adjacent areas 70 miles
of primary levels were run and 23 permanent bench marks were
established by F. A. Nussle. For the partial control of the Cebolla
quadrangle, in Gunnison and Hinsdale counties, 19 miles of primary
levels were run and 5 permanent bench marks were established by
R. T. Thompson. For the control of the Breckenridge special quad-
rangle, in Summit County, a line of precise levels was begun by
C. II. Semper, 80 miles being run and 25 permanent bench marks
established. D. F. C. Moor also occupied 8 stations by triangulation
for the control of the same area.
Montana. — The survey of the Sapphire quadrangle, in the Hell-
gate National Forest, was completed, and that of the Missoula quad-
rangle, in the Lolo National Forest, was commenced by J. F. McBeth,
J. E. Tichenor, W. J. Forster, and Arthur Stiles, the total area
TWENTY-NINTH KEPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 265
surveyed being 492 square miles in Granite, Ravalli, and Missoula
counties, for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour
interval of 100 feet. Mr. McBeth also revised 20 square miles of the
Philipsburg quadrangle, in Granite County. For the control of the
Missoula quadrangle 84 miles of primary levels and 27 permanent
bench marks were established by N. W. Pilger. The survey of the
Nyack quadrangle, in the Lewis and Clark National Forest, in Flat-
head County, was, commenced by Arthur Stiles, the area surveyed
being 93 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with
a contour interval of 100 feet. For the control of this area 26 miles
of primary levels and 4 permanent bench marks were established by
Charles Hartmann, jr.
Montana-North Dakota. — The survey of the Glendive quadrangle,
in Dawson County, Mont., and Billings County, N. Dak., was com-
pleted by D. F. C. Moor, the total area surveyed being 1,347 square
miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 250,000, with a contour in-
terval of 50 feet, 144 square miles being in North Dakota. Addi-
tional control for the Glendive quadrangle was obtained by Mr. Moor,
who located 7 points by means of triangulation.
New Mexico. — The survey of the Gallina quadrangle, in the Jemez
National Forest, in Rio Arriba County, was completed by Gilbert
Young, Lee Morrison, and S. T. Penick, the total area surveyed being
250 'square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a
contour interval of 100 feet. In connection with this work 11 miles
of primary levels were run and 3 permanent bench marks were estab-
lished by F. A. Nussle. The survey of the Silver City and Santa Rita
special quadrangles, in the Gila and Big Burro national forests, in
Grant County, was completed by A. B. Searle, J. H. Sinclair, Gilbert
Young, S. T. Penick, Charles Hartmann, jr., Frank Tweedy, and
D. F. C. Moor, the former consisting of 968 square miles, for publica-
tion on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of 100 feet, and
the latter of 35 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 24,000,
with a contour interval of 20 feet. For the control of this work 214
miles of primary levels were run and 45 permanent bench marks were
established by Victor Mindeleff. The survey of the Fort Bayard
special quadrangle, in Grant County, consisting of 2 square miles, was
completed by C. E. Cooke, for publication on the scale of 1 : 12.000,
with a contour interval of 10 feet. For the control of this area Mr.
Cooke occupied 10 stations by triangulation and Stuart T. Penick ran
27 miles of primary levels and established 7 permanent bench marks.
The Silver City quadrangle was controlled by Fred McLaughlin, who
located 9 new points by triangulation.
Wyoming. — The survey of the Gros ventre quadrangle, in the Yel-
lowstone National Forest, in Uinta and Fremont counties, was com-
pleted by T. M. Bannon, W. M. Kent, and W. S. Sargent, the area
266 TWENTY-NINTH EEPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
surveyed being 871 square miles, for publication on the scale of
1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of 100 feet. Messrs. Bannon, Kent,
and R. T. Evans also completed 124 square miles of revision on the
Laramie quadrangle, in Albany County. The Hoback, Grays River,
Cora, and Grosventre quadrangles, in Uinta County, were controlled
by R. B. Robertson, who located 8 primary and 19 secondary triangu-
lation points. For the control of the Rock Springs quadrangle, in
Sweetwater County, J. D. Weems ran 15 miles of primary levels and
established 5 permanent bench marks.
OFFICE WORK.
The drafting of the following sheets was completed: Livermore,
Ignacio, Colorado Springs, and Pikes Peak special, Colorado; Glen-
dive and Sapphire, Montana; Gallina, Silver City, and Santa Rita
special, New Mexico; Grosventre and Medicine Bow, Wyoming.
Progress amounting to 14 per cent was made in the drafting of the
Laramie (Wyo.) sheet.
In the triangulation and computing section the following computa-
tions were made:
Level circuits in the Durango and Pagosa (Colo.) quadrangles were
adjusted.
A least-square figure adjustment was made of the triangulation for
the control of the Glendive (Mont.) quadrangle, and the final compu-
tation was made of the geodetic distances and positions of all stations
within that area. The least-square adjustment and final computa-
tion of triangulation stations in the Blackfeet Indian Reservation
were completed, and level circuits in the same area were adjusted.
The least-square adjustment of triangulation stations for the con-
trol of the Silver City (N. Mex.) quadrangle was made, and the final
geodetic distances and positions of 9 stations were computed. Level
circuits were adjusted in the Bloomfield, Dulce, Farmington, and
Lumberton (N. Mex.) 30-minute quadrangles.
The least-square adjustment of the triangulation for the control
of the Hoback, Grays River, Cora, and Grosventre (Wyo.) quad-
rangles, and the final computation of the geodetic positions of pri-
mary-traverse stations and of many of the secondary stations were
made.
PACIFIC DIVISION.
FIELD WORK.
SUMMARY.
During the season topographic surveying was carried on in Ari-
zona, California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. The
survey of 3 new quadrangles and 2 special areas and the resurvey of
15 quadrangles were completed. In addition G new quadrangles and
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
267
1 special area were partly surveyed and 10 quadrangles were partly
resurveyed. The total new area mapped was 8,372 square miles —
4,383 for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, 250 for publication
on the scale of 1 : 62,500, and 3,739 for publication on the scale of
1 : 250,000. The area resurveyed" was 2,331 square miles — 1,441 for
publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, and 890 for publication on the
scale of 1 : 62,500. In connection with this work 1,991 miles of pri-
mary levels and 128 miles of precise levels were run and 477 perma-
nent bench marks were established. Primary control was carried on
at various times by six parties. This work was distributed over por-
tions of California,. Idaho, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. The
total area covered by this primary control is about 15,300 square
miles, of which 450 square miles were controlled by primary traverse.
Topographic surveys in
Pacific division f
rojii June 1, 1907, to July 1, 1,
W8.
Contour
interval.
For publication on scale of —
Total
area sur-
veyed.
Levels.
State.
1:125,000.
1:62,500.
1:250 000.
1:31,680.
Dis-
tance
run.
Bench
New.
Resurvey.
New.
New.
Resurvey.
marks.
Feet.
50-100
J5-10-100
\ 100
100
100
50-100
100
50-100
Sq. miles.
Sq. miles.
579
Sq. miles.
250
Sq. miles.
Sq. miles.
Sq. miles.
829
3,888
162
3,739
1,053
862
170
Miles.
155
1,076
287
268
224
40
69
54
California . . .
\ 2, 998
162
890
233
Idaho
62
Nevada
3,739
51
Oregon
Utah
1,053
53
862
8
Washington .
170
16
4,383
1,441
250 3,739
890
10, 703
2,119
477
DETAILS OF WORK BY STATES.
Arizona. — A resurvey of the area covered by the San Francisco
Mountains reconnaissance map, consisting of the Flagstaff quad-
rangle, in the San Francisco Mountains National Forest, in Coconino
County, was commenced by Pearson Chapman, the area surveyed be-
ing 579 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with
a contour interval of 100 feet. For the control of this area 155 miles
of primary levels were run and 54 permanent bench marks were es-
tablished by T. A. Green. The survey of the Troy quadrangle, in
Pinal and Gila counties, was completed by Pearson Chapman and
C. F. Eberly, the area surveyed being 250 square miles, for publica-
tion on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 50 feet.
California. — The Department of Engineering of California allotted
$12,000 for the continuation of cooperative topographic surveys in
that State, and the United States Geological Survey allotted a like
sum for the same purpose. In the Sacramento Valley the resurvey
268 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
of the areas covered by the Lodi and Sacramento reconnaissance maps
was undertaken and resulted in the completion of the work in 14
quadrangles, the Carbondale, Goose Creek, Clements, Cosumnes, Clay,
Lockeford, Waterloo, Castile, Headreach, Gait, Elkgrove, Franklin,
Bruceville, and Linden, in Sacramento, San Joaquin, Solano, and
Amador counties; and the partial completion of work in the New
Hope, Woodbridge, Mills, Antelope, Arcade, Folsom, Pleasant Grove,
and Eoseville quadrangles. This work was done by W. E. McKean,
B. A. Jenkins, E. E. Bartlett, R. M. LaFollette, Bayard Knock, and
M. A. Knock, the total area resurveyed being 890 square miles, for
publication on the scale of 1 : 31, 680, with contour intervals of 5 and
10 feet. For the control of these quadrangles 373 miles of primary
levels were run and 61 permanent bench marks were established b}^
L. F. Biggs and B. A. Jenkins. In addition to the cooperative sur-
veys a map was made of the Coalinga and the McKittrick-Sunset oil
districts, which occupy an irregular strip in Fresno, Kings, San Luis
Obispo, and Kern counties, consisting of 2,324 square miles, for pub-
lication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of 100 feet.
This work was done by E. P. Davis, G. E. Davis, J. W. Muller, J. E.
Blackburn, and E. M. LaFollette. The survey of the Big Bar quad-
rangle, in the Trinity National Forest, in Trinity County, was com-
menced by J. P. Harrison ; and that of the Mount Goddard and
Bishop quadrangles, in the Sierra National Forest, in Fresno and
Inyo counties, was commenced by G. R. Davis, the area surveyed by
both being 674 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000,
with a contour interval of 100 feet. For the control of the nonco-
operative . work in California 602 miles of primary spirit levels were
run and 155 permanent bench marks were established by L. F. Biggs.
Triangulation control for the Weaverville, Big Bar, Sawyers Bar,
and Seiad Valley quadrangles, in Trinity and Siskiyou counties, was
completed by C. F. Urquhart, who occupied 21 triangulation stations,
7 of which are Coast and Geodetic Survey points. Control for ten
15-minute quadrangles in the Sacramento Valley, in Sacramento, San
Joaquin, Amador, Eldorado, Placer, Sutter, Yuba, and Butte coun-
ties, was completed by Mr. Urquhart and C. L. Nelson, 76 new tri-
angulation stations being established. For the control of the Wood-
bridge and Gait quadrangles, in Sacramento and San Joaquin coun-
ties, Mr. Urquhart ran 44 miles of primary traverse. For the addi-
tional control of the Davisville, Clarksburg, and Eio Vista quad-
rangles, in Sacramento and San Joaquin counties, 101 miles of pre-
cise levels were run and 17 permanent bench marks were established
by L. F. Biggs.
Idaho. — The survey of the Meadows quadrangle, in the Weiser
National Forest, in Washington and Boise counties, was commenced
by C. F. Eberly and J. G. Hefty, the area surveyed being 162 square
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 269
miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour inter-
val of 100 feet. For the control of this and adjacent areas 287 miles
of spirit levels were run and 62 permanent bench marks were estab-
lished by Mr. Hefty and D. A. Maxwell.
Idaho-Oregon. — The Cambridge and Meadows 30-minute quad-
rangles, in Washington and Boise counties, Idaho, and Union County,
Oreg., were controlled by G. T. Hawkins, who located 9 triangulation
points.
Idaho-Wyoming -Utah. — The Montpelier, Cokeville, Evanston, and
Kemmerer quadrangles, in Bear Lake County, Idaho, Uinta County,
Wyo., and Eich County, Utah, were controlled by G. T. Hawkins,
who located 13 triangulation points.
Nevada. — The survey of the Tonopah quadrangle, covering an area
of 3,739 square miles in Esmeralda and Nye counties, was completed
by J. E. Blackburn, for publication on the scale of 1 : 250,000, with a
contour interval of 100 feet. For the control of this area 268 miles
of primary levels were run and 51 permanent bench marks were
established by T. A. Green.
O re gon-W ashing ton. — For the continuation of cooperative topo-
graphic surveys in Oregon the state engineer allotted $2,500 and the
United States Geological Survey allotted a like sum. The survey of
the Umatilla quadrangle, in Morrow and Umatilla counties, Oreg.,
and Klickitat County, Wash., was completed by C. H. Birdseye, C. F.
Eberly, C. E. Giffin, and Robert Muldrow, and that of the Eugene
quadrangle, in Lane County, Oreg., was begun by J. P. Harrison and
C. E. Giffin. The area surveyed was 837 square miles, 113 of which
are in Washington, for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a
contour interval of 50 feet. For the control of this area 135 miles of
primary levels were run and 32 permanent bench marks were estab-
lished, 30 miles of levels and 9 bench marks being in Washington.
In addition to the cooperative mapping, the survey of the Mount
Hood special area, in the Bull Run National Forest, in Clackamas
and Multnomah counties, was continued by A. H. Sylvester and
Ralph Cowgill, the area completely covered being 329 square miles,
for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of
100 feet. For the control of this and adjacent areas 92 miles of
primary levels were run and 24 permanent bench marks were estab-
lished by John R. Evans. A line of precise levels was begun by L. F.
Biggs, 27 miles being completed, and 6 permanent bench marks were
established.
The Umatilla quadrangle, in Morrow and Umatilla counties, Oreg.,
and Klickitat County, Wash., and the Pasco, Wallawalla, Wallula,
and Dayton quadrangles, in Benton, Columbia, Garfield, and Walla-
walla counties. Wash., were controlled by A. H. Sylvester and G. T.
Hawkins, 19 triangulation points being located.
270 TWENTY-NINTH REPOKT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Utah. — The resurvey of a portion of the area covered by the Salt
Lake reconnaissance map, in the Uinta National Forest, in Wasatch,
Summit, and Utah counties, was begun by A. E. Murlin, who com-
pleted the work on the Strawberry Valley quadrangle and commenced
that on the Soldier Summit quadrangle, the total area resurveyed
being 862 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000.
with a contour interval of 100 feet. For the control of the Calleo
quadrangle, in Millard County, T. A. Green ran 40 miles of primary
levels and established 8 permanent bench marks.
Washington. — The survey of the Mount Baker quadrangle, in the
Washington National Forest, in Whatcom and Skagit counties, was
commenced by Kobert Muldrow, the area surveyed being 57 square
miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour inter-
val of 100 feet. For the control of this quadrangle 39 miles of pri-
mary levels were run and 7 permanent bench marks were established
by Homer M. Hadley.
OFFICE WORK.
The drafting of the following sheets was completed: Carbondale,
Goose Creek, Clements, Cosumnes, Clay, Lockeford, Waterloo, Cas-
tile, Woodbridge, Gait, Elkgrove, Franklin, Bruceville, Linden,
Antioch (first named Montezuma), and Coalinga and McKittrick-
Sunset oil districts, California ; Tonopah, Nev. ; Umatilla, Oreg. ; and
Strawberry Valley, Utah. Progress was made in the drafting of
sheets as follows: Flagstaff, Ariz., 43 per cent; New Hope, Cal., and
Mount Hood special, Oregon, each 50 per cent.
In the triangulation and computing section the following computa-
tions were made:
Level circuits in the Bowie, Chiricahua, Pearce, Wilcox, Flagstaff,
Grandview, and Williams quadrangles, in Cochise and Coconino
counties, Ariz., were adjusted.
Office computation was made of the precise line of levels from
Sacramento, Cal., down the river. Primary-level circuits in the
Folsom, Gait, Hatchville, lone, Lockeford, Stockton, and Woodbridge
(Cal.) quadrangles were adjusted. The least-square adjustment of
the triangulation done in California in 1907 was made in the Sacra-
mento office.
For the control of the Cambridge and Meadows 30-minute quad-
rangles (Idaho-Oregon) the least-square figure adjustment and final
computation of geodetic distances and positions were made. Level
circuits in the same area were adjusted. For the control of the
Montpelier, Cokeville, Evanston, and Kemmerer quadrangles, in
Bear Lake County, Idaho, Uinta County, Wyo., and Rich County,
Utah, the least-square figure adjustment of the triangulation was
made and the geodetic positions of 13 triangulation stations were
computed.
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 271
For the completion of the control of the Furnace Creek and Las
Vegas (Nev.) quadrangles computation was made of the approximate
positions of certain points located during the preceding season. Level
circuits in the Tonopah (Nev.) quadrangle were adjusted.
The least-square figure adjustment and final computations of geo-
detic distances and positions of triangulation stations for the control
of the Umatilla, Benton, Pasco, Wallawalla, Wallula, and Dayton
quadrangles (Wash.-Oreg.) were made. Level circuits in the Blalock
Island and Umatilla quadrangles, in the same States, were adjusted.
COMPILATION OF SPECIAL NATIONAL-FOREST MAPS.
The work of preparing the folios of the atlas of the national forests
was continued under the direction of A. C. Roberts.
The maps were made on the scale of 1 mile to the inch and pub-
lished with 6 townships to the page. All the work of the United
States Geological Survey, the General Land Office, and the Hayden,
Transcontinental, and Wheeler surveys, as well as that of private
surveys, was incorporated in the maps. The status of all lands inside
of the forests was obtained in greatest detail from the records of the
General Land Office by expert status clerks, and the land classification
and the improvements in the forests from the maps of the Forest
Service, all these data being shown in colors and symbols on the
compiled maps.
Folios were finished during the fiscal year 1907-8 for the following
forests: Gallatin, Chiricahua, Lewis and Clark, Manti, Payson,
Beaver, Wichita, Trinity, Olympic, Sawtooth, Klamath, Madison,
Blue Mountain, Mount Graham, Big Belt, Wasatch, Bitterroot, Priest
River, Sierra Madre, Bear River, Siskiyou, Prescott, San Gabriel, and
Holy Cross.
The maps were nearly completed for the Hell Gate, Stanislaus,
Battlement Mesa, and San Bernardino forests. The Gunnison, Co-
chetopa, and Tahoe forest maps were about one-half completed, and
work was started on the maps of the Lolo, Arkansas, Grand Canyon,
Huachuca, La Sal, Santa Catalina, Santa Rita, and Monticello forests.
The work was greatly retarded during the latter part of the year
owing to changes in boundaries and redisricting of national forests.
INSTRUMENTS AND TOPOGRAPHIC RECORDS.
During the year all the topographic instruments in the office wore
examined, and all those found to be worn out, useless, or of obsolete
types were condemned by a committee appointed by the Director.
Some of these were deposited in the National Museum and the re-
mainder were sold at auction. There were purchased ten 15-inch Y
levels, nine telescopic alidades, twenty 20-foot leveling rods, two
272 TWENTY-NINTH KEPOKT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
6-inch transits, three aneroid barometers, and sixteen steel tapes ; also
an air pump connected with a mercurial barometer for testing ane-
roids and an apparatus for engraving numbers on instruments, both
of which have already proved their usefulness. All minor repairs to
instruments were made in the Survey shop, the extensive repairs or
remodeling being done by outside contractors as heretofore.
A change in the system of filing topographic records was adopted
whereby the work of cataloguing is materially reduced. There were
2,225 new records catalogued and filed. The triangulation and lev-
eling plats of all States, the card catalogue of triangulation and
primary-traverse stations, and the card catalogue of bench-mark
descriptions and elevations were brought up to date.
INSPECTION OF TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYING AND MAPPING.
During the field season inspection of topographic mapping, com-
pleted or in progress, was carried on by J. H. Renshawe in the north-
eastern and central portions of the United States, by W. M. Beajnan
in the southeastern and central parts, and by Frangois E. Matthes in
the western part. All States in which work was in progress were
visited during the season, and the parties were instructed for the
purpose of maintaining uniformity of style and system in the expres-
sion of topographic features.
During the office season careful attention was given by the in-
spectors to the final drawing of topographic sheets, for the purpose
of eliminating personal characteristics and errors of expression.
WATER-RESOURCES BRANCH.
ORGANIZATION.
During the last year an effort has been made to maintain as much
as possible of the investigations of the water resources of the coun-
try— work formerly carried on under larger but still insufficient appro-
priations. The work performed may be divided, as formerly, into three
parts: First, the investigation of stream flow and allied problems;
second, the investigation of the occurrence, sources, and amounts of
underground waters in various portions of the country ; and third, the
investigation of the quality of water, both surface and underground.
A combination of these three investigations is necessary to afford
the data for the determination of water resources required in the
appropriation act.
The work was carried on under the direction of M. O. Leighton,
chief hydrographer, assisted by John C. Hoyt, assistant chief hydrog-
rapher. The chief hydrographer was designated as advisory hydrog-
rapher to the Inland Waterways Commission, and in that capacity
TWENTY-NINTH KEPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 273
presented a report on the possibility of preventing floods and assist-
ing navigation in the Ohio Valley by the construction of upland
reservoirs, which has been widely discussed in engineering and popu-
lar journals.
STREAM-FLOW INVESTIGATIONS.
Tfye total number of river-measurement stations maintained by
the water-resources branch during the fiscal year 1907-8 was 630,
of which 367 stations were carried on independently by the Geolog-
ical Survey and 263 stations were maintained in cooperation with
other organizations.
New York and New England district. — The great reduction in the
appropriation for the past fiscal year rendered it necessary to dis-
continue a large amount of work in this as in other districts.
Stream measurements were made in this district at 53 stations,
and, in addition, river profiles and lake surveys were made in coopera-
tion with the Survey Commission of the State of Maine. These sur-
veys covered Chamberlain, Allegash, and Telos lakes, in the Allegash
Eiver drainage; Webster, Second, and Grand lakes, in the East
Branch of Penobscot River drainage; Baskahegan and Mattawam-
keag lakes, in the Mattawamkeag River drainage; Mattawamkeag
River from mouth to mouth of Baskahegan Stream; Schoodie, S'e-
boois, and Endless lakes, and Pleasant Pond, in the Piscataquis River
drainage. The amount appropriated by the State of Maine was
$3,200.
The State of New York also cooperated in stream-measurement
work, the state legislature having granted authority to the state
engineer to expend $1,500 for this purpose. This sum was applied
to the maintenance of 13 stations. The New York state water sup-
ply commission, charged with the duty of making a report on water
powers within the State, availed itself of the organization of the
Geological Survey for the maintenance of 6 stations in connection
with its work. The total amount appropriated by the state water
supply commission for this purpose was $1,950.
A report on the hydrography of the Penobscot River basin, deal-
ing with stream flow, quality of water, floods, navigation, water
power, and water storage, was in preparation during the year and
is nearly completed.
Work in this district was under the charge of H. K. Barrows,
district engineer.
Middle Atlantic States distinct. — In this district, which covers
the States of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, and
West Virginia, a large part of the work was discontinued for lack
of funds. Thirteen stations were, however, maintained by the Geo-
logical Survey, in addition to the Pennsylvania stations, the expenses
58920— int 1908— vol 1 18
274 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
of which were borne by the state water supply commission of Penn-
sylvania. The stations maintained in the State of Maryland were
supported through the cooperation of W. B. Clark, state geologist.
Work in this district was under the charge of J. C. Hoyt, assistant
chief hydrographer.
Southern Atlantic States district. — The act of Congress authoriz-
ing the Secretary of Agriculture to investigate and report on the
watersheds of the southern Appalachian and White Mountain
regions, with reference to the advisability of the Government pur-
chasing and setting apart these regions as national forest reserves,
made it possible to increase the work in this district. The Secretary
of Agriculture requested the Director of the Geological Survey to
take up the stream investigations involved in this work and made
an allotment therefor of $6,000. Reports on the relation of the
southern Appalachian Mountains to water power and to inland
navigation were presented to the Department of Agriculture and
printed as two circulars of the United States Forest Service, and a
third report, on floods, is now being prepared.
Stream measurements were made in this district during the year
at 106 stations, 43 of which were maintained from the appropriation
above referred to. The work in the district was under the charge
of M. R. Hall, district engineer.
Central States district. — The important investigations in this dis-
trict that were temporarily discontinued during the fiscal year 1907
on account of the great reduction in appropriation were resumed
during the latter part of the fiscal year 1908. These investigations,
relating to the seasonal distribution of stream flow and its relation
to floods,' to navigation, and to water poAver, are being vigorously
pushed.
There were 39 stations maintained in this district, and the work
was under the charge of A. H. Horton, district engineer.
Missouri River district. — In this district, which includes the States
of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and northern Wyoming,
82 stream-measurement stations were maintained, and the work was
confined chiefly to those streams available for irrigation. In the
maintenance of stations connected with irrigation projects under
construction the United States Reclamation Service cooperated.
Work in this district Avas directed by Robert Follansbee and,
later, by J. E. Stewart, district engineer.
Denver district, — This district includes the States of Colorado,
southern Wyoming, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas and the
Territory of New Mexico. Of the 72 river-measurement stations
maintained in the district during the year, 13 were located on irriga-
tion projects, ;md the expenses of these were paid by the United
States Reclamation Service.
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 275
As this district holds the sources of some of the most important
streams of the country, the work here is of especial importance. The
memorable suit between the State of Kansas and the State of Colo-
rado concerning the diversion of the waters of Arkansas River has
emphasized the necessity of procuring more accurate data concerning
all matters relating to the utilization of water. The results of suits
of this kind not only have local interest but are highly important
from a national standpoint, as, with the growth of the country, inter-
state suits growing out of stream diversion will doubtless become more
frequent.
The work in this district was under the charge of W. B. Freeman,
district engineer.
Great Basin district. — In this district, which comprises the States
of Idaho, Utah, and Nevada, stream measurements were made at 50
stations. The United States Reclamation Service cooperated in the
maintenance of project stations in all three of these States, while
additional cooperation was rendered by the state engineer of Nevada.
Work in this district was under the direction of E. C. LaRue, dis-
trict engineer.
Columbia River district. — The district including the States of
Washington and Oregon contains water resources of notable interest
and value. The region is drained by the Columbia, one of the largest
rivers on the continent, a stream of interstate and national impor-
tance. Although enormous developments have taken place in this
district, it can hardly be said that more than a beginning has been
made, and the necessity for thorough knowledge of the water re-
sources in advance of settlement is fully realized. The United States
Government owns vast areas in this region, and a further postpone-
ment of extensive investigations can not be justified under any proper
standard of governmental administration.
Forty-five stations were maintained in Washington and 67 stations
in Oregon. The work in Oregon was conducted in cooperation with
the state engineer.
The work in this district was directed by J. C. Stevens, district
engineer.
California district. — The work in California was carried on in
cooperation with the State, a liberal appropriation having been made
by the state legislature in response to the demand of citizens who
realize that industrial development is almost absolutely dependent
on a systematic investigation of water resources.
River measurements were made at 73 stations, and observations and
surveys looking to the diffusion of information concerning the con-
servation of water supplies were also made.
The stream-measurement work in this district was under the direc-
tion of W. B. Clapp, district engineer.
276 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
In addition to the direct investigation of stream flow throughout
the State, an investigation of the laws of transportation of suspended
material in rivers was carried on in the hydraulic laboratory main-
tained at Berkeley. This investigation is one of the most important
ever undertaken by the United States Government, for it affects
questions of navigation and irrigation throughout the country. The
Government has expended many millions of dollars in removing
from river channels the debris brought down by floods, and this
annual expenditure for dredging may be expected to continue until a
scientific study of the whole question of debris transportation shall
have found a solution to the problem. This investigation is an
integral part of the whole purpose of the Survey's water investiga-
tions, namely, the ascertainment of the basic facts upon which future
corrective development of river channels must depend.
The debris investigation was under the charge of G. K. Gilbert,
geologist, the work being conducted in cooperation with the geologic
branch.
GROUND-WATER INVESTIGATIONS.
Investigations of the underground waters of the United States were
continued during the fiscal year 1907-8 as during previous years,
except that as the appropriations were less the work was necessarily
continued on a reduced scale.
The most comprehensive general investigation under way during
the year in this division was that of the ground waters of the Atlantic
Coastal Plain. This work was undertaken as a result of a coopera-
tive agreement entered into between the United States Geological
Survey and the state geologists of the Coastal Plain States. The geo-
logic and water-resources branches of the Survey shared the federal
portion of the expense, and the work was placed under the general
direction of M. L. Fuller, continuing under his charge until his res-
ignation from the Survey in the autumn of 1907. T. Way land
Vaughan was then named as federal representative, and the work was
continued under his supervision.
Toward the close of the year work in the Coastal Plain of Texas,
which had been pursued as an independent investigation, was placed
under Mr. Vaughan's charge, for the reason that the Texas Coastal
Plain is, in all essential particulars, a part of the general Coastal
Plain province.
Prof. C. H. Gordon completed during the summer of 1907 the field
work involved in two investigations in northern Texas, one covering
the north-central portion of the State and the other the northeastern
portion. Professor Gordon resigned from the Survey to accept a
position as professor of geology in the University of Tennessee, en-
tering upon his duties with the beginning of the school year. His
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 277
university duties interfered with the preparation of his federal
reports, but these were taken up at the end of May, and by July 1
substantial progress had been made on the report on north-central
Texas. That on northeastern Texas will be delayed.
A report in preparation by Prof. H. E. Gregory, of Yale Uni-
versity, on the ground waters of Connecticut was submitted during
the year and at its close was undergoing revision.
A report by Prof. A. F. Crider on the ground waters of eastern
Arkansas was likewise submitted toward the close of the year and is
undergoing revision.
A report by George C. Matson on the ground waters of the blue-
grass region of Kentucky, prepared as a result of field work carried
out during the previous fiscal year, was submitted for publication
toward the close of the year.
A report by F. G. Clapp on the ground waters of southern Maine,
prepared as a result of field work carried out during previous years,
was forwarded for publication toward the close of the fiscal year.
Substantial progress has been made in the preparation of a report
on the ground waters of the State of Iowa, in which Prof. W. H.
Norton, of Cornell College, Mount Vernon, Iowa ; Prof. W. S. Hen-
drixson, of Iowa College, Grinnell, Iowa ; and H. E. Simpson, of the
United States Geological Survey, cooperated.
The preparation of a report on the ground waters of southern Min-
nesota has been continued during the year by O. E. Meinzer, acting
in cooperation with Prof. C. W. Hall, of Minneapolis. Mr. Meinzer's
share of the work was completed at the end of the year, and it is
expected that Professor Hall's portion will soon be finished.
Work in the three Pacific Coast States has been continued under the
general direction of W. C. Mendenhall. As a result of this work a
report on the ground waters of south-central Oregon, by G. A. War-
ing, was submitted and sent to the Public Printer toward the close
of the year. Field work was completed by Mr. Waring as a basis for
reports on the ground waters of the Harney basin, in southern Ore-
gon, and on the ground waters of the lower Yakima Valley, in Wash-
ington. The Harney basin report was submitted for publication,
and that on the Yakima Valley is well advanced toward completion.
Reports were submitted during the year and have been sent forward
for publication on the ground waters of the Indio region, California,
by W. C. Mendenhall, and on the foothill belt of southern California
by the same author.
At the close of the year Mr. Mendenhall had under way a prelimi-
nary report on the ground waters of the San Joaquin Valley, and a
bulletin which will embody the geologic results attained as an inci-
dent to the ground-water investigations in this field.
278 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
In January Mr. Mendenhall, whose headquarters had theretofore
been in Los Angeles, Cal., was recalled to the Washington office, and at
the close of the year he was given general charge of the underground-
water work in the United States.
INVESTIGATIONS OF QUALITY OF WATER.
Investigations of quality of water have been made under the gen-
eral supervision of R. B. Dole, assisted by Herman Stabler, H. N.
Parker, W. D. Collins, E. B. Phelps, Chase Palmer, and others.
Surface waters of the United States. — The most important investi-
gation of quality of water conducted during the year has been the
continuation of a study of surface waters commenced in 1906, as de-
tailed in the report of last year. In connection with this work more
than 50,000 samples of water have been collected from the principal
lakes and streams of the United States, and about 4,800 analyses
have been made. The analytical work of this study has been com-
pleted and the water-testing laboratories that were established for
its performance have been discontinued. Reports are now being pre-
pared discussing the analytical results in relation to industrial and
municipal uses of water, chemical denudation, and other features.
Analyses of underground waters. — Besides the tests of surface
waters, about 300 mineral analyses of well and spring waters have
been made in connection with underground-water investigations in
Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, Virginia, and Texas. It has been dem-
onstrated that much more economical and satisfactory results are
obtained by making water analyses in laboratories established and
maintained by the Survey than by paying private laboratories for
such work or depending on miscellaneous analyses that may have
been made on waters from the regions under study. Several reports
involving results of work of the water-testing laboratories on under-
ground waters have been prepared for publication.
California. — In cooperation with the state board of examiners of
California, the investigation of the quality of surface waters in that
State has been continued. A chemical laboratory under the direction
of Walton Van Winkle, assistant chemist, has been established at
Berkeley, where samples of water from stations on the principal
California streams are analyzed. Considerable information in regard
to the quality of underground waters has also been obtained.
Kansas. — In cooperation with the state board of health of Kansas,
H. N. Parker, assistant hydrographer, has continued the investigation
of the quality of waters of the State. The field work, which involved
the complete analysis of about 800 samples of water, 300 field assays
of water, and the collection of detailed information regarding the
waterworks and sewerage systems of practically every municipality
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 279
in the State, was completed, and the last half of the year was spent
in preparation of a report for publication.
Pollution investigations. — A study of the pollution of streams by
certain industrial wastes and of methods of preventing the same has
been conducted in cooperation with the sanitary research laboratory
of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. E. B. Phelps, assist-
ant hydrographer, has made extensive original research into the
character of sulphite-pulp waste liquor and methods of utilizing it,
and has submitted his report on that subject.
Industrial uses of water. — A manuscript on the industrial uses of
water has been partly prepared by Herman Stabler, assistant engi-
neer. The report considers in detail the different industrial proc-
esses in which water is used, the effect of impurities, and various
methods of preparing water for industrial consumption.
TECHNOLOGIC BRANCH.
ORGANIZATION.
The organization of this branch in Washington remained the same
as at the close of the preceding year, embracing the expert in charge,
Joseph A. Holmes ; the chief engineer, Herbert M. Wilson, who in the
absence of the expert in charge assumes his duties; the editorial
assistants ; and the general clerical force engaged on the correspond-
ence, records, supplies, shipments, accounts, and bibliography. From
the Washington office directions are issued to officers and employees
in different parts of the country.
FUELS DIVISION.
The analyzing and testing of the coals, lignites, and other mineral
fuels belonging to and required for the use of the United States, in
order to determine their fuel value, were continued during the year.
The work of the fuels division by sections is summarized as follows :
CHEMICAL SECTION.
The work of the chemical section covered in general all analyses
and calorimeter determinations of fuels, including coals used by the
Government; the chemistry and physics of the combustion of fuels;
the heating value of the various fuels and methods of determining it ;
and the by-products obtainable in the coking of coals, mainly from
public lands. Physical and chemical investigations of the composi-
tion of fuels and of the gases evolved at different temperatures and
high-temperature measurements of the products of combustion were
made by J. K. Clement. A small laboratory was maintained at
Washington under the direction of G. O. Spitler for sampling the
coals purchased by the government departments in that city.
280 TWENTY-NINTH KEPOKT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
During the year 1,624 samples of coal were analyzed under the
direction of F. M. Stanton, the work involving 24,360 determinations.
Calorimeter tests were made on Illinois and Pennsylvania coals
to determine their yields in by-products. A laboratory investigation
of the losses of moisture and gases by lignites and subbituminous
coals in drying was completed. Tests were made by H. C. Porter on
the " volatility " or ease of volatilization of different coals, to deter-
mine the smoke-producing constituents given off at various tempera-
tures. An investigation of California petroleum was started by
Irving C. Allen, 480 samples, covering all the oil fields in the State,
being collected. Research work was conducted by J. C. W. Frazer
on the composition of coal, involving the use of various solvents for
the hydrocarbons, with the object of isolating definite compounds.
A laboratory study of the deterioration of coal in storage was
begun, samples of seven representative coals being stored under dif-
ferent conditions. From time to time the amount and composition
of gases given off by coal in closed vessels were determined and
changes in the character of the coal noted. »
The experimental work done at the former chemical laboratories
in St. Louis was described in a bulletin (No. 323). that appeared
during the year.
STEAM-ENGINEERING SECTION.
Tests were made at Norfolk, on behalf of the Government, to
determine the most efficient method of burning certain Virginia and
West Virginia coals under boilers. In addition 28 steaming tests
with briquets were made on a locomotive and 20 on the U. S. torpedo
boat Biddle. In cooperation with the Navy Department a test of
briquets under service conditions was made on the battle ship Con-
necticut.
During the year the results of a study of 400 steaming tests made
at St. Louis were published in a bulletin (No. 325) and the results
of a special investigation of drafts were prepared for publication.
A report dealing with experiments in heat transmission is in prepa-
ration.
The work of the steam-engineering section was under the general
direction of D. T. Randall. W. T. Ray conducted investigations on
the combustion of fuels in different types of furnaces.
PRODUCER-GAS SECTION.
About 1,251 tests were made in the liquid-fuel investigations, in-
cluding the effect of various adjustments of the engines on their
efficiency, the comparison of gasoline as a power producer with
denatured alcohol, and the results of diluting the fuels.
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 281
Producer-gas tests, numbering 7, involving 55,965 observations,
were made by the close of November, when the gas producer and
engines were dismantled and work was concentrated at Washington
on computing and tabulating the results.
The results of the gasoline-engine tests at Norfolk have been com-
piled for publication as a bulletin, and a report dealing with pro-
ducer-gas tests is in preparation.
Under D. T. Randall, in charge of fuel efficiency tests, C. D. Smith
continued in charge of the producer-gas section, and R. M. Strong
was engaged on investigations of liquid fuels.
INSPECTION AND SAMPLING SECTION.
The inspection and sampling section has been under the super-
vision of J. S. Burrows. Its work comprised the collection of mine
and car samples of fuels shipped to the testing plants, and also the
sampling of coals purchased by various departments of the Govern-
ment, 966 samples being collected from deliveries to different gov-
ernment buildings in Washington, D. C, and 553 samples being
received from various branches of the government service in different
parts of the country.
A report on the mine sampling and analysis of the coals tested at
Norfolk has been submitted for publication. A bulletin (No. 339)
on the purchase of coal under government and commercial specifica-
tions on the basis of its heating value was published during the year.
SMOKE-ABATEMENT SECTION.
Supplementing the work of the steam-engineering section, H. W.
Weeks, of the smoke-abatement section, under the direction of D. T.
Randall, compiled data on the methods and appliances used at more
than 500 power plants, in nine States, where bituminous coals were
burned under boilers without smoke, the main purpose of the inquiry
being to procure a basis for better practice at government plants.
The information gathered has been tabulated for publication. A pre-
liminary statement (Bulletin 334) dealing with the smoke problem
and the essentials of smokeless combustion was published during the
year.
COKING AND WASHERY SECTIONS.
The coking section at Denver continued under the direction of
A. W. Belden, and the washery section, also at Denver, under that of
G. R. Delamater. During the fiscal year 57 coking tests and 67
washery tests were completed, the samples being taken from coal
seams on or adjacent to public lands of the United States. The tests
were made with a view to determining the improvement in quality
282 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
to be obtained by washing and the possibility of making satisfactory
coke from particular coals, or from mixtures of different coals.
During the year the results of washing and coking tests of coal and
cupola tests of coke made by the fuel-testing plant at St. Louis were
published in a bulletin (No. 330).
BRIQUET SECTION.
The work of the briquet section, under the charge of C. T. Malcolm-
son, was conducted at the Norfolk fuel-testing plant. About 850 tons
of briquets were made, of which 460 tons were for tests on naval ves-
sels, 320 tons for tests on locomotives, and 70 tons for the steam-
engineering section. Absorption, specific gravity, tumbler, and weath-
ering tests of the briquets have been made; also flowing tests on
binders and tests of oils by distillation.
A discussion of the comparative merits of various substances used
as binders was published in Bulletin 343. Another bulletin giving de-
tails of manufacture and the results of chemical and physical tests of
the briquets made at Norfolk is in preparation. The results of steam-
ing tests with briquets will be published separately.
COAL WASTE AND MINE EXPLOSIVES SECTION.
Investigations designed to prevent waste in the development of the
nation's fuel supplies and to lessen danger to the miner from explo-
sions of gas or dust were made under the direction of Clarence Hall.
During the year Mr. Hall visited the Darr and Naomi mines in Penn-
sylvania, the Monongah mine in West Virginia, and the Yolande mine
in Alabama, where there had been serious explosions, to get at first
hand all available data on the conditions existing before the disasters,
the exact manner in which the explosions were propagated, and the
results of the explosions. He also visited the Shoneberger mine near
Pittsburg while it was on fire.
As part of its work this section analyzed samples of black powder
and dynamite for the United States Reclamation Service; it also
analyzed dynamite and exploders and tested blasting machines and
electric fuse wires for the Isthmian Canal Commission, besides inspect-
ing at frequent intervals the plants at which the explosives used by
the commission are manufactured. Various other analyses of explo-
sives were made.
A preliminary statistical report on coal-mine accidents was issued
as a bulletin (No. 333).
STRUCTURAL- MATERIALS DIVISION.
Investigations of structural materials belonging to and used by the
United States, such as stones, clays, cements, etc., were continued dur-
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 283
ing the year at the structural-materials testing laboratories in Forest
Park, St. Louis, Mo. The work was directly under the care of Rich-
ard L. Humphrey, engineer in charge of the division, who had the
assistance of a corps of engineers, chemists, geologists, and others.
LABORATORY WORK.
The following is a resume of the operations of the division :
Summary of operations of the structural-materials division.
Section.
Test pieces.
Made.
Tested.
3,915
1,104
8 031
Beam
9, 764
Block
419 j 710
Permeability
1,964 1 1,860
Shear.
97 32
Tn addition to the above-enumerated tests the following analyses
were made in the chemical section :
Steel 2,011
Cement 1,113
Rock 38
Wire screen 31
Miscellaneous 355
Also analyses of water, cement, sand, etc., and 631 determinations
of mortars, cinders, steel, cements, lime, and rocks were made for the
United States Reclamation Service.
In all 3,548 analyses and about 25,000 determinations were made.
All the laboratory work undertaken was done on a basis of cooper-
ation with the ordnance-testing laboratory at Watertown, Mass., so
that duplication might be avoided. No important changes in the
equipment of the laboratories were made during the year.
FIELD WORK.
A preliminary examination of materials about Denver, St. Louis,
and San Francisco, as well as a detailed study of the structural mate-
rials about Portland, Oreg., and Tacoma and Seattle, Wash., was
made by N. H. Darton, geologist, who was assigned to the technologic
branch. Several tons of sand, gravel, and broken rock were obtained
at Portland and Seattle and shipped to St. Louis to be tested for
their value in concrete.
Other field work was done in Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri, and
samples of stone and sand were shipped to St. Louis from several
localities.
284 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
PUBLICATIONS.
A bulletin (No. 324) on the San Francisco earthquake and fire;
another (No. 329) describing the organization, equipment, and opera-
tion of the structural-materials laboratories; a third (No. 331) on
Portland cement mortars and their constituent materials; and a
fourth (No. 344) treating of the strength of concrete beams have
been published during the year. A report describing fire-resisting
tests of various building materials has been submitted for publi-
cation.
SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS.
The following special problems were studied : The occurrence and
distribution of workable peat deposits, by C. A. Davis, peat expert;
the origin of coal, by C. D. White, geologist; microscopic investiga-
tions of coal, by R. Thiessen, assistant chemist; and the occurrence of
gases in coal, by R. T. Chamberlin, assistant geologist.
Mr. Davis visited a number of peat bogs in the Atlantic States.
Mr. White completed a study of the relative importance of oxygen
and ash in coal as affecting its heating value, based on the large num-
ber of ultimate analyses of coal and lignite made by the fuels division,
and prepared a report on his findings. Mr. White also took up the
experimental treatment of the lignites of North Dakota and eastern
Montana, in order to develop methods of handling that will give
quantitative as well as microstructural data. Several related coals
and some living woods were included in these studies for the sake
of comparison.
Mr. Chamberlin, in connection with his work, visited the Monongah
mine, in West Virginia, and the Naomi and Darr mines, in Pennsyl-
vania, after disastrous explosions, and collected samples of mine air,
after damp, gas, dust, and coal, which he analyzed. Comparative
studies on the mine-dust samples, charred and uncharred, old dust
from the main entries, and fresh dust obtained near the coal face
have been in progress.
PUBLICATION BRANCH.
BOOK-PUBLICATION DIVISION.
SECTION OF TEXTS.
The publications of the year consisted of 1 annual report, 1 mono-
graph, 2 professional papers, 30 bulletins (1 of which was also pub-
lished in 7 separate chapters) and 13 advance chapters from one
other bulletin, 22 water-supply papers, 1 annual report on mineral
resources for 190G (also published in 45 separate chapters), 5 advance
elm piers from the annual report on mineral resources for 1907, and
9 geologic folios. These publications were the Twenty-eighth Annual
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 285
Keport; Monograph XLIX; Professional Papers 53 and 56; Bulle-
tins 304, 309, 311, 313, 316 (volume and 7 separates), 317 to 337,
339, 13 separates from 340, and 342 to 344; Water-Supply Papers
195, 197, 198, 199, and 201 to 218; Mineral Resources for 1906 (vol-
ume and 45 separate pamphlets) and 5 separate chapters from Min-
eral Resources for 1907; geologic folios 151 to 159, inclusive. Sum-
maries of these publications are given on pages 11-20 of this report.
They comprise 10,149 pages, those of the last fiscal year covering
14,875 pages. In addition to the publications of the regular classes
many circulars and pamphlets, most of them relating to administra-
tion, were published.
During the year 20,691 pages of manuscript were prepared for
printing, and proof sheets for 10,827 final printed pages were read
and corrected, this work involving the handling of 4,479 galley and
16,140 page proofs. The corresponding figures for last year were
26,912 manuscript pages, 16,833 final printed pages, 7,112 galley
proofs, and 28,018 page proofs.
The make-up was prepared for 369 plates, the proofs of which
were also read, as against 661 plates so prepared last year.
Indexes were prepared for 39 publications, covering 7,538 pages,
the corresponding figures for last year being 67 publications and
12,167 pages.
Six persons have been employed in this section for most of the
year. The amount of work recorded is considerably less than that
reported last year, but material assistance was rendered at different
times in reorganizing the work of the section of distribution.
SECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Illustrations were prepared for 1 annual report, 3 professional
papers, 25 jDulletins, 7 water-supply papers, 2 volumes of mineral
resources, and 1 handbook for geologists. These illustrations con-
sisted of 175 maps, 713 sections and drawings, 3,325 paleontologic
drawings, 586 photographs (retouched), and 144 miscellaneous illus-
trations.
At the close of the year material for the illustration of 28 reports
was in hand, part of which has already been prepared. The com-
mittee on illustrations has rejected during the year 433 illustrations,
or 8 per cent of the number submitted to the publication division.
Proofs to the number of 1,858 were received and compared crit-
ically. Not only have many proofs been carried up to the fourth
revise, but considerable preliminary proof reading of lithographic
map work has been done to expedite the completion of the lithographs
by the contractors. The examination of the printed editions of 403
plate inserts delivered by the various contractors at the Government
286 TWENTY-NINTH KEPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Printing Office resulted in the rejection of 2,007 copies, and their
reprinting was ordered by the Public Printer.
During the year 182 electrotypes were furnished to outside appli-
cants not connected with this Survey, and 45 cuts were reused in vari-
ous reports.
SECTION OF GEOLOGIC MAPS.
The number of folios published and prepared for publication by
this section was less than usual this year, and the drafting force was
employed part of the time in compiling data for the geologic map of
North America and preparing maps for other geologic reports. At
the beginning of the year 15 folios were on file or in course of publi-
cation, and 4 were transmitted to the section for publication during
the year. Of these 9 have been issued. (See pp. 19-20.)
On June 30, 1908, but one folio, Mercersburg-Chambersburg, Pa.,
was on file and 9 were in course of engraving and publication : Aber-
deen-Kedfield, S. Dak.; Accident-Grantsville, Md.-Pa. ; Bellefourche,
S. Dak. ; El Paso, Tex. ; Franklin Furnace, N. J. ; Philadelphia, Pa.-
N. J. ; Santa Cruz, Cal. ; Trenton, N. J.-Pa. ; Watkins Glen-Catatonk,
N. Y.
SECTION OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS.
A year ago the editor of topographic maps reported 69 new topo-
graphic atlas sheets and special maps which had not yet been put into
.the hands of the engravers and 34 in process of engraving. The
corresponding figures on June 30, 1908, were 54 and 37. The acces-
sions during the year numbered 81 maps, and the withdrawals 3 maps ;
90 maps were published.
Manuscripts edited, including verification or correction of all geo-
graphic names: Atlas sheets and special maps, 77; corrections, 158
maps. Proof read: New topographic atlas sheets and special maps,
90; corrections, 158. During the year the manuscripts *of 179 map
illustrations to be included in 33 volumes, including 2 Senate docu-
ments, were examined and edited. Five persons were engaged in the
work of this section during the entire year.
SECTION OF DISTRIBUTION.
There were delivered to the section of distribution during the year
127 new books, 9 folios, 87 new maps, 127 reprints of maps, and 15
special maps, a total of 365; the totals of all editions being 332,523
books, 42,231 folios, and 534,477 maps; grand total, 909,231.
During the year 333,705 volumes, 39,389 folios, and 474,868 maps
(including 369.521 sold), a total of 847,962, were distributed.
The total amount received and turned into the Treasury as a result
of sales of publications was $17,013.56, a decrease of $1,619.75 from
the amount received during the year 1906-7.
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 287
During the year 76,670 letters were received, answered, and filed,
being 7,210 fewer than for the preceding year.
DIVISION OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING.
MAPS, FOLIOS, AND ILLUSTRATIONS.
At the beginning of the year 103 atlas sheets and special maps
were on hand for publication, 34 of which were partly engraved. Of
these, 3 were afterward withdrawn, leaving 100. The accessions
during the year (comprising new maps, reductions, and combina-
tions) numbered 81 maps. The status of these 181 maps on June 30,
1908, was as follows :
Published during the year or in press at its close (double
sheets counted one) 90
In process of engraving 37
Not taken up 54
Besides the engraving of new maps, corrections were made on the
copperplates of 158 maps hitherto published. Editions of 214 maps
were printed and delivered to the map room. Of these, 87 were new
and 127 were reprints or new editions.
Nine geologic folios were published and 42,231 copies printed and
delivered. Nine other geologic folios were partly completed at the
close of the year.
Under contracts with the Government Printing Office, illustrations
were printed for the following publications: Professional Papers
United States Geological Survey, Nos. 55, 60, 62, 63; Bulletins United
States Geological Survey, Nos. 318, 320, 321, 324, 335, 338; congres-
sional documents, Sixtieth Congress, first session — Senate Documents
Nos. 151 and 325, Senate Report No. 580, and House Document No.
719. For the Government Printing Office, also, maps of 9 bird res-
ervations, 2 national monuments, and 1 national park were repro-
duced and printed. For the Forest Service maps of 27 national
forests were reproduced, printed, and delivered. This work for other
branches of the Government amounted to $46,800.90, and the division
wTas reimbursed by transfer of credit on the books of the United States
Treasury.
Of miscellaneous matter of all kinds the total number of copies
printed was over two million and required over seven million print-
ings. The total number of copies printed of maps, folios, and mis-
cellaneous matter was 2,824,796, requiring over eleven million impres-
sions. There were also 299 transfer impressions made and sent to
contracting printers.
INSTRUMENT SHOP.
The work of the instrument shop consisted in overhauling and
repairing surveying, drafting, and engraving instruments, and in
288 TWENTY-NINTH KEPOET OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
making copperplates and electrotypes. More than 1,700 repairs were
made to instruments, and 273 new copperplates and 35 electrotypes
were finished.
PHOTOGRAPHIC LABORATORY,
The output of the laboratory included 14,194 negatives, of which
13,087 were glass and 1,107 were paper; 42,763 prints, of which 11,650
were map prints and 31,113 were mat prints; and 1,411 lantern slides.
ADMINISTRATIVE BRANCH.
EXECUTIVE DIVISION.
Correspondence, records, appointments, supplies, and shipments. —
The total amount of work performed in this section was considerably
greater than that for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1907. The scope
of the work of the section has been enlarged ( 1 ) by the appointment
of a purchasing clerk, whose duty it is to make arrangements for pur-
chases of all material procured at Washington in the open market,
and to issue the orders therefor; (2) by the establishment of a " fol-
low-up " system on all correspondence recorded in the section; (3) by
the recording of a greater proportion of the letters received; (4) by
the establishment in the section of the sales offices for local cash sales
of Survey publications; (5) by the establishment of a system of cost
keeping; and (6) by the increased number of letters filed. Moreover,
the general growth of the Survey manifests itself at every desk in
this section.
Mails, files, and records. — During the year 107,283 pieces of mail
were received, an increase of 2 per cent over the number for the
previous fiscal year. Of this mail, 20,218 pieces, an increase of more
than 10 per cent over the number for 1907, contained remittances for
sale publications of the Survey.
The recording and filing of correspondence required the services of
three clerks throughout the greater part of the year. The number of
letters mailed through the section was 66,860, of which 17,509 were
registered.
Personnel. — In the roster of secretarial appointments 916 changes
were made and recorded during the year, as compared with 1,002 in
the previous year. Of these changes 335 were new appointments, 147
separations (4 by death), 247 promotions, and 9 reductions. The
remaining 178 changes were such as not to affect the total number
of employees or the pay rolls, and included extensions of limited ap-
pointments, changes of title, changes from annual to per diem rating
or the reverse, the designation of disbursing agents, etc. The decrease
in the number of changes recorded is accounted for by the change in
the department method of making probationary appointments abso-
lute. There are now on the rolls of the Survey 840 names, an increase
of 188, or 28.8 per cent.
TWENTY-NINTH KEPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 289
An average of 1,250 applications for leave were handled per month,
or 15,000 for the year. These covered 11,331 days of annual leave and
2,428J days of sick leave, being 55 per cent of the amount of annual
leave and 12 per cent of the amount of sick leave which it is permis-
sible to grant under the law ; also 8,508J days of leave without pay.
The above figures of leave without pay do not cover the transfers to
state pay rolls, nor do they include 64 indefinite furloughs, which
were made in December for employees of the technologic branch.
Property accountability. — During the year the system of property
accountability by custodians for various branches and divisions was
continued and, in addition, a custodian of office property was desig-
nated to make an inventory of all nonexpendable property in Wash-
ington. This inventory was nearly completed at the end of the year.
The amount derived from the sale at public auction of property
examined by inspectors and found unserviceable was $1,418.77. Dur-
ing the preceding fiscal year it was $2,946.29.
Express and freight. — During the year 4,750 pieces of express and
freight, of which 1,092 pieces were outgoing and 3,658 pieces were
received, were handled by the shipping clerk, who also checked 641
freight and express accounts.
Purchase and distribution of supplies. — The present system con-
centrates in this section all operations connected with purchases in
Washington, such as procuring bids, issuing orders, and preparing
vouchers, and requires the services of three persons during most of
the time. During the year 2,220 requisitions were handled, which
involved the drawing of 2,360 orders. Under the system of drawing
the order and preparing the voucher at one operation, the number of
vouchers passed was the same as that of orders drawn.
Stationery. — In the stationery room the services of three men are
required for handling mails, delivering supplies throughout the office
and packing and shipping them to the field parties, and keeping an
account of the charges for stationery supplies. During the year
8,913 requisitions for blanks, blank books, and miscellaneous supplies
were filled from stock on hand and 447 requisitions were drawn on
the department for supplies. In addition to this work, 613 requisi-
tions for printing were made on the department, and 397 requisitions
for furniture and supplies.
Administrative bookkeeper. — All transactions of the Survey re-
quiring administrative examination and check are handled by the
administrative bookkeeper, who acts in the dual capacity of audit
clerk and bookkeeper. A satisfactory system of accounts and double-
entry bookkeeping was adopted at the beginning of the year, the net
results of which are given in the following table of classification of
disbursements, the repayments shown in the table on page 91 having
been deducted.
58920— int 1908— vol 1 19
290
TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
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291
DIVISION OF DISBURSEMENTS AND ACCOUNTS.
A condensed statement covering the financial transactions of the
fiscal year is given below.
Amounts appropriated for and expended by the United States Geological Survey
for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908.
Title of appropriation.
Salaries, office of Director
Salaries, scientific assistants
Skilled laborers, etc
Gaging streams, etc
Paleontologic researches
Chemical and physical researches
Preparation of illustrations
Report on mineral resources
Books for library
Rent of basement
Rent of office rooms
Topographic surveys
Geologic surveys
Mineral resources of Alaska
Geologic maps of United States
Surveying forest reserves
Testing fuel
Testing structural materials
Appropria-
tion.
$35,
29,
20,
100,
10,
20,
18,
75,
2,
1,
3,
300,
200,
80,
100,
100,
250,
100,
340.00
900. 00
000. 00
000. 00
000. 00
000. 00
280. 00
000. 00
000. 00
500. 00
000. 00
000. 00
000. 00
000. 00
000. 00
000.00
000. 00
000. 00
1,445,020.00
Repay-
ments.
828,270.73
3.42
4.35
10,655.00
1,147.42
16,418.19
9, 022. 46
107. 34
46,802.74
167. 40
2,806.95
945. 84
116,351.84
Available.
$35,
29,
20,
128,
10,
20,
28,
76,
2,
1,
3,
316,
209,
80,
146,
100,
252,
100,
340. 00
900. 00
000. 00
270. 73
003. 42
004.35
935. 00
147. 42
000. 00
500. 00
000. 00
418.19
022. 46
107. 34
802. 74
167. 40
806. 95
945. 84
1,561,371.84
Disburse-
ments.
$34, 603. 46
29, 899. 99
19, 964. 45
127,406.96
9, 970. 78
19, 489. 44
28, 448. 17
72, 295. 64
1,774.73
1, 500. 00
3,000.00
316, 289. 47
205, 527. 69
79, 814. 42
145, 671. 50
97,702.25
250, 588. 29
99, 963. 04
Balance.
$736. 54
.01
35. 55
863. 77
32.64
514. 91
486. 83
3,851.78
225.27
128. 72
3,494.77
292. 92
1,131.24
2, 465. 15
2, 218. 66
1,543,910.28 | 17,461.56
LIBRARY.
Accessions. — Inadequate room in the library has forced the continu-
ance of the policy of discarding books to make room for accessions.
During the twenty-six years of its existence the library has acquired,
by exchange and otherwise, many valuable works that are not wholly
of geologic interest. Although these would not be out of place here
if shelf room were ample, they have been removed to make room for
works more frequently consulted. More to be regretted was the neces-
sity of discarding, on account of their large size, a number of periodi-
cals, including some mining journals; but the discarded books are
transferred to the Library of Congress, where they are cared for
and made available for reference.
In the Library of Congress the section of geology is unimportant,
this subject being left for the Geological Survey's library to cover.
The Survey library is therefore coming to be used more and more
by geologic students and writers, both resident in Washington and
visiting. The readers in the library this year numbered 8,580, and
the books loaned, not including those consulted in the library, 9,270.
Owing to the more rigid scrutiny of accessions the increase during
the year was less than usual. About 10,000 items, including books,
pamphlets, periodicals, and maps, were added. Notable among these
are:
Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society of London, 1878-1898. 21 volumes.
Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Halle, 1853-1906. 22 volumes.
Mitteilungen der Ungarischen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 1872-1882.
292 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
During the year 1,990 complete volumes were added to" the acces-
sions record, which on June 30, 1908, shows the library to contain
62,174 volumes. This number is exclusive of the 3,894 numbered
volumes that have been transferred to the Library of Congress.
As in past years, the exchange list has been supervised in the
library. All publications of the Survey so far as issued have been
distributed to its correspondents, from whom a large proportion
of the most valuable additions to the library are received, includ-
ing the transactions of all the known geologic societies of the world,
most of the geologic reports issued by governments, many impor-
tant private monographs, and other publications.
The appropriation of $2,000 for purchase of books enables the
library to acquire about 70 periodicals, the principal new publica-
tions of geologic interest, and occasionally to add, through purchase
from second-hand dealers, some rare out-of-print works long needed.
Catalogue. — About one-sixth of the contents of the library have now
been completely catalogued, and printed entries therefor have been
incorporated in the card catalogue. All the rest are briefly entered
in the library records, and, being classified on the shelves, are avail-
able when called for. The complete cataloguing is continued as
rapidly as possible, 6,960 volumes having been catalogued and shelf-
listed this year.
Practically all the catalogue entries of geologic books (except
those of copyrighted books) that are printed on cards for sale by
the Library of Congress are supplied by the Survey library, 1,106 of
these entries having been furnished during the last year.
A card catalogue of the geologic books in the Library of Congress
is also maintained in the library of the Survey, as an adjunct to the
catalogue of its own books.
The map catalogue includes about 700 entries, principally of maps
published in the United States by the various state surveys, by the
Government of Great Britain, and by the geological surveys of Nor-
way and Sweden. It includes also folios of the Geologic Atlas of
the United States.
REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL
FOR THE INSANE.
293
OFFICERS OF THE HOSPITAL.
JiO AMD OF VISITORS.
F. M. Gunnell, M. D., U. S. N.,
President of the Board.
Hon. William A. Maury.
G. Lloyd Magruder, M. D.
Mrs. G. Gardiner Hubbard.
Mrs. Kate M. Sharp.
Walter Wyman, M. D.,
Surgeon-General, P. H. and M. E. S.
Mr. Scott C. Bone.
Brig. Gen. George M. Sternberg,
U. S. A.
Rev. John M. Schick, D. D.
Executive Committee of the Hoard.
Messrs. Gunnell, Maury, and Sternberg.
Chaplains.
Rev. Jas. R. Edwards.
Rev. W. G. Davenport.
B. R. Logie, M. D.
Alfred Glascock, M. T>.
Wm. L. Sheep, M. D.
C. R. Bell, M. D.
Rev. C. M. Bart.
Rev. C. O. Isaac.
Rev. John Chester, D. D.
MEDICAL STAFF.
Superintendent.
William A. White, M. D.
First Assistant Physician.
M. J. Stack, M. D.
Assistant Physicians.
Harry R. Hummer, M. D.
George H. Schwinn, M. D.
Woman Physician.
Mary O'Malley, M. D.
Junior Assistant PJiysicians.
Wm. H. Hough, M. D.
A. C. Fitch, M. U.
M. Edith Conser, M. D.
Medical Internes.
M. H. Darnall, M. D.
Pathologist.
I. W. Blackburn, M. D.
Psychologist.
S. I. Franz, A. B., Ph. D.
Dentist.
A. D. Weakley, D. D. S.
295
296 REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
Ophthalmologist.
Arthur H. Kimball.
Veterinarian.
John P. Turner, V. D. M.
Steward.
Monie Sanger.
Purchasing Agent.
A. E. Offutt.
Matron.
H. O'Brien.
Chief of Training School.
K. E. Cramer.
CONSULTING STAFF.
Internal medicine.
Dr. S. S. Adams. Dr. Sterling Ruffin.
Dr. G. W. Cook. Dr. James D. Morgan.
General surgery.
Dr. J. Ford Thompson. Dr. G. T. Vaughn.
Lieut. Col. Wm. H. Arthur, U. S. A. Dr. W. P. Carr.
Gynaecology.
Dr. Joseph Taber Johnson. Dr. J. W. Bovee.
Dr. H. L. E. Johnson. Dr. I. S. Stone.
Ophthalmologist.
Dr. D. K. Shute. Dr. W. K. Butler.
Laryngology.
Dr. C. W. Richardson. Dr. W. A. Wells.
Dr. J. J. Richardson. Dr. F. T. Chamberlin.
Genito-urinary diseases.
Dr. E. F. King. Dr. Wallace Neff.
Medical zoology.
Dr. C. W. Stiles. Dr. Thomas A. Claytor.
Bacteriology.
Dr. W. B. French. Dr. H. D. Giddings.
REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
Washington, D. C, July 1, 1908.
Sir: The Board of Visitors of the Government Hospital for the
Insane has the honor to submit the fifty-third annual report of the
hospital, consisting of the report of the superintendent for the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1908, and his recommendations.
Kespectfully,
F. M. Gunnell, M. D.,
President of the Board of Visitors.
Wm. A. White, M. D.,
Superintendent, Secretary of the Board ex officio.
The Secretary of the Interior.
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT.
MOVEMENTS OF POPULATION.
There were remaining in the hospital on June 30, 1908, 2,733
patients, as against 2,596 patients remaining June 30, 1907, an in-
crease for the fiscal year of 137. This figure is unusually large
because of the extraordinary number of admissions during the latter
part of the year, and the increase in the number of patients in the
hospital can be more accurately estimated on the basis of the average
daily population. The figures from this standpoint show that the
average daily population for the year ended June 30, 1908, is 2,665,
while for the preceding year it was 2,569, showing an increase of 96
in the daily average number of patients for the year. During the
year there were admitted to the hospital a total of 643 patients, 24
more than last year, making a total of 3,239 patients under treat-
ment during the year. Of the total number admitted, 342 were
from civil life and 301 from the Army, Navy, and Public Health
and Marine-Hospital Service. The total number of discharges for
the year, including the deaths, was 506, classified as follows: Recov-
ered, 155; improved, 110; unimproved, 33; died, 201; not insane, 7.
These figures, calculated upon a basis of the number of admissions,
give the following percentages: Recovered, 24.10; improved, 17.10;
unimproved, 5.13; died, 31.25.
The number of deaths, namely, 201, is the lowest since the fiscal
year 1901-2, while the percentage, based on the average number
under treatment, namely, 7.54, is the lowest since the fiscal year
1886-87.
As regards the admission rate, a notable change in the proportion
of District patients has taken place. Whereas the number of admis-
297
298 REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
sions of District patients is the smallest of any year since 1901, the
number of admissions from other sources is larger than it has been
since 1903. During the past five years the relation of the number of
District patients admitted, compared with all others, has been,
roughly, as two to one, while during the past year, owing to the
decrease in the number of District patients and the increase in all of
the others, the proportion is almost equal — 342 District patients as
against 301 patients from other sources.
As regards the total population, it is interesting to recall that Con-
gress made a preliminary appropriation of $50,000 in 1900 for the
preparation of plans and specifications for the extention of the hos-
pital to accommodate 1,000 patients. The total number of patients
remaining in the hospital on June 30, 1900, the year when this appro-
priation was made, was 2,076, and the superintendent of the hospital
in his report for that year states that "the institution would at the
outside accommodate comfortably and conveniently not to exceed
1,600, with the necessary employees." This shows that at that time
the hospital had an excess or approximately 500 patients. Compar-
ing the number of patients at that time with the number of patients
remaining June 30, 1908, namely, 2,733, it will be seen that there has
been an increase of 657 patients, so that the 1,000 beds for which the
extension was built are all occupied, and within the past few months
it has been necesssary to put additional beds in certain quarters of the
institution. During the year the old " Annex," which was built tem-
porarily during the overcrowded condition of the hospital previous to
the erection of the hospital extension, has been vacated and the col-
ored patients who were housed there have been transferred to Gar-
field 2, White Ash, Dawes Basement, and Garfield Basement. In
addition to the reoccupation of these four wards, Cypress ward and
Dix 1 Building have been reoccupied, after having been thoroughly
renovated.
BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS.
The necessary grading has been done, top soil spread, and grass seed
sown, completing about 10,000 square yards of lawn on the plateau
in the rear of J and K buildings.
In the rear of the Richardson Group, 450 linear feet of new macadam
road has been built, 720 feet has been resurfaced, and 1,800 linear feet
of cobblestone gutter laid. The necessary grading has been done and
about 1,570 square yards of concrete base put in for the new vitrified
block driveway near the laundry, and for a smaller driveway in the
rear of R and P buildings. One thousand two hundred linear feet of
9 by 12 inch concrete base has been put in and a contract let for fur-
nishing and setting 1,200 linear feet of granite curb for these drive-
ways. One hundred and thirty-two thousand vitrified paving blocks
have been purchased for these driveways, and also for the proposed
new road to the stable.
A considerable amount of grading has been done in the rear of the
laundry and a cinder road built, thus making the rear entrance to the
laundry accessible to teams.
Steam tables. — Ten steam tables have been purchased for installa-
tion in the serving rooms of buildings B, C, I, K, L, M, N, and R. It
is hoped that these will materially assist in getting food to the patients
hot.
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL. FOR THE INSANE. 299
Manure pit. — A concrete pit for the storage of manure has been con-
structed near the greenhouses. The liquid contents of this pit are
distributed to the flower beds in the different greenhouses by means
of a system of pumps and pipes.
Coal storage. — A concrete shovel floor 30 by 130 feet has been laid
on an open space adjacent to the power house to provide a place
for the open storage of bituminous coal.
Home for male nurses. — The East Lodge Building, which is being
remodeled for a home for male nurses, is about finished and will be
ready for occupancy August 1. This building has lent itself admi-
rably to remodeling for this purpose, and it is hoped will provide
excellent living quarters for about 50 of the male nurses. By remov-
ing these men to this building additional accommodations will thus
be secured for patients.
Laundry. — About 300 square yards of new cement floor has been
laid in the laundry to replace the old wooden floor that was badly
decayed.
Sterilizer. — The large sterilizer which was purchased of the Kny-
Scheerer Company last year for installation in the laundry has been
installed and is in operation. It works very satisfactorily, and is of
such size that mattresses can easily be sterilized in it. This is a very
valuable addition to the laundry plant and gives us a feeling of
security in being equipped to handle contagious and infectious
diseases.
Stone steps. — The stone steps to Oak, Walnut, Cherry, and Birch
wards, which were in an unsightly condition by reason of being
chipped, unevenly worn, out of line and level, were redressed and
reset. Substantial iron railings were erected for each set of steps.
These were necessary, as in the winter the steps are so slippery as to
be a menace to the patients who had to be taken up and down them.
West Lodge skylight. — A large skylight has been installed over the
main stairway in the West Lodge. This is an interior stairway,
without windows or other openings that admit the light, and before
the erection of this skylight it was necessary to light the stairway
by electricity.
New plumbing. — The work of installing new plumbing, for which a
contract was awarded the latter part of last year, was begun in
July, 1907, and finished in January, 1908. Eight toilet rooms were
fitted up under this contract ; six of these are in the old main build-
ing, where the plumbing was not only old and worn out, but was
installed in the old-fashioned way, inclosed in wood, so that the
lavatories were in a very unsanitary condition. The new lavatories
that have been installed all have tile floors with exposed piping and
marble partitions.
Fireproofing. — The contract which was awarded last June for the
erection of fireproof doors has been completed. Fifteen stairways
and 8 fire walls, containing in all 185 openings, were provided with
fireproof doors under this contract.
New stairways. — The eight flights of iron stairways contracted for
last June have been erected. These stairways replace flights of old
wooden stairs to cellars and attics in various locations throughout
the old buildings.
Fire engine. — The steam fire engine contracted for last June has
been delivered. This is a Metropolitan fifth-size engine, with a
300 REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
pumping capacity of 400 gallons per minute. To accommodate the
new engine some minor repairs were made in the engine house,
involving the removal of a brick wall, and the widening of the tracks
to suit the wider gauge of the new engine.
Old pump house. — The old building which was formerly used as a
pumping station, and which occupied a site a short distance from the
present station, has been torn down. This building had reached
such a state of dilapidation as to render it unsafe.
New crib. — The old wooden crib at the river, which formed a sump
from which the supply of river water used at the hospital was pumped,
has been replaced by a concrete pit 16 by 16 by 16 feet. The old crib
had a lining of sheet piling driven down into the soft marsh mud.
It was found that the pressure outside the crib forced this soft
material under the piling and up into the crib, choking the inlet and
cutting off the water supply. The new pit has a concrete bottom as
well as sides, and a gate controlling the flow from the inlet, so that
the supply can be cut off and the pit emptied and cleaned of any
sediment that may accumulate. The installation of this new crib is
a great addition to the fire protection of the hospital, as water is
pumped from this crib directly into the fountain basin at the rear of
the main building, from which the fire engine would derive its source
of supply in fighting a fire in that neighborhood. This would enable
the hospital to throw at least two good streams of water upon a fire,
one from the fountain basin and one from the fire mains which are
supplied by the river pumps. This is of great importance, as the
hospital is dependent upon its own department. It is hoped, how-
ever, that this will not continue long, and in fact arrangements have
already been made by the District Commissioners to lay an 8-inch
pipe up the hill as far as the hospital.
Recitation room. — Carrying out a plan which was formulated some
time ago for the remodeling of the old center, one of the rooms here
has been fitted up with tablet arm chairs and blackboards as a reci-
tation room for the classes of the training school. This room will
accommodate 32 students, and being used solely for this purpose,
models, charts, and other appurtenances can be permanently arranged
therein.
Gymnasium. — In connection with the hydrotherapy room in B
Building a small gymnasium has been installed. This is found to be
quite useful and is very much enjoyed by the patients who take the
hydrotherapeutic treatment.
Circulating library. — Another one of the rooms in the old center has
been remodeled and fitted up with steel book shelving. All of the
books in the small ward libraries throughout the hospital have been
accumulated, some 400 additional volumes have been purchased, and
a circulating library for the general use of the hospital has been
established here. The library has approximately 3,000 volumes; it
has been completely catalogued and a printed copy of the catalogue
is distributed in each ward so that all the patients of the hospital
may consult it. The library is in charge of a librarian, who is there
Monday and Thursday mornings. The patients are deriving a great
deal of pleasure from this source, and a great many books are taken
out by them.
REPORT OF GOVEKNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 301
Record room. — For the purpose of increasing the storage capacity
in the record room, which has been rendered necessary by the growth
of the work in this office, a mezzanine floor was installed therein.
Trees. — Last summer groups of dwarf evergreens were planted in
front of B and C buildings. They have all done well and added mate-
rially to the appearance of the grounds. Several evergreens were
also planted about N and P buildings. Three hundred and forty
trees were purchased in April for the purpose of establishing a nursery.
These include 175 shade trees, 65 flowering trees, 30 of pendulous
habit, 50 Japanese maples, and 20 evergreens. These have been
planted and are doing well. These trees can be moved at the proper
season and planted about the new buildings where there is need of
shade.
Amusement hall. — Congress has made an appropriation for an
amusement hall, and plans have been drawn and bids for its con-
struction have been asked.
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT.
Electrical. — The work of the electrical engineer has been largely
confined to repair and renewal of the present installation and to chang-
ing over wiring in buildings that were being remodeled. During the
year this department has answered to 1,803 repair calls. The motors
used in heating and ventilating the new buildings were entirely over-
hauled previous to the winter season, as were the various ventilating
fans that are used throughout the hospital. The motor used to
drive the Sturtevant fan for ventilating the tunnels was temporarily
connected up in September last and permanently connected in the
following April. Sixty-four incandescent lamps in the detached din-
ing hall have been replaced by four arc lamps. The installation of
electrical wiring has been completed in the East Lodge and a number
of changes in the locating of lighting fixtures, necessitated by con-
struction work in the various parts of the hospital, have been com-
pleted.
Plumbing. — The work of the plumbing department has been largely
confined to repairs and renewals. Independent hot-water lines
have been run from the heaters in both buildings B and C to the con-
tinuous baths, so as to obviate the possibility of sudden changes of
temperature.
Sewers. — In the main the work on the sewers has been repair work,
but in several instances sewer lines have been changed so as to im-
prove the existing conditions.
Steam fitting. — The steam lines and traps in the new tunnel have
been overhauled. Utensil sterilizers have been installed in the
operating room. The balance of the work in this department has
been, in the main, repairs and renewals.
Water system. — The new reservoir at the pumping station has been
connected up, the wells cleaned out, and the output of water from
them materially increased. For some weeks past the engineer has
been experimenting with these wells for the purpose of increasing
their efficiency if possible. The results up to the present time have
been encouraging. From time to time where it has been necessary
to dig up valves on the water pipes throughout the grounds, man-
302 REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
holes have been built so that these valves in future will be more easily
accessible. The new crib at the river has been finished, as previously
mentioned. The water supply at the river has been overhauled, and
the fire hydrants kept in constant repair.
Boiler House. — The old boiler house has been shut down for the sum-
mer season, the connection between it and the new boiler house having
been put into service.
Machine work. — The work of the machine shop has been in the main
repair work. Many of the machines throughout the hospital have
been repaired, while the pumps and compressors at the pumping sta-
tion and the pumps at the ice plant have all been overhauled and put
in good condition.
ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT.
OFFICE OF THE STEWARD.
In the steward's office the work of bringing the accounting system
into conformity with the most approved business methods, which was
described in the last annual report, has been continued. The first of
the year will mark the beginning of the end of this work, when changes
will be made in the financial office that will finish the remodeling of the
entire accounting system of the hospital. The analysis of the work
of the hospital has been a long and tedious task, but from now on it is
hoped that we will be able to obtain some satisfactory results in cost
accounting. In connection with the analysis of the accounts of the
hospital a study of the relations of the various employees has been
made, so that a classified table of all the positions in the institution
might be made a basis for our pay roll.
In connection with advertising for annual supplies for the hospital
98 items were added to the list upon which bids were solicited, making
a total of 575 items on which prices were asked.
Matron. — The matron has furnished monthly reports of the work of
the sewing and mending rooms. There has been set aside in the base-
ment of the old center building a condemning room. This is ex-
pected to prove of great benefit, the aim being to collect all the con-
demned material in one place, thus precluding the possible use of con-
demned articles over again, or any misappropriation.
Mattress shop. — The number of mattresses made during the past
year was greatly increased over previous years, due to the opening of
new wards and the increase in population.
Laundry. — The laundry is now on a much better basis than ever
before. During the year is has turned out an average of 48,000
pieces per week, and an analysis of the cost of doing this work indi-
cates that it is being done at a reasonable figure. During the year,
besides putting into operation a new steam sterilizer, there have been
installed a Bishop starcher and a Newark shirt-ironing machine.
The machinery has been gone over, several of the washers have had
new jackets put on, and one of the mangles a steam top attached.
Tin shop. — The various tin roofs of the hospital have been gone over
and kept in fairly good shape, so that there are very few complaints of
leaking roofs. The tin shop is now manufacturing many articles that
previously were purchased.
Keceivint; iiroup
Howard Hall Oroup
Richardson Group
Night Service
Odontologist
Optbalmologtst
CM. of Training School
Bathni aster
Bathmistress
Asso. Pathologist
Asso. Clinical Pathologist
Asso. Psychologist
Asso. Physiological Chemist
Asso. Histological Pathol-
ogist
Asso- Bacteriologist
Constructing Engineer
I ■mi Sfwv/jni
Civil Service Clerk
I'os! "ihre clerk
Record Clerk
File Clerk
Time Clerk
Clerks
Med Internes
Mm, | lulL-nie-,
iii'J.-'ii,;
[Night Phone Operat
\Females in Training
tiznr&
[Charge Nurses
jciiarge Attendants
(Charge Nurses
Charge Attendants
Attendants
[Charge Nurses
(Charge Nurses
Nurses
Clniri:e Aiteii'liinU
Attendants
Barbers
(Charge Nurses
^Clerks
JAsst. Storekeeper
Clothing Clerk
I'oreu'uHi.'tunf Work Room
Forewoman Mending Room
Foreman of Laundry
Housekeeper
Chambermaids
I ].!inl-|ervr
Shoemakers
Head Cooks
jButcbers Helpers
Head Tinner
Head Painter
Foremen of Laborers
Railroad Foreman
Cardeuer
Farm Fore
\ >p i. uli urisL
llenlsiiiuu
\'i't.-i-iii;1ri;m
Poult rymen
Supl. ...1 ritobles
Ileml Dairyman
:>ii';ui:lii!,;r- \ HHpers
; i 'in nil m i*j a- Helpers
; Machinist Helpers
^Laborers
Cabinet Carpenters
Brickluyers
Plasterers
^Tinners
Painters
Laborers
Teamsters
Laborers
.Farm nands
\Toainsters
Farm Hands
(Teamsters
Farm Hands
Special
l..ilxM,T-,
} Laborers
j-Laborer.s
>Hodcarriers
i Plasterer Helpers
(To fa.v vw :;ul\)
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 303
MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENTS.
Training school. — During the past year the training school gradu-
ated 17 nurses, 5 men and 12 women. While this is about the average
number graduated each year, we could, to advantage, use more
nurses than we have, especially male nurses. The efficiency of the
ward service is undoubtedly very materially increased by educating
our employees in their work. At the present time, out of a total of
86 wards of the hospital, 43 are in charge of nurses. While it would
be desirable to have all of the wards in charge of graduates, still this
number permits all of the wards where there are acute cases of
insanity or serious illness, together with the infirmary wards, to be
in charge of trained employees.
The last annual report recorded placing two of the four wards of the
male infirmary in charge of female nurses. This experiment proved
so satisfactory that all of the four wards of this building are now in
charge of women nurses. It is probable that additional male wards
will be placed in charge of women, as the result of our experience in
this building, and also because of the fact that a materially larger
proportion of women qualify by taking the training.
Hydrotherapy. — In the hydrotherapeutic department 1,199 patients
have received a total of 22,210 baths.
Ophthalmologist. — The ophthalmologist, Dr. A. H. Kimball, reports
that he has made in all 59 visits to the hospital during the year. The
following is a list of examinations and treatments: Eyes, including
179 refractions, 427; ear, 90; nose and throat, 105; operations, 8;
total, 630.
Dentist. — The dentist, Dr. A. D. Weakley,. reports that during the
year he has examined and treated a total of 602 patients. The char-
acter of the work done is shown in the following table :
Dental work during the fiscal year ended June SO, 1908.
Roots and teeth extracted 330
Mouths cleaned 51
Silver fillings 80
Cement fillings 29
Gutta percha fillings 77
Teeth treated 268
Nerve removed and canals filled 6
General anesthetic 1
Local anesthetic 6
Artificial sets of teeth, new 4
Artificial sets of teeth, repaired 7
Gold and porcelain crowns, new 2
Gold and porcelain crowns, repaired 1
Bridge repaired 1
Photograph]). — The photographer reports that during the year he
has taken 450 photographs of patients and 394 photographs of
pathological specimens and miscellaneous subjects.
Contagious and infectious diseases. — During the year there were 9
cases of measles, 4 cases of German measles, 1 case of mumps, 1 case
of typhoid fever, and 2 cases of malaria in the hospital. The cases
of measles were immediately isolated when discovered, so that no
spreading of the disease occurred throughout the institution. The
case of typhoid fever was a male employee, and on investigation it
was traced to outside sources.
304
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
Surgery, — The following is a list of surgical operations which were
performed during the year with the results in each case. In addition
to this list about 400 minor surgical cases were treated during the year.
Surgical operations -performed during the year.
Operation.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Result.
Recov-
ered, proved.
Im-
Died.
Amputation of breast and resection of rib
Amputation of rectum
Amputation of toe
Appendectomy
Cauterization of rectal ulcers
Curetment of uterus
Cystotomy
Excision of chronic abscess of thigh
Excision of infected cervical glands
Excision of rectal fistula
Gastroenterostomy
Gastrotomy
Hemorrhoidectomy
Herniotomy, right inguinal
Hysterectomy
Incision of abscess of axilla
Incision of abscess of back, cold
Incision of alveolar abscess
Incision of infected inguinal glands
Incision of isehio-rectal abscess
Incision of leg for phlegmonous inflammation —
Incision of tuberculous synovitis
Laparotomy for abscess of pancreas
Laparotomy for intestinal obstruction
Multiple incisions of infected hand
Multiple incisions of scalp and face for erysipelas.
Mastoidotomy
Lumbar puncture
Paracentesis abdominis
Perineorrhaphy
Removal of bullets from scalp and back
Removal of infected testicle
Removal of keloids
Removal of lipoma of thigh
Suturing of triceps and brachialis anticus muscles.
Thyroidectomy
Tonsillotomy
Tracheotomy
Trephining of skull for cerebral cyst
Trephining of skull for localized meningitis
Urethrorhaphy
Wiring of fracture of tibia
Total.
43
25
68
57
Tuberculosis. — Tuberculosis has been diagnosed in 11 cases during
the year. This is a quite satisfactory showing, as will appear in the
analysis of deaths from tuberculosis in the report from the patho-
logical laboratory. It will be seen that there has been a material
decrease in the number of cases throughout the hospital.
A porch for colored tubercular patients has been constructed in the
rear of Oaks D ward. It is inclosed in glass similarly to the other sun
parlors in different parts of the hospital, and accommodates 8 patients.
Vaccination. — During February and March about 200 patients and
employees were vaccinated. At this time there were some cases of
smallpox in the city, and as the major portion of the hospital popu-
lation had been recently vaccinated only such additional cases as
might be going and coming to the hospital and who might convey
the disease were vaccinated.
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 305
Staff meetings. — On the 15th of April last the following circular
letter was sent to the various members of the medical staff:
To the Medical Staff: The receipt of this letter will inaugurate a new system of staff
meetings, which will be held daily, with the exception of Sunday, at 11 o'clock a. m.,
the Sunday meetings being hereby discontinued. The meetings will be presided
over by the superintendent, or in his absence by the first assistant physician.
It is believed to be for the best interests of the patients, for the greater protection
of the public, for safe-guarding the interests of the hospital, and for the promotion of
the scientific knowledge of insanity that the members of the staff meet at stated
intervals for the purpose of holding consultations regarding the several patients under
their care. These meetings are for the purpose of arriving at diagnoses where possible,
of discussing the advisability of paroles and discharges, and in general dealing with all
questions relative to the mental and physical condition of the patients and the best
methods of their treatment. To these ends there will be prepared in the office a list
of all patients as they are admitted, and so soon as their histories have been written
they will be read at staff meeting, when the conclusions of the writer may be criticised
and corrected. This will provide a ready means of checking up the histories, as it
will be expected that the history will be presented in each case within a reasonable
time after admission. In every instance where the question of recovery is involved,
or parole or discharge from the hospital is under consideration, the case shall be re-
ported in full at conference for the purpose of inviting the opinions of the several mem-
bers of the staff. From time to time cases about which difficulties arise may be pre-
sented for the opinion of the several members of the staff, and autopsy reports and
further histories will be in order, especially as justifying, or otherwise, clinical diagnoses.
Each senior member of the staff, will be called upon to express an opinion in every
case presented, and a stenographer will be present at the meetings for the purpose of
recording these opinions. These opinions will be briefed by the stenographer and
presented to the first assistant physician for his 0. K., after receiving which they will
be filed with the records of the respective cases under the title of " Conference report.' l
Since the date of the above letter staff meetings have been held
regularly every morning, except Sunday, at 11 o'clock. It has been
found by experience that all of the work outlined in the above letter
can hardlv be done at these meetings, the number of cases under
consideration is so great. Preference, therefore, is given to the cases
of patients who are recommended for discharge. No patient is now
discharged from the hospital without having his case read in full at
the staff meeting, and the natient himself being present, so that he
may be questioned by the different members of the staff.
It is felt that the discharge of a patient from a hospital of this sort,
often, at least, involves grave responsibilities, and our experience
thus far in the staff meetings is that these responsibilities are met in
a much more satisfactory manner by the thorough discussion that
the cases thus receive.
PATHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT.
During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, 128 post-mortem
examinations were made, about 64 per cent of the total number of
deaths. Of these, 44 were senile dementia, 13 of dementia prsecox,
11 of chronic dementia, 10 of chronic melancholia, 12 of paresis, 7
of epileptic insanity, 6 were noted as arterio-sclero tic dementia, 4 of
chronic mania, 4 of imbecility, 2 of manic depressive insanity, 2 of
involutional melancholia, 2 of organic dementia, and 1 case each
of acute mania, goitrous psychosis, exhaustion psychosis, psychosis of
Addison's disease, periodic mania, acute mania, terminal dementia,
alcoholic dementia, acute confusional insanity, post-apoplectic
dementia, and acute delirious mania. These terms still show the
58920— int 1908— vol 1 20
306 REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
influence of the older nomenclature which in some instances has not
been changed. Of the number, 99 were males and 28 females; the
youngest a female of 17 years, the oldest a man aged 93 years.
The number of cases of senile dementia is far greater than of any
other form, being of course correlative with the advancing years of
many of our patients. So, also, is the number of cases of arterio-
sclerosis, various degrees of which were found in 76 cases ; softening
of the brain dependent thereon were found in 23 cases. Acute white
softening of thrombotic origin, with extensive destruction of the
brain, had caused sudden death in 3 cases. Intracranial hemorrhage
was found in 4 cases, of the cerebrum in 2 cases, of the meninges in 1
case, and of pons and medulla in 1 case. In 1 case an intradural
hemorrhage had taken place in the dorsal portion of the cord. The
principal meningeal changes were 18 cases of internal pachymeningitis
of various degrees, 1 case of secondary meningeal tuberculosis, 1 of
fibrino-purulent lepto-meningitis. Chronic meningeal changes in
some instances appearing sufficient to cause the mental failure were
found in many cases, and the meningo-encephalitis of paresis was
demonstrated in all cases of this disease. Two cases of chronic
meningitis with cerebral atrophy and arrest of development were
found in marasmatic and paralytic patients aged respectively 17 and
18 years. The brain in these cases weighed 663 and 730 grams.
The conditions of the heart were as follows: In 18 cases the organ
weighed 340 to 400 grams; in 22 cases the weight was 410 to 600
grams; only one weighed as high as 750 grams. The smallest heart
weighed 90 grams, occurring in a marasmatic youth aged 18 years.
Only 5 hearts weighed less than 200 grams; 33 weighed less than the
normal average. Valvular disease either as incompetence or stenosis
or as chronic deformity of the valves was noted in 28 cases. Minor
pathological conditions of the valves which could not have produced
symptoms have not been included. There were 9 cases of chronic
interstitial myocarditis, which in some instances had caused sudden
death. Four cases of aneurism of the aorta; in 1 case rupture of the
sac into the pericardium.
, Pulmonary tuberculosis showed a gratifying reduction since last
year and for many^ years previous. Active pulmonary tuberculosis
was only met with in 12 cases; intestinal auto-infection in 5. Latent
tubercular lesions were found in 15 cases. Taken with the cases
which did not come to autopsy there were only 15 cases of active
tuberculosis of the lungs out of 200 deaths during the year. The
table of analysis of deaths from the disease and cases in which it was
found at autopsy is continued" herewith,
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
307
Analysis of deaths due to tuberculosis for fiscal years ended June 30, 1885-1908.
Date.
1885
105
1886
102
1887
92
1888
120
1889
114
1890
140
1891
128
1892
153
1893
181
1894
167
1895
179
1896
187
1897
162
1898
197
1899
193
1900
184
1901
226
1902
177
1903
258
1904
243
1905
236
1906
202
1907
216
1908
201
© o
zn
72
49
79
67
108
79
96
117
115
125
119
90
85
81
94
109
92
125
103
114
114
128
128
30
43
41
47
32
49
57
64
52
54
68
72 |
112
112
90
117
S5
133
140
122
73
Total. 4,163 2,358 1,805
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Other pulmonary diseases were 1 of pneumonia following la grippe,
5 of broncho-pneumonia, 7 of pulmonary gangrene, 1 of chronic bron-
chitis, and in a number of cases debility and chronic bronchial catarrh
had resulted in hypostatic pneumonia, with a catarrhal inhalation
exudate.
Interstitial nephritis was of frequent occurrence; there were 57 cases,
and the condition entered into the cause of death in 9 cases. Cystitis
with pyelo-nephritis was present in 8 cases.
Diseases of the digestive system were 1 case of acute colitis, 2 of
calculous cholecystitis, 2 of cirrhosis of the liver, 2 gastric ulcer, 1 of
hemorrhage from the stomach, 1 of hemorrhagic pancreatitis, and
3 cases of peritonitis. Two deaths from appendicitis with peritoni-
tis, 1 from Addison's disease.
Tumors were represented by 2 small dural tumors, 2 goitrous
tumors, 3 of carcinoma of the stomach with metastasis to the liver
and other organs, and a number gf uterine fibromata, often multiple
in the same case.
During the year considerable time has been devoted to the prepara-
tion for publication of a work on " Illustrations of Gross Morbid
Anatomy of the Brain in the Insane." This work is now in the course
of publication by the hospital; it consists of a selection of 75 plates,
with an introduction and explanatory text for each plate. The plates
are the result of careful photographic reproduction of pathological
specimens, many of which have been carefully retouched and worked
over in crayon on bromide enlargements and afterwards rephoto-
graphed for the work. The subjects illustrated are arterial diseases,
308 REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
arterio-sclerotic softenings, hemorrhages, atrophies, general paralysis,
meningeal states, scleroses, hydrocephalic conditions, and intracranial
tumors. The work is for gratuitous distribution, being the second
publication of the kind issued by the hospital.
A study is now in the course of preparation treating of the gross
pathological conditions of the brain and its envelopes in 200 cases
of epilepsy, this being the number of epileptics which have come to
autopsy since the establishment of the pathological department.
The preliminary notes of this study show that a considerable number
of cases of the disease originated in gross malformations, as in early
acquired pathological conditions of the skull membranes and brain.
Another work on which much has already been done is the con-
tinuation of observations on internal pachymeningitis. This sub-
ject was first made the basis of a paper published in the annual report
of the hospital in 1897, in which 197 cases were reported; again in a
paper read before the District Medical Society, 1904, the subject was
taken up and 61 additional cases were added. Since then 72 cases
have been added to the list, making in all 330 cases of the disease,
comprising all stages from the earliest manifestation to the final stage
of haematoma and hygroma. A few histological studies, and possi-
bly some experimental work, will complete this study which may then
be published.
Two cases of chronic meningo-encephalitis with extreme cerebral
atrophy and marked degeneration of the descending tracts of the
spinal cord, occurring in early life, are at present under study.
The technician in microscopical technology reports that during the
year 1,200 microscopic slides have been made, comprising the study
of 6 cases of paresis, 5 spinal cord conditions, and other work for
diagnostic purposes on the conditions of organs, diagnosis of tumors,
etc.
Clinical pathology. — The clinical branch of the department reports
that during the year 843 urinalyses were made, with negative results
in 533 cases; positive in 310. Of the lesions found there were 115 of
nephritis indicated by albuminaria and casts, 54 of albuminaria of
undetermined character, hematuria in 4 cases, sugar in 3 cases, and
specific urethritis in 2 cases. The diazo-reaction was done in 1 case,
cystitis was discovered in 113 cases, inflammation of uncertain location
in 12 cases.
Blood examinations for the plasmodium mal arise were made in 80
cases, resulting in finding the parasites in 21. Blood counts were
done 34 times; for leucocytes 18 times, for determination of the red
cells in 15 cases. Hemaglobin tests were made 20 times.
Sputum was examined in 80 cases, the bacillus of tuberculosis
found in 9; the other sputum examinations made were not significant
of any special form of disease. Stomach contents were examined in
4 cases, resulting in finding hyperchlorhydra in all.
PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY.
During the year there have been examined by the psychologist,
both on the wards and in the laboratory, about 90 patients who have
presented unusual conditions of difficulties of diagnosis. These ex-
aminations are aside from those that were made for the purpose of
scientific investigation.
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 309
Investigations. — The psychologist makes the following report in
regard to the investigations under way in the laboratory:
(a) The careful examination of a number of patients who showed evidence of a
psychogenic origin of the mental disease has been undertaken. Two patients of this
character have been examined carefully and at length at different times, but up to
the present, while I am satisfied of the cause or part of the cause, for their condition,
it has not been possible to demonstrate this to the patients and to obtain from them
an acknowledgment of the truth of the supposition. In these cases there is underlying
the mental disease some hidden set of associations which cause the patients to react in
ways that are peculiar to them. In this work a great amount of time is demanded,
because of the necessary microscopical observations of the patient and because of the
full and free discussions with the patients of the mental phenomena. There is great
hope of cure in these cases should it be possible to get the individuals conversant with
their condition and the cause therefor, but from the experience gained in the examina-
tions conducted up to the present time it seems to me that this sort of investigation or
therapeutics will be carried out most speedily and to the best interests of the patient
only when the investigator has immediate charge of the patient with whom the in-
vestigation is being done. The daily and almost constant contact which the ward
physician has with the patient brings with it a dependence of the patient upon the
physician and the confidence necessary to obtain the proper reactions. All the in-
vestigations of this character which have so far been published have been carried out
by those who were in control of the individuals with whom the work was done, and it
may be impossible for an investigator as such to do this character of work. On the
other hand, the lack of time, perhaps also lack of method, on the part of the ward
physician may place this subject beyond investigation here under the present circum-
stances. It is intended to continue the work and if nothing more is accomplished its
practicability will have been demonstrated. It is impossible, therefore, to set any date
at which this work may be completed, for so much depends upon the individual
patient and, as has been said, upon the amount of assistance that can be given by the
other members of the staff.
(6) The investigation of the reflexes in a large number of patients has been begun.
So far as I am aware, there have been only incomplete and sporadic correlations of the
reflexes in the different forms of insanity, and it is not too much to expect that if a suffi-
ciently large number of patients can be examined carefully the diagnostic value of the
reflex changes will be made more apparent than it is at present, or that the valueless-
ness of the present methods may be demonstrated. Already about 70 patients have
been examined, and on each one there have been from 32 to 38 observations made.
To complete this work there should be a total of about 700 to 800 patients examined.
To make up this number of observations would require constant work for about six
weeks, working from five to six hours a day, if an assistant is obtainable, otherwise it
will take over twice as long to complete. It should be said that the records already
taken were obtained with the assistance of some of the junior physicians, but since the
staff meetings have been in progress the time of the junior physicians has been more
fully occupied with other matters, leaving them little opportunity for work or assist-
ance of this character. This work was temporarily discontinued on account of the
failure of the printer to furnish the requisite number of printed forms, and has not been
continued since that time on account of the demands of other work which was in
progress.
In addition to the correlation of the reflexes in a large number of individuals, work
is in progress on the careful examination of some of the reflexes in certain selected
cases. For this latter work I have devised and have personally constructed two pieces
of apparatus, one for measuring the time and extent of the knee kick and the time of the
muscular contraction causing the knee kick, the other to measure the amount of the
changes in the size of the pupil accompanying accommodation and the stimulation of
the light and the consensual reflex due to light stimulation. The preliminary stages
in the knee-kick investigation have been passed. The apparatus has been several times
changed and improved, but now has been thoroughly tested and found satisfactory for
measuring the time of the reaction. Since much of this work is mechanical in char-
acter, now that the methods have been devised and carefully worked over, it is possi-
ble to collect a sufficiently large number of observations and measurements and to
finish a part of this work and to get it ready for publication within about four to six
weeks, if all the available time is spent upon it, and if the proper kinds of patients can
be obtained. So far in the work careful measurements of the time of reaction in two
normal individuals has been determined as a working standard. The results show that
the average time for one of these individuals is 0.045 second, and for the other, 0.051
310 REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
second. This time is more constant than that of the simplest voluntary movement.
Several years ago I found that in cases of manic-depressive insanity with retardation
the time of the knee kick was very much longer than this time from normal individuals,
but the methods used at that time were not so accurate as the ones I am now using.
Should it be found, however, that there is a regular decrease in the rapidity of the reflex
in such cases, and thus the earlier findings be confirmed, weshallhave notonlya better
understanding of some of the conditions in these curable cases but the information will
give us the clue to the understanding of what underlies the condition of depression,
which is associated with the true retardation. In addition to the investigation of the
reflexes in cases showing retardation I am taking up similar work on paretics. The
ease with which some of the reflexes are fatigued in paresis, a fact which I discovered
some time ago, opens up the possibility of an early diagnosis in this condition, but it is
premature to consider the matter settled until many more individuals have been tested.
(c) In connection with several members of the staff careful observations have been
made in a number of cases with a view to the publication of the results so soon as all
the work can be done. One series of such observations has been made on a case of
polyneuritis with Korsakow's syndrome. In this case there was no history of alcohol,
lead, or other poisoning to account for the symptoms, and the addition of certain
hysterical symptoms make the case exceptional and worthy of publication. All the
clinical work on this research has been finished. The autopsy and microscopical
findings have not yet been reported in full, and until there is a complete examination
of the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves it would be unwise to prepare the material
for the press. Some sections of the spinal cord and of the nerves have been cut and
stained, but a promise of a further examination has been made. So soon as the
pathologist has finished the preparation of the specimens illustrating the neurological
changes and has written an account of his findings an article embodying the results of
the clinical and experimental examinations can be prepared.
(d) I have on hand the results of a completed investigation of memory and appre-
hension in the dementia of arterio-sclerosis. On account of other work this material
has not yet been carefully worked over, but it probably needs no additions.
(e) I have also gone over the results of an investigation, which was begun about ten
years ago, on muscular and nervous fatigue, to determine whether or not it was worthy
of publication. I have a mass of records taken on normal individuals which bring out
some points that have not hitherto been shown, but as this investigation requires the
cooperation of a number of normal persons it may be impossible to finish it here. The
calculation of all the records is completed, but there is not sufficient material to warrant
the publication of the results that are now on hand.
(/) One of the greatest needs I have felt in examining patients has been norms for
the sensations from the body. Without careful examinations on a number of normal
people the examinations of mental and neurological cases can not well be gauged, and
I have begun to collect observations on the skin sense in a few normal individuals
with which to compare similar results on the abnormal. The feature most easily
noticed and most often studied in pathological cases is a change in the ability to move
or to correlate movements, and little attention has been given sensory changes. Many
patients complain of certain feelings, often indefinite in character, or of peculiar sensory
experiences that have previously been dismissed by asserting the peculiar sensations
and feelings are illusory or delusional. All these feelings and sensations must have
some basis in the organism, either stimulatory or lack of stimulation. It is with the
object of determining the causes of these feelings and sensations in the abnormal that
this research has been projected and a beginning made. We must first have the
observations in a number of normal individuals, as has been said, and to this end I
have already gone over one individual very carefully so as to map out on the body the
relative sensitiveness of the different parts. It is necessary in this work to take about
one hundred distinct areas for examination, and on each area it is advisable to make
at least ten determinations. This makes, with each individual examined, about a
thousand experiments, and we need at least ten normal people for this work. Once
the data for normal persons have been obtained it will be possible to map the whole
body in area of more or less sensitivity, so that in any pathological case a comple e
examination need not be made unless the case demands such. The acquisition of
results such as are attempted will place us in a position to go over carefully such cases,
for example, as show deficient feeling of reality, and instead of using a priori methods
will give data showing the association of these disorders with certain sensational
changes or the nonassociation with the sensations that have been investigated.
(g) At the time of writing the last annual report I noted that I had been engaged in
preparing a scheme for the complete examination of the mental condition of the
patients. This scheme was adopted and put in force and has been successfully used
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOK THE INSANE. 311
since that time. It was later incorporated as a chapter of While's Outlines of Psy-
chiatry, and has been favorably reviewed. It was suggested at the time that an
enlargement of the scheme, to make a short book, on the examination of the insane,
would be advisable and I collected materials for several chapters. The pressure of
other work has prevented the continuation of this work, which is not strictly investi-
gation, but which is undoubtedly part of the function of an investigator and which is
just as strictly scientific as a research. Work of this character should not be done
rapidly and, if it is advisable to continue it, at least six to eight months will be requ i red
for its completion. This is on the assumption that the book should not be written as
the daily work, but as the relief work from the daily routine.
(h) The investigation of the functions of the cerebrum, with special reference to
the association areas, has not been continued, but it is hoped that time will permit
the completion of another section of this work during the coming year. In an earlier
paper it was demonstrated that the frontal lobes are concerned with the formation
and retention of simple sensory-motor habits, and material is at hand to show that the
posterior association areas are also so utilized. From the results in hand it appears
likely that the new work will demonstrate that the anterior and the posterior areas
are used simultaneously in the formation of habits, but that the functions are different,
the anterior being in control of the motor part of the association and the posterior con-
trolling the sensory part. The facts which have been gathered from clinical studies
support this view, and during the year I have been gathering clinical material that
bears upon this question. This material is no widely scattered in American, English,
German, French, and Italian magazines that it will require several months before all
of it can be gone over with any degree of thoroughness. The experimental part of the
work can be carried on, however, without special regard to the clinical material that
may be collected, for the conclusions may be definitely formulated only from the
comparison of the experimental and clinical results, and the clinical studies will not
influence the validity or the general character of the experimental studies.
PUBLICATIONS.
The following publications by members of the hospital staff have
appeared during the year:
By William A. White, M. D., Superintendent:
Outlines of Psychiatry, pp. vi+232.
The Nature of Insanity. (Washington Medical Annals, September, 1907.)
Hospitals and Asylums of Europe. (George Washington University Bulletin,
December, 1907.)
By Shepherd Ivory Franz, A. B., Ph. D., Psychologist:
Examination of the Insane. Being Chapter VII of White's Outlines of Psychia-
try, pp. 65-93.
Psychology at two international scientific congresses. (Journal of Philosophy,
Psychology, and Scientific Methods, Vol. IV, pp. 655-G59. November, 1907.)
Ueber die sogennante Dressurmethode fur Zentralnervensystems-untersuchungen.
(Zentralblatt fur Physiologie, Vol. XXI. November, 1907.)
Two recent international scientific congresses. (Science, n. s., Vol. XXVI, pp.
800-802. December, 1907.)
A Noiseless Room for Sound Experiments. (Science, n. s., Vol. XXVI, pp.
878-881. December, 1907).
Neurology at the Physiological Congress, Heidelberg, 1907, and at the Congress
for Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychology, and the Nursing of the Insane, Amster-
dam, September, 1907. (Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology,
Vol. XVIII, pp. 91-99. January, 1908.)
Psychology and the Medical School. (George Washington University Bulletin,
Vol. VI, pp. 7-15. December, 1907.)
The Functions of the Frontal Lobes. (George Washington University Bulletin,
Vol. VI, pp. 74-75. December, 1907.)
A New Method of Artificial Respiration. (George Washington University Bul-
letin, Vol. VI, pp. 72-73. December, 1907.)
On Sleep. Review of the views of Claparede. (Journal of Philosophy, Psy-
chology, and Scientific Methods, Vol. IV. pp. 161-164. March, 1908.)
By William H. Hough, M. D., Junior Physician:
Phlegmonous Gastritis, with Report of Case. (Washington Medical Annals,
March, 1908.)
By Monic Sanger, Steward: Perpetual Inventories. (The Bookkeeper, May, 1908.)
312
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
FARM AND INDUSTRIAL DEPARTMENTS.
The following is a list of the farm and garden products for the
fiscal year which have been turned into the storeroom for general
use. Included in these totals is quite a quantity of garden truck
from the garden recently laid off back of the Richardson Group:
Farm and garden products.
Apples barrels . .
Apples, crab bushels . .
Apricots do
Beans:
Lima do
String barrels . .
Bect& bunches .
Beets bushels.
Cabbage heads.
Carrots bunches .
Cantaloupes
Celery bunches .
Cherries quarts.
Chickens pounds .
Corn, green ears .
Cucumbers
Currants quarts.
Duck pounds.
Eggs dozens.
Eggplant
Goosebenk s quarts .
Grapes pounds.
Honey do . . .
Kale/ barrels.
Lettuce heads.
Milk gallons .
Onions bunches.
Onions barrels .
Oyster plant
298
5
3
219
262
10, 652
97
23, 301
5,641
8,561
19, 231
605
1,314
37, 315
5,833
300
1,203
5,702
3,000
10
11, 625
611
851
21, 964
86, 484
54, 746
12
Parsley bunches . .
Parsnips barrels . .
Peaches bushels. .
Pears do
Peas do
Peppers, green do
Pork pounds..
Potatoes :
Irish bushels. .
Sweet do
Radishes bunches . .
Rhubarb do
Spinach barrels. .
Squash :
Winter
Summer
Strawberries quarts . .
Tomatoes bushels . .
Turnips do
Clover and timothy hay, green,
tons *
Ensilage, corn, green tons. .
Corn fodder do
Corn, ear bushels. .
Hay, timothy tons. .
Wheat, green do
Clover and orchard grass ... do
Oats, green do
16, 058
197
19
27
241
68
12, 984
246
1,050
30, 795
342
161
3.747
14, 332
654
1, 134
1,932
143
444
20
31
2
35
36
41
The following list shows the articles made and repaired in the
tailor shop, sewing room, mending room, and mattress shop :
Work of tailor shop, sewing room, mending room, and mattress shop.
ARTICLES MANUFACTURED. ARTICLES MANUFACTURED— Continued.
Aprons:
Barbers 1
Dining room 27
Gingham 212
Kitchen 250
Shoemaker and rubber 3
White 653
Bags:
Broom 15
Clothes 17
Jelly 23
B a nds, flannel 6
Bibs 15
lilouses 790
Caps:
Nurses', rubber 20
Skull... I
Surgeons' 12
Cases:
Pillow, cotton 3, 812
• Pillow, rubber 1
Chemise 814
Cloths:
Table, long 135
Table, short 138
Coats:
Dentists' 2
Dairy 12
Jean 574
Operating 6
Overall 261
Cords and tassi Is 20
Covers:
Billiard table 2
Bolster 3
Book 3
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
313
Work of tailor shop, sewing room, mending room, and mattress shop — Continued.
ARTICLES MANUFACTURED — continued .
Covers — Continued .
Brown linen, table 2
Car 27
Corset 2
Cushion and couch 23
Piano 1
Screen 115
Stand 511
Swiss, bureau 96
Turkey red 3
Curtains:
Cotton 2
Holland 499
Sash 18
Swiss 68
Transom . .' . 19
Drawers:
Boys' canton flannel , 8
Men's canton flannel 2, 099
Women's, cotton 416
Dresses:
Denim 267
Gingham 701
Percale 92
Night, long 251
Night, short 235
Miscellaneous 163
Gowns, operating 11
Jackets, boys' 2
Mittens 8
Pants:
Boys' 10
Citizen's 586
Dairy 12
Operating 3
Overall 612
Soldier 764
Petticoats:
Cotton 841
Flannel 3
Pillows 5
Pieces, corner 6
Sacques, dressing 4
Sheets:
Bath 2
Double 28
Single 4,949
Shirts:
Boys' under 8
Blue flannel 9
Canton flannel 1, 438
Check 2, 389
Night 1,011
Shirtwaists, boys' 5
Sides, canvas 2
Skirts:
Percale 4
Nurses' , dress 137
Squares, outing flannel 3
Strainers, linen 53
Strops, razor 6
Suits : 3
Suits, canvas 15
articles manupactued — continued.
Ticks:
Bolster 1
Mattress, double 3
Mattress, single 360
Pillow 360
Towels:
Bath 2,575
Roller 2,273
Tea 2,699
Underhandkerchief s 1
Vests 301
Waists:
Nurses' 46
Under 6
WORK DONE IN MATTRESS SHOP.
Mattresses :
Made 360
Made over 533
Mats:
Cloth, braided 136
Cloth, drawn 48
Cloth, husk 50
Hair renovated pounds . . 22, 650
Pillows:
Made 1 360
Made over 595
Made:
Cushion, circular 1
Bolster 1
Repaired :
Clothing pieces. . 839
Hose pairs. . 1, 144
REPAIRS AND MISCELLANEOUS WORK.
Repaired :
Clothes pieces . . 28, 471
Hose, pairs 1, 349
Miscellaneous 10, 615
Hemmed :
Blankets 1, 939
Napkins 1, 376
Made:
Bands 89
Straps, buckle 2, 124
Names sewed on 10, 929
Suits pressed 26
WORK DONE IN HOWARD HALL WORK-
ROOM.
Made:
Mats 264
Mitts and pads 86
Repaired :
Clothes pieces . . 7, 645
Shoes 335
Socks pairs . . 505
Chairs caned 156
Heel plates put on 152
314 REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
STOCK.
The following is a detailed statement showing the work done by the
veterinarian during the year:
Work of the veterinarian.
Horses examined for soundness and purchased 5
Cows inspected, tuberculin tested, and accepted 26
Bulls inspected, tuberculin tested, and accepted 2
Cows inspected and condemned as unprofitable 38
Bulls inspected and condemned 2
Horses:
Surgical cases 30
Medical cases 6
Cows:
Surgical cases 55
Medical cases 32
Tuberculin test of hospital herd, January 14-15, 1908:
Cows tested .- 137
Bulls tested 3
Cows reacting (tuberculous) 1
Operations: Hogs 74
During the year the hospital lost one horse, "Hector/' through a
street-car accident. His back was broken by a collision and he was
humanely destroyed. There were no horses condemned during the
year, although two or three are partially unserviceable. Five horses
were purchased during the year after being examined for soundness.
Five cows died during the year; 2 of forage poisoning, 1 of indiges-
tion, 1 lymphadenoma, and 1 from traumatic pericarditis. In addi-
tion to these 1 cow was found dead in her stall ; 1 was destroyed on
account of paralysis, and a third on account of rupture of the dia-
phragm, making a total of 8 cows lost by death, disease, or accident.
The herd was given its annual tuberculin test January 14-15, 1908.
One hundred and thirty-seven cows and 3 bulls were tested. One
cow reacted and has since been destroyed. She had tuberculosis of
the liver, the disease being localized. This very small loss is very
gratifying and shows that this disease can be admirably controlled by
the constant use of tuberculin when purchasing animals, and making
a yearly test of the entire herd.
For several years we have known that many of the cows were unprof-
itable, but it has been a difficult task to discover them on account of
the large number of cows in the herd, the uncertainty of the descrip-
tions given by the milkers, and the very unreliable records of the herd.
To remedy these conditions a large herd book was purchased, each cow
was ear-marked, and a complete description of each animal was
entered in the herd book. Since January 1, 1908, the milk of each
cow at each milking is carefully weighed and recorded. At the end
of the month the production of each cow for that period is recorded in
the herd book, which also gives a complete record as to the time of
breeding, the birth of each calf, its sex, its disposal, and the final dis-
position of the cow. By these means we are weeding out the un-
profitable cows and are only keeping such as make a fair return to the
hospital. Thirty-eight unprofitable cows have been sold during the
year, and both of the common bulls.
The total loss to the herd through death, destruction, and sold as
unprofitable during the year was 47 cows and 2 bulls. Up to June 30,
26 cows and 2 bulls have been added to the herd through purchase
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL, FOR THE INSANE. 315
and 17 cows contracted for to be delivered during July, 1908. There
are now 139 cows, 12 calves, and 3 bulls in the hospital herd.
The large number of unprofitable cows was due largely to the age of
the herd, which averages over 12 years. A cow's usefulness decreases
after the eighth year and there have always been too few cows pur-
chased each year to keep the herd up to its best work.
The hospital now owns 3 registered Holstein-Fresian bulls of the
best producing families. Two of these are in service and the third is
7 months old and is kept with the heifer herd at Godding Croft.
There are now 12 heifers started, and every heifer calf from a
profitable mother is retained in the herd. Each calf is properly ear-
marked and registered in the herd book. The calves by the full-
blood bulls began to arrive in June, but unfortunately a large pro-
portion have been males. It will be the plan to raise 30 to 40 heifers
each year, and if the venture is successful very few purchases of
cows will be necessary after 1910.
Plans have been made for a heifer shed for 30 calves at Godding
Croft this summer. It is made so that wings can be added as neces-
sary. To supply the herd with new stock it will be necessary to
have 60 heifers growing at all times and possibly 75 for the first year
or two. By this means the hospital will get better cows and run no
risk of becoming infected with tuberculosis. As the grade of cows
improves the hospital will get much more milk. To insure an ample
supply of milk at least 200 milking cows should be kept at all times.
To keep 200 to 250 cows, more of the farm must be utilized for raising
roughage and a complete up-to-date system of rotation of forage
crops must be adopted. It is realized that there is no pasturage at
the hospital farm, and very little at Godding Croft, hence every
pound of fodder, grass, silage, etc., must be raised and cut for the
cows. It is possible by proper methods to raise an abundance of
roughage feed on the farm, with the possible exception of part of the
clover hay.
During the past winter all hogs slaughtered on the farm were
inspected post-mortem and any parts not healthy were condemned.
LEGISLATION.
While nothing has been accomplished during the past year in the
way of actual legislation looking toward bettering the condition of
the insane, still a great deal has been accomplished in securing atten-
tion to this subject. During the early part of the session of Con-
gress Mr. Olcott, of New York, introduced a bill (H. R. No. 12898),
which is intended to remedy some of the existing evils. The princi-
pal feature of the bill is the doing away with jury trials in order to
commit patients to the hospital, unless such trial is demanded by
the patient, or by some one in his behalf. In a report prepared by
Mr. Olcott setting forth the reasons for this legislation, a digest of
lunacy legislation in each State of the Union is included, and it
appears from the digest that in a majority of the States it is not
obligatory unless special demand therefor is made. While it was not
possible last year to secure the passage of this legislation, the bill was
very carefully considered, and was reported upon favorably by the
District Commissioners, the Board of Trade, the Chamber of Com-
merce, and the corporation counsel's office. The amount of publicity
316 REPOKT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
which the manner of committing the insane was afforded by the
introduction of this bill, and its consideration by these various public
bodies resulted, in addition, to a special report upon the care of the
insane in the District of Columbia by the Society of Nervous and
Mental Diseases, and also a special report on the same subject pre-
pared by the Board of Charities of the District of Columbia, which
latter was printed as a Senate document (No. 283). With all the
amount of interest which has been stirred up on this subject, and
the public agitation which it has received, it seems reasonable to
expect legislation in the near future which will result in a material
betterment of present conditions.
It is not necessary for me to discuss further the question of lunacy
legislation in this place, as I have been over the whole subject in
previous annual reports. It is gratifying to know, however, that
reforms in this matter are being agitated in various parts of the
United States, and that as a result solutions are coming to the front
which must help us. The District of Columbia has been too long in
the background in this matter, and it is time that conditions were
appreciated and something done.
ESTIMATES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1910.
The appropriations recommended for the fiscal year 1909-10 are
as follows: For the support, clothing, and treatment in the Govern-
ment Hospital for the Insane of the insane of the Army and Navy,
Marine Corps, Revenue-Cutter Service, inmates of the National
Homes for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, persons charged with or con-
victed of crime against the United States who are insane, all persons
who have become insane since their entry into the military service of
the United States who have been admitted to the hospital and who
are indigent, including purchase, maintenance, and driving of neces-
sary horses and vehicles, and of horses and vehicles for official use of
the superintendent, for the indigent insane admitted from the District
of Columbia, and nonresident insane persons under temporary care,
the sum of $609,400. This amount is based on 2,770 patients, at
$220 per capita. Tins number is arrived at by estimating the prob-
able increase on the basis of what the increase has been in past years.
Pursuing the same method of calculation for the District or Columbia
patients, their share is $301,400, leaving $308,000 to be provided for
in the sundry civil bill.
The last year shows an increase in the daily average population of
the hospital of 96, while the number remaining in the hospital on
June 30, 1908, was 137 in excess of the number remaining at the close
of the last fiscal year. While the average for the year might hardly
indicate that 2,770 patients are to be provided for for the coming
fiscal year, inasmuch as the average for the last year was about 2,665,
still the population at the close of the year was 2,773, a sudden
increase having taken place toward the end of the year. It is of
course difficult to say what the next few months will show, but a
study of the conditions between now and the time when it is necessary
to hand in the estimates to the Treasury Department may indicate the
desirability of a revision of the above figures.
For expenses in returning escaped patients to the hospital the sum
of $1,500 is asked to be set apart. A decision of the Comptroller
prevents the payment of these expenses out of the support fund of
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 317
the hospital and makes it necessary that a special appropriation be
made for this purpose.
The usual authority should be given in the sundry civil bill to use
$1,500 in defraying the expense of removal of patients to their
friends on leaving the hospital.
A further provision in the same bill is necessary, authorizing the
sum of $1,000 to be used in the purchase of books, periodicals, and
papers for the use of the hospital and for the medical library.
For roadways, walks, and grading, $7,500 is necessary to continue
the work of grading the grounds and providing roadways, walks, and
gutters, and for making necessary repairs and renewals of those
already completed.
For general repairs and improvements the sum of $50,000 is asked.
Recent appropriations for repairs that have been granted have
been for $35,000. The estimated value of the entire hospital plant
is $5,000,000. On this basis of valuation the repair appropriation is
seven-tenths of 1 per cent. There have been added to the hospital by
the hospital extension 15 new buildings, at a total cost of $1,500,000.
This would have left the $35,000 repair appropriation 1 per cent of
the estimated cost of the plant previous to the erection of the hos-
pital extension. These buildings, however, have now been built five
years, and repairs are beginning to have to be made upon them. It
is thought, therefore, that a 1 per cent basis of repair appropriation
is entirely reasonable. Repairs must necessarily not only increase
as the size of the plant increases but increase with the age of the
several buildings. One per cent, which will now meet the necessary
repairs, might possibly in future years be inadequate. It is hoped,
therefore, that with the increasing size of the institution and with
the increasing age of the several buildings a corresponding increase
in the repair appropriation may be granted.
For new entrance and gate house $8,000 is needed. The building
of the hospital extension, with the location of the offices in the new
administration building, has removed the center of the institution
from the old main building to the present administration building,
and makes it desirable to provide a new main entrance at the north-
ern extremity of the administration group.
For a new dairy barn, together with the necessary roadways and
grading, and the extension of heat, light, and water systems, $50,000.
The present buildings, comprising the barns, piggery, and hennery,
are located on the east side of Nichols avenue and immediately front-
ing upon it. Most of these buildings are very old and in a dilapidated
condition. One of these barns constantly requires repairs.
A recent investigation of the dairy b}^ an expert from the Agricul-
tural Department showed it in a very unfavorable light, and indi-
cated very clearly that steps should be taken to improve the condi-
tions. This can only be done in a satisfactory and economical man-
ner by constructing a new plant. It is believed that with the pres-
ent agitation of the milk problem in the District, which is resulting
in investigations along the broadest possible lines, it would be advan-
tageous, from many points of view, for the Government to take the
initiative in constructing a model and up-to-date dairy plant. There
is only one other plant in the District owned by the Government,
namely, the Soldiers' Home, which is at the other extreme of the
District; and the plant at this hospital is in very poor condition. I
believe it should be put in the best condition possible for the reasons
318 REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
above stated, in addition to the fact that it is of the highest impor-
tance that such an important and staple article of diet in the hos-
pital as milk should be of the best quality — fresh, and free from any
suspicion of disease. For doing this work, as stated above, $50,000
will be required. I secured the hearty cooperation of the Agricultu-
ral Department (to which I desire to extend my thanks) in preparing
plans for a model dairy. Its experts have been over the situation
and plans have been drawn in the Department and estimates pre-
pared of the cost of construction. It will therefore be possible to
go to Congress with the most approved plans for this type of building.
To enable the Secretary of the Interior to purchase additional land
for the Government Hospital for the Insane, $50,000, or so much
thereof as may be necessary. In the event of his inability to make
such purchase, the Secretary of the Interior shall proceed in the
manner prescribed for providing a site for the Government Printing
Office, in so much of the act of July 1, 1898, as is set forth on pages
648 and 649 of volume 30 of the Statutes at Large, to acquire the
land desired; and for the purpose of such acquisition the Secretary
of the Interior shall have and exercise all the power conferred upon
the Public Printer in such act. This appropriation to be disbursed
by the Secretary of the Interior.
The need of additional land for the hospital has been appreciated
for some time, and each successive superintendent for many years
past has requested appropriations for its purchase. The need of
land has become more acute of late because all of the new construc-
tion has been placed upon land previously used for farming purposes,
thus restricting the output of the farm to such an extent that it is
now impossible to raise enough fodder for the dairy herd. The hos-
pital is increasing in size at the rate of upward of 100 patients per
annum, and more buildings must be added in the near future, which
will still further infringe upon the land used for farming.
For the construction or an epileptic group to accommodate 140
patients, $140,000 is asked.
The hospital has been increasing rapidly in size lately, and the
thousand beds for which the hospital extension was constructed are
already rilled. In certain portions of the hospital we are beginning
now to see evidences of crowding. It is, therefore, the part of wis-
dom to provide for further growth, and in making this provision it
is deemed desirable to build such extensions as will enable a better
classification of the hospital population. Whereas the epileptics are
at present fairly well segregated, they are in wards that were built
for a different class of patients. The buildings of an epileptic group
can be so constructed as to admit of indefinite extension, and will
give this class of patients a character of surroundings much better
suited to them than they now have, while the wards they now occupy
can be used for the general purposes of the hospital population.
The estimated cost on a basis of $1,000 per capita is considered under
all present conditions to be reasonable.
For an iron fence to be placed along the frontage of the hospital
grounds on the east side of Nichols avenue the sum of $14,000 is
needed. This portion of the hospital grounds is occupied by four
buildings of the hospital extension, which contain approximately 350
patients. There is now along the thoroughfare a dilapidated, un-
sightly wooden fence, which it is desired to replace with a substantial
iron one.
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 319
For centralizing power and heating.plant, remodeling the electrical
layout, and substituting electrical driven for steam-driven machinery
in certain places, and for certain other purposes, $100,000 is asked at
this time, although the cost of all the changes contemplated will
probably exceed this figure by approximately $45,000.
There are at present two centers for heating the hospital buildings —
one, the old boiler house, which was and still is used for the old hos-
pital buildings, the other, the new power, heating, and lighting plant,
which furnishes heat to the hospital extension. A more economical
operation of the heating system would result from centralizing these
two power houses. The coal would not require as much handling,
and a smaller force of firemen would need to be employed, while at
the same time the heating system could be operated to better advan-
tage and greater efficiency. The old boiler house is a very old building
and many of the boilers in it are at present pretty well worn, so that
in the course of a comparatively short time they will in any case have
to be replaced. At the same time the boiler capacity of the new
power, heating, and lighting plant is already hardly equal to supply-
ing the buildings of the new hospital extension with sufficient heat
during the coldest part of the winter, so that additional capacity is
already required. It would seem, therefore, that the rational thing to
do would be to centralize all the heating apparatus in one building.
In addition to the reasons set forth above for granting this appro-
priation the very important additional reason exists that the plant is
too large a plant in which to use the direct current for distribution.
The alternating current can be used to much better advantage, both
as regards economy and efficiency. While this alone might not be
sufficient reason for its installation if the plant were to remain as it is,
still it becomes a very potent reason as soon as additions to the plant
are contemplated. For example, the immense copper mains that run
to the Richardson group are all loaded to their full capacity, and
should it be desirable to place an additional building in connection
with this group it would be necessary to run a feed wire from the
power house to this building, a distance of approximately three-fourths
of a mile. To run a wire large enough to distribute direct current
with a sufficient margin for a reasonable increase would mean an
immense outlay of money with no commensurate gain in results, in
fact with a distinct loss, as it is impossible to run a direct-current feed
this distance without some leakage, while with the alternating current
there is practically no leakage at all. This particular question has
arisen in connection with the building of the new amusement hall,
the appropriation for which has been granted. In order to light this
hall with direct current a very material sum of money will have to be
expended for this purpose alone, while with the alternating-current
installation the cost of running the mains from the power house would
be relatively inconsiderable.
Another reason for this change is the fact that the direct-current
mains that were installed in the tunnels of the new extension have
largely had their insulation destroyed by the combination of heat and
moisture therein. Under the conditions maintained in these tunnels
electric wires should not have been installed, at least unless they were
lead-covered. It seems therefore that in connection with removing
the wires from these tunnels, winch will certainly have to be done
sooner or later, the reasonable thing to do is to change the whole
320 REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
installation to an alternating .current at the same time. Another
condition that maintains, and which is dangerous to the integrity of
the present installation, is the wooden conduit which carries the steam
lines and electric cables from the power house to the hill above. This
is extremely dangerous, and if it caught fire the institution would run
the risk of being deprived of both heat and light. At the time the
other alterations were made, as described above, this defect could also
be corrected.
The plan of procedure is to lay terra-cotta conduit in cement and
run lead-covered wires in this conduit, gradually substituting at the
power house alternating generators for the direct-current generators
now in use, and as various circuits are completed taking the large cop-
per wires out of the tunnels entirely, so that the electrical and steam
mains will be permanently separated. These changes contemplate
not only the consolidation of the power plant as it at present stands
with the boiler house so as to have the power and heating plant under
one roof, but also contemplates running wires to the pumping station
and substituting electrical-driven machinery there for that at present
in use. This will centralize the power, heat, and lighting plants in
one place and result in material gain both in economy and efficiency.
The general plan of this work has been figured out to cover three
years, as follows:
Estimates for remodeling heating and lighting plant.
SUMMARY FOR FIRST YEAR.
Consolidating boiler rooms $49, 000
Installing stokers 17, 000
Installing new A. C. generator, switchboard, transmission lines, and trans-
formers 13, 000
Building conduit. 2, 000
New motor-driven air compressor 10, 000
New motor-driven pumps for condensing water 1, 500
New auxiliary main 5, 000
Total 97 , 500
Less value of old apparatus 5, 000
92, 500
SUMMARY FOR SECOND YEAR.
Building conduit 4, 000
Replacing generator and installing new transmission mains, transformers,
etc 20, 000
Replacing D. C. motors with induction motors 10, 000
New pumps for pumping well water 2, 500
New arc lamps 500
Total 37, 000
Less value of old apparatus 10, 000
27, 000
SUMMARY FOR THIRD YEAR
Replacing small generators with new A. C. generators 8, 000
Installing new switchboard, transmission, etc 5, 000
Relay air compressor at pumping plant 10, 000
Replacing D. C. motors with induction motors 8, 000
Total 31, 000
Less value of old apparatus 5, 000
26, 000
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 321
SUMMARY OF ESTIMATES.
Support $623, 700
Roadways, walks, and grading 7, 500
General repairs and improvements 50, 000
New entrance and gate house 8, 000
New dairy barn, with necessary roadways, etc 50, 000
Additional land 50, 000
Iron fence on east side of Nichols avenue 14, 000
Centralizing power and heating plant, remodeling electrical layout, etc. . . 100, 000
Construction of an epileptic group to accommodate 140 patients 140, 000
Total 1, 043, 200
MEDICAL STAFF.
Appointments. — During the year four medical internes, three males
and one female, were appointed from the civil-service register of
eligibles. They were David G. Willetts, M. D., Clarence R. Bell, M. D.,
William L. Sheep, M. D., and M. Edith Conser, M. D.
Separations. — Dr. David G. Willetts, medical interne, resigned
December 31, 1907, to accept the position of pathologist of the
Georgia State Sanitarium, at Milledgeville, Ga. Dr. M. H. Darnall,
medical interne, resigned January 31, 1908, to enter private practice.
Dr. William N. Mebane, medical interne, resigned July 16, 1907, to
enter private practice at Hillsboro, N. C.
Promotions. — Dr. M. Edith Conser was promoted from the position
of medical interne to the grade of junior assistant physician on Octo-
ber 1, 1907. Dr. William L. Sheep was promoted from the position
of medical interne to the grade of junior assistant physician on
April 1, 1908.
Assignments. — Dr. Nicholas J. Dynan, medical interne, was detailed
July 27, 1907, as acting assistant surgeon, Public Health and Marine-
Hospital Service, and assigned to Ellis Island, N. Y., to assist that
branch of the Service in the detection of insane immigrants. He
succeeded in this position Dr. Alfred Glascock, who, after a like detail
at Ellis Island, has returned to his duties at the hospital.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
The rapid and continuous growth of the hospital necessitating the
gradual filling up of the various wards, the providing of additional
beds, with the general result of an elimination of the amount of space
available for future expansion, forces us to consider the problem of
taking care of the future. I am reminded in this connection that
from time to time in the history of the institution when a new building
has been erected, it has been supposed that that building was going to
be the final necessity, and that no further expansion would take place.
In each instance, however, these predictions have proved to be erro-
neous, and when we consider that already the thousand beds for
which the hospital extension was built are filled, and that on June 30,
1908, there were 137 more patients in the hospital than on the corre-
sponding date of the preceding year, it becomes a matter of ordinary
precaution to endeavor to forecast future growth and to prepare to
meet it. Unlike those who have gone before, I can see no reason for
expecting a cessation in the increase in the number of insane from the
several sources from which this hospital derives its population. The
58920— INT 1908— vol 1 21
322 REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
personnel, both of the Army and Navy, is gradually increasing, and
the probabilities are that it will further increase in the future, while
the chances are greatly against any decrease in this direction. The
population of the District of Columbia is increasing materially each
year. Last year the police statistics indicated approximately an
increase of 9,000, and the only source from which we may expect
decrease in the number of patients is from the National Homes for
Disabled Volunteer Soldiers. The veterans of the civil war are dying
off very rapidly, but even at the rate of their present decrease it will
be several years before they all disappear, and I believe that the
increase in the Army, the Navy, and the District of Columbia in the
years to come will more than make up for the decrease from the
Soldiers' Homes.
It will readily be seen, therefore, that the time has come when the
problem of the Government Hospital for the Insane should be con-
sidered in the large, and a broad and consistent polic}" outlined for its
future development. The female department of the hospital is
already filled beyond its nominal capacity, while the male department
is using practically all of the available buildings and wards. The
frame building known as the " Annex," which was built some yesirs
ago as an emergency construction, it has only been possible to vacate
recently, and it is still doubtful whether it will be policy to tear it
down or not, notwithstanding the fact that it is a type of building
which ought not to be maintained upon the hospital premises.
We are thus approaching already a condition of crowding in the
hospital, a condition the evils of which we know only too well, because
we have so recently escaped them. I may say, I think without fear of
contradiction, that crowding in an institution of this character is of all
single evils perhaps the greatest. It interferes in every way with the
highest efficiency in the care and treatment of patients, and brings
about those conditions of stir-up and unrest among the population
that gives rise to all the petty disturbances and annoyances that keep
an institution constantly in a turmoil of complaints. I may mention
a single condition from which the institution has been free now for
over two years, very largely I believe from the lack of overcrowding.
I refer to the fact that during this period of time there has not been a
single suicide in a population aggregating over 3,000 patients each
year. Unless, therefore, some consistent scheme of expansion is
formulated for the future we are threatened with all of these evils
which impair the efficiency of an institution of this sort.
The policy which is so often pursued with reference to hospitals
of adding piecemeal a building now and again when the population
becomes overcrowded is far from being the best way to deal with the
problem. The method of growth should be along broad and well-
defined lines, and not a piecemeal, patchwork affair, expressing
itself only in emergency procedures of building.
As regards the size or an institution of this sort which can be
efficiently and properly maintained, there is much difference of
opinion. Personally I am a believer in large institutions, in the
main because of the economic advantages that result. The buying
of supplies, it goes without saying, will be cheaper for a large institu-
I ion than a small one, while the top cost in all departments is mate-
rially lessened. At the same time departments which are valuable
may be maintained at a relatively inconsiderable cost in a large
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 323
institution where their cost of maintenance would be prohibitive in
a small one. For example, scientific departments costing $5,000 or
$6,000 a year can be readily maintained in an institution spending
$600,000 or $700,000 annually, but might well be too expensive for
an institution expending only $100,000 per annum. I see no reason
why, provided the scheme of administration is changed to admit of
large expansion, an institution of almost any magnitude might not
be efficiently administered. Nothing of course but failure would
result, however, if an effort were made to carry on such an institution
along the same lines with reference to its administration that are
efficient in a small institution. I may say in regard to this matter
of administration that in the various changes that I have made in
the administrative department of this hospital I have kept this prob-
lem constantly in mind, and that the administrative department is in
a condition which will enable it to grow indefinitely and adapt itself to
the conditions of an ever increasing hospital with a minimum amount
of change.
I will endeavor now to outline the problems which must be con-
sidered if the hospital is to continue in its present condition of effi-
ciency and the lines along which development naturally will proceed.
Additional accommodations. — In the first place, with the present
condition of the hospital regarding population, and with the reason-
able expectation of a continued 100 per annum increase, it is time to
consider the question of providing additional buildings. In order to pro-
vide additional accommodations to the best advantage in a growing
institution of this sort it would seem best to begin the construction
of colonies for separate classes of patients. The first one that would
naturally be considered at this time is an epileptic colony. There are
at present in the hospital approximately 150 epileptics. Of this num-
ber, the white women are well housed in an appropriate building.
The white male epileptics are provided for in wards set aside for that
purpose, which, however, were not especially constructed for this class
of patients. It would therefore be better in arranging for the growth
of the institution to build an epileptic colony to accommodate about
120 patients, and so constructed that additional quarters could be
added as this class of the population increases. Thus the quarters
which are now used for epileptics, and which are not well adapted for
such purposes, could be utilized for the general population.
The same method of treatment recommends itself in approaching
the tuberculosis problem. While the tubercular patients throughout
the hospital are at present well accommodated and quite efficiently
segregated from the rest of the hospital population, still they are dis-
tributed pretty widely in several buildings, and it would be advanta-
geous to accumulate them in a single colony, probably in a rather
remote part of the hospital grounds. The quarters which are now
occupied by this class of patients would then become available for'
general purposes. I believe too that in the not very distant future it
may be necessary to provide additional accommodations for our
criminal insane. The present building used for taking care of this
class of cases, Howard Hall, is kept pretty well filled and is so con-
structed that the exercise ground inclosed within its walls is already
inadequate for the number of patients that have to use it. Unfor-
tunately it can not be enlarged, as it is inclosed within the four walls
of the building. If the criminal population should materially
324 REPOKT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
increase, conditions would become very undesirable in this building,
and it would be much better to construct a special department for this
class of cases which would lend itself to increase in size if such increase
became necessary. It will thus be seen that in providing for the
increased growth of the hospital we can, in accordance with the plan
outlined above, at the same time improve the surroundings and the
classification of the population.
As the hospital grows it will also become necessary to consider the
question of housing, under proper conditions and supervision, the
employees. At the present time there is a separate home for the
female nurses, who are provided therein with pleasant and com-
fortable surroundings, and at the same time are subject to a reason-
able amount of administrative supervision, while a far less responsible
class of employees, for example, many of those employed in the
laundry, kitchens, and dining rooms, is permitted practically entire
freedom because of inadequate facilities for housing them. These
conditions naturally result from time to time in complaints and
complications which would largely be done away with if the class of
employees in question could be cared for in the same way as our nurses.
Such methods of dealing with the employees, too, makes for a better
esprit de corps of the entire employee population. The home for
male nurses, which is now practically completed, will shortly be occu-
pied, and will not only make this class of employees much more com-
fortable but will enable the utilization of the rooms they now occupy
for patients.
Additional land. — In regard to the general solutions offered above
for the expansion of the hospital it becomes necessary again to refer,
as I have in previous reports, to the question of the need for additional
land. This need, perhaps, is best shown as a result of a crop survey
recently made by the Agricultural Department. The principal idea
of this crop survey was to get data which will enable us to utilize our
land to better advantage in the raising of roughage for the cows. The
hospital maintains a herd of approximately 200 cows from which it
derives its supply of milk. Aside from the fact that milk can be
procured in this way economically, the character of milk which the
hospital requires can not be bought in the quantities needed for any
price in this District. It therefore becomes essential for the hospital
to maintain its own dairy herd, and of course it is economical to raise
as far as possible the forage for the herd. Inasmuch as we were not
able to raise sufficient feed we asked the assistance of the Agricultural
Department. In summing up their report they make the following
significant statement:
It will be seen that a total of 442 acres is needed for crops. Counting 200 acres of
tillable land at Godding Croft and 150 acres at the home nlace, there is still a deficiency
of nearly 100 acres.
This report was made when there was in view only an increase of
the forage for stock, without reference to the use of land for truck
gardening or for other purposes. It will thus be seen that at the
present time the hospital has not sufficient land on which to raise
the necessary feed for its dairy herd.
As the hospital has been growing for the past fifty years, practi-
cally every addition in the way of building construction has been
made upon bmd that was previously used for fanning purposes, and
it has now been many years since any additional land was purchased.
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPJTAL FUR THE INSANE. 325
At the present time, therefore, we not only need more land for the
immediate purposes set forth above, but no scheme to provide for
future growth of the hospital can be considered until more land is
purchased. If we are to have additional land at all, and it seems
incredible that more land should not be provided, the time to provide
it is now, before the laying out of additional buildings becomes
necessary, so that when these building propositions come to be con-
sidered they may have the benefit of the better locations that addi-
tional land will largely afford^ For example, the portion of the
grounds now set aside for the female population is practically fully
occupied. The natural direction for the expansion of this population
is south. The hospital does not own any further land in this direction
upon which buildings could be erected. It is therefore immediately
desirable that this adjoining property should be purchased.
It is economically desirable if land is going to be purchased, and I
think I have shown that it must be purchased if the hospital is to be
efficiently maintained, that it should be purchased now. The acquir-
ing of additional land has been recommended time after time, not
only by myself, but by preceding superintendents, but up to the
present nothing has been done. Things, however, have now reached
such a pass that it would seem suicidal to put off action longer. In
this connection it must be remembered that the price of land adjoin-
ing the institution is gradually but constantly advancing, and at a
conservative estimate it has doubled since the need for additional
land was first appreciated. These prices will continue to advance,
for the land immediately adjoining the hospital is being rapidly
settled and built upon. I am still of the opinion that the way this
matter should be handled is in accordance with the recommendations
which are set forth in my last annual report in the following words:
Every effort on the part of the hospital to buy land has been futile, owing to the
complications that have arisen. Prices have been asked for property which were
prohibitive, and all efforts to buy have been blocked by competing owners. While
all this has been going on, the price of land in the immediate neighborhood has been
steadily increasing, so that land that could have been bought very cheaply only a few
years ago could not be purchased now for five times the amount it was then offered for.
The only way which I can see will relieve this situation is to introduce a bill providing
for a detailed hearing on the subject before a Congressional committee. The hospital's
needs will then be clearly demonstrated, and results could not then be influenced by
the selfish interests of property owners. The committee that investigated the hos-
pital at the last session of Congress recognized the needs of the institution in this
respect and reported that "it would be advantageous to the hospital and beneficial
to the patients if additional lands could be obtained."
Dairy herd, barns, etc. — In another way, but bearing indirectly
upon the general subject of expansion, there is at this time being
carried on a gradual change from the old worn-out herd of more or
less profitless cows to a modern high-class herd which will be capable
of giving all the milk needed. This will take some time to accom-
plish, and means the expenditure of some thousands of dollars, as it
is proposed to raise a home herd, segregating each year the best
heifer calves and rearing them instead of purchasing new stock. In
connection with this project it is hoped that Congress may finally
be induced to grant an appropriation for a new dairy barn to replace
the present dilapidated and insanitary structure which we are com-
pelled to use and which makes it difficult to obtain desirable results
in the production of milk. The removal of the poultry yard from its
present position fronting on Nichols avenue to Godding Croft, plans
326 REPORT OP GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
for which are now in course of preparation, will leave a space sufficient
to provide a site for a new cow barn.
Changes in electrical plant.— A part of this general scheme of expan-
sion, and one which can not be disregarded, is the change from the
direct to the alternating current for distributing light and power to
the different portions of the institution. The desirability and neces-
sity for these changes have been already outlined in this report in
considering the subject of estimates, and are only referred to again
because they form a part of the matter being considered under this
general head.
Per capita cost. — The hospital has frequently been criticised for
maintaining an unusually high per capita cost, namely $220 per
annum. In connection with this per capita certain considerations
are interesting and instructive.
The per capita cost of maintenance of $220 was first made in 1886,
when the cost of the principal staple articles needed by the hospital
was much lower than it is at present. For instance, fresh beef,
which was in 1886, 0.0715 per pound; 1891, 0.0543 per pound; 1896,
0.0687 per pound; 1901, 0.0684 per pound; 1904, 0.071J per pound;
1905, 0.0673 per pound; 1906, 0.0644 per pound; 1907, 0.0611 per
pound; 1908, 0.0698 per pound, and is at this writing 0.0775 per
pound. This being the largest single item we purchase it makes a
good comparison of the increased cost of living and precludes any
idea of reducing the per capita cost. In fact the annual report of the
Department of Commerce and Labor on the cost of representative
staple articles, which has just been issued, shows that the average
for the year 1907 was 5.8 per cent higher than for 1906; 44.4 per
cent higher than for 1897, and 29.5 per cent higher than the average
for the ten years from 1890 to 1899.
By comparison during the past few years many institutions similar
to this have increased their per capita cost, a few being included
herewith. Comparing their cost at the time of the investigation of
this hospital by the committee of Congress in 1906 with that stated
in the last annual report shows the following results : Maryland State
Hospital, $201.50 to $209.84; Middletown, N. Y., from $177.49 to
$189.43; Northampton, Mass., from $176.81 to $196.41; St. Law-
rence, N. Y., from $176 to $190.60; Matteawan, N. Y., from $181.05
to $194.59; Manhattan, N. Y., from $167.71 to $172.82; Connecticut
Hospital for the Insane, from $174.20 to $186.15, etc.
It will thus be seen that while the per capita cost of the hospital
has remained stationary during all of this period of time, the cost of
the staple articles for which it has to pay in the way of supplies, and
also in the way of labor, have gradually and progressively increased.
Comparison of per capita costs is of course rather a dangerous way of
reaching conclusions, as different institutions make up their per capitas
by entirely different methods. From a careful study of tins matter,
however, I think I may safely say that the per capita of this hospital
contains every item that should by any possibility be included in it,
while the per capita of many institutions excludes very many items.
Thus while the per capita of this hospital has been standing still, the
per capita of other institutions has been gradually increasing and
approaching it, while several institutions, particularly the smaller
ones, have already exceeded it.
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
STATISTICAL TABLES.
Admissions and discharges.
REMAINING JUNE 30, 1907.
327
Males.
Females.
Total.
White.
Colored.
Total.
White.
Colored.
Total.
824
177
27
584
34
11
8
248
858
188
35
858
188
Public Health and Marine-Hospital
35
Civil life
832
445
238
683
1,515
Total
1,612
301
1,913 445
238
683
2,596
ADMITTED DURING THE YEAR.
169
61
4
147
12
4
2
73
181
65
6
220
181
65
Public Health and Marine-Hospital
6
Civil life
107
64
171
391
Total
381
91
472
107
64
171
643
DISCHARGED DURING THE YEAR— RECOVERED.
44
31
1
25
2
1
46
32
1
38
46
32
Public Health and Marine-Hospital
1
Civil life
13
20
18
38
76
Total
101
16
117
20
18
38
155
DISCHARGED DURING THE YEAR— IMPROVED.
Army
Navy
Public Health
Service
Civil life
and Marine-Hospital
Total.
24
32
64
16
16
80
26
20
10
10
30
30
78
110
DISCHARGED DURING THE YEAR— UNIMPROVED.
Army
Navy
Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service
Civil life
Total
25
24
28
29
33
DISCHARGED DURING THE YEAR— NOT INSANE.
Army
2
2
1
3
2
1
3
Navy
2
Civil life
1
1
1
2
Total
4
2
6
1
1
7
328
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
Admissions and discharges — Continued.
DECEASED DURING THE YEAR.
Males.
Females.
Total.
White.
Colored.
Total.
White.
Colored.
Total.
70
8
1
54
4
1
1
17
74
9
2
71
74
9
Public Health and Marine-Hospital
2
Civil life. .
27
is"1
45
11G
Total
133
23
156
27
18
45
201
REMAINING JUNE 30, 1908.
850
188
29
601
39
13
9
269
889
201
38
870
889
Navy
201
Public Health and Marine-Hospital
38
Civil life
480
255
735
1,605
Total
1,668
330
1,998
480
255
735
2,733
SUMMARY.
Remaining June 30, 1907
Admitted during the year
1,612
381
301
91
1,913
472
445
107
238
64
683
171
2,596
643
Total number under treatment
1,993
392
2,385
552
302
854
3,239
Discharged:
Died
133
101
64
25
4
23
16
16
3
2
156
117
80
28
6
27
20
20
4
18
18
10
1
1
45
38
30
5
1
201
Recovered
155
Improved
110
Unimproved
33
Not insane
7
Total
327
60
387
71
48
119
506
Remaining June 30, 1908
1,668
330
1,998
480
255
735
2,733
Admissions and discharges, classified according to sex, for the year ended June 30, 1908,
and since the opening of the hospital in 1855.
Year ended June 30, 1907.
Since opening of hospital
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Admitted
472
171
643
13,488
3,809
17,297
Discharged:
Recovered
123
80
28
156
1,998
39
30
5
45
735
162
110
33
201
2,733
4,629
2,083
381
4,397
1,998
964
768
169
1,173
735
5,593
2,851
550
Improved
Unimproved
Died
5, 570
Remaining
2,733
Total number of admissions
13,488
3,809
17,297
Percentage of total admissions recovered, improved, etc.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Recovered
34.32
15.44
2.82
32.61
14.81
25.31
20.17
4.43
30.79
19.30
32.34
1 mpro\ <:<1
16. 49
Unimproved
3.17
Died
32.20
Remaining
15.80
Total
100. 00
100. 00
100. 00
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 329
Monthly changes of population.
Admitted.
Discharged.
Died.
Total
dis-
charged
and
died.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
1907.
July
53
29
24
58
42
32
21
32
48
36
65
32
17
14
15
6
14
11
10
11
20
20
10
23
70
43
39
64
56
43
31
43
68
56
37
16
9
22
24
20
17
16
13
20
9
10
I
4
8
8
6
2
6
46
26
18
30
28
28
25
22
15
26
14
27
.
6
9
31
8
14
9
14
11
11
19
15
8
2
4
3
3
6
6
2
1
3
3
4
17
8
13
34
11
20
15
16
12
14
22
19
63
August
September
October
November
December
1908.
January
February
March
34
31
64
39
48
40
38
27
40
75 ! 14
55 23
36
J une
4
46
Total...
472
171
643
231
74
305
156
45
201
506
330
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
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REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
331
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332
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
Nativity of patients admitted during the year and since the opening of the hospital in 1855,
During
year.
Since
1855.
During
year.
Since
1855.
Native born:
Alabama
2
3
55
33
1
28
11
118
10
35
2,221
21
103
237
218
16
50
41
228
51
137
1,313
539
113
25
58
126
1
8
89
163
4
1,113
152
583
5
898
52
58
137
57
2
71
1,742
73
74
1
493
Foreign born— Continued,
Bohemia '
7
Brazil
1
1
California
3
2
British East Indies '
6
Colorado
British possessions
1
Connecticut
British West Indies
12
Dakota
3
5
1
1
145
District of Columbia
84
1
3
10
12
2
3
3
7
4
2
29
14
8
Cape Verde Islands
1
Chile
1
Georgia
Coast of Africa
2
Illinois
Costa Rica
1
Cuba
1
7
1
Iowa
Denmark
46
Kansas
England
Finland
17
377
8
France
Germany
Greece
3
26
99
Maine
1,585
7
Massachusetts
Holland !
17
Michigan
Philippine Islands '
1
Hungary '
16
3
6
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
Malta
Mexico
22
3
;;;;;;;
1
2,253
72
Nebraska
• 2
3
7
7
New Hampshire
1
3
14
10
22
4
North Carolina
Newfoundland
New Grenada
1
3
Ohio .
1
Norway
Nova Scotia
2
1
58
32
4
5
13
5
1
3
3
23
Panama
1
Poland
1
29
Portugal
8
Prince Edward Island
3
Utah
Prussia
2
33
3
Russia
5
69
Sandwich Islands
3
Saxony
6
Scotland
4
103
112
Sicily
3
g
Total
509
11,567
4
3
102
70
6
Foreign born:
1
2
70
1
17
8
1
Wales
22
West Indies
2
26
4
5
Unknown
372
Total
134
5,730
Grand total
643
17,297
Age of patients admitted during the year ended June 30, 1908.
10 to 15 years
15 to 20 years
20 to 25 years
25 to 30 years
30 to 35 years
35 to 40 years
40 to 45 years
45 to 50 years
Male.
Female.
Total.
1
2
9
28
12
90
20
81
26
70
26
79
21
43
14
29
50 to 60 years .
60 to 70 years.
70 to 80 years.
80 to 90 years.
Unascertained
Total...
Male.
3fi
Female
472
171
Total.
13
49
12
94
11
47
2
13
4
18
643
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 333
Civil condition of patients admitted during the year ended June 30, 1908.
Male.
Single
Married
Widowed
Divorced
Unascertained .
Total
259
117
29
472
Female. Total.
171
191
107
1
35
643
Duration of mental disease of patients who. died during the year ended June 30, 1908.
Under one month
One to two months
Two to four months
Four to six months
Six to nine months
Nine months to one year
One year to eighteen months. .
Eighteen months to two years .
Two to three years
Three to four years
Male.
Fe-
male
Total.
3
1
4
3
3
3
2
5
7
2
9
6
1
7
10
2
12
9
4
13
11
5
16
21
2
23
22
4
28
Four to six years
Six to ten years
Ten to fifteen years
Fifteen to twenty years
Twenty to twenty-five years.
Over twenty-five years
Unascertained
Total.
Male.
Fe-
male.
Total.
156
201
Ages of patients who died during the year ended June 30, 1908.
15 to 20 years
20 to 25 years
25 to 30 years
30 to 35 years
35 to 40 years
40 to 45 years
45 to 50 years
Male
Fe-
male.
Total
50 to 60 years
60 to 70 years
70 to 80 years
80 to 90 years
Over 90 years
Total..
Male.
Fe-
male.
Total.
11 4 1 15
40 6 46
36 14 50
19 3 22
1 1
156
45
201
Ages of patients discharged recovered during the year ended June 30, 1908.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
10 to 20 years
5
54
35
11
1
11
18
3
6
65
53
14
5
7
2
7
20 to 30 years
60 to 70 years
Total
!
a in
40 to 50 years
117
38 UK
Physical diseases occurring during the year.
Male.
Female.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
Disease.
J
o3
ft
ft
a
,g
ft
S
o
ft
£
J
ft
i
o
ft
£
4J
l
o3
Ph
O
ft
s
-
•
MEDICAL.
Acne vulgaris
3
-
3
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
1
1
Alopecia areata
1
2
'3»
1
Anaemia, secondary
2
Angina pectoris
2
Aneurism of aorta
1
1
3
334
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
Physical diseases occurring during the year — Continued.
Male.
Female.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
Disease.
13
.2
ft
a>
>>
o
ft
s
1
ft
i
o
ft
s
43
a
.2
ft
o
ft
a
■Si
ft
0 •
ft
a
"3
0
medical— continued.
1
1
1
1
2
1A
Asphyxia during epileptic convulsion
1
1
1
2
1
5
1
11
1
......
1
1
Bronchitis
Cardiac dilatation
53
1
3
7
3
J
8
2 73
3
2
8
3
22
1
2
1
17
2
1
3
5
35
11
1
4
1
1
2
3
6
un
Carcinoma of liver
1
2
2
19
Cerebral congestion
::::::r'T
i
Cerebral hemorrhage
1 .
Cerebral thrombosis
3
1 fi
1
3
18
......
1
15
10
4
2
4
1
1
60
12
2
6
1
9
I
::::::::::":::::::
1
1
1
3
1
9
II eat prostration
2
2
2
3
fi
i
3
25
""45"
2
25
128
2
12
2
48
24
2
2 9QQ
|
2
21
9
4
1
4
3
5
5
2
4
Mumps
Myocarditis
Nephritis
Neuralgia
......
68
3
1
1
::::::::::::
1
12
1
1
6
1
1
i
6
1
3
::::::
93
:::::: S
Neuro-retinitis
2
1
2
1
L.
2
i
!
8
1
13
(Edema of glottis
Pancreatitis^hemorrhagic
i
1
1
1
6
3
3
10
4
2
1
1
4
1
9
l
6
i
Pharyngitis
2
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
1
6
21
4
2
1
1
5
2
18
3
7
fi
Pneumonia, hypostatic
; 4
Pyelitis
1
1
1
3
1
4
2
1
5
4
10
11
1
2
1
2
1
1
11
1
1
4
2
TonsOitis
14
5
24
.....
3
2
5
2
11
til
Turberculosls
11
Typhoid fever
1
2
2
973
[Jrssmia
2
i rrticarta.
1
1
Total
516
101
97
3
100
70
80
G
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
335
Physical diseases occurring daring the year — Continued.
Male.
Female.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
Disease.
i
Ph
|
>->
o
ft
a
w
1
03
Ph
i
a
ft
a
w
a
.%
o3
Ph
6
I
o
ft
a
I
08
Ph
I
o
P.
a
i
o
SURGICAL.
G
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
10
Abscess of cervical gland
4
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
(i
2
1
1
Adenitis, inguinal
2
8
1
1
4
1 ::::::
1
1
1
3
1
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
4
3
3
6
2
1
1
5
2
1
2
1
Erysipelas ,
5
2
2
2
12
4
4
2
1
6
2
2
2
1
1
3
1
Fracture of metacarpal bone
1
2
3
1
Fracture of phalanx of fingers
*
i
1
1
1
1
9
1
Fracture of ribs
1
1
2
Fracture of skull
1
1
1
5
1
3
2
15
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
1
1
Gonorrhoea
! 1
4
1
7
1
1
4
1 4
1
3
30
Hernia, inguinal
1
10
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
3
!
I
1
2
2
1
8
Orchitis
1
4
Osteomyelitis
1
1
Peritonitis
"r ::::::
1
4
i
2
1
1
Rectal prolapse
2
3
1
2
2
3
1
6
1
1
3
1
Sprain of knee
■ '
1
Spra in of wrist
Stricture of urethra ... .
3
Tuberculosis of rib with abscess
1 .
Varicose ulcers
5
:::;::::::::::
1 1 7
Total
128
7
17
38
8 2fi
2 227
336 REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL. FOR THE INSANE.
Forms of mental disease of patients admitted during the year ended June SO, 1908.
Infection— Exhaustion psychoses:
Collapse delirium
Febrile delirium
Post-febrile psychosis
Toxic psychoses :
Endogenous-
Uraemia
Exogenous-
Alcoholism (other than Korsakow's psychosis) .
Morphinism
Mixed :
Paranoia and paranoid states not otherwise classified . .
Manic depressive psychosis
Dementia praecox
Paresis.
Psychosis associated with other diseases:
Psycho-neuroses —
Epilepsy
Hysteria
Psychasthenia
Other nervous diseases—
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Chorea
Exopthahnic goitre
Polyneuritis (including Korsakow's psychosis) .
Organic disease and injury of the brain—
Arterio-sclerosis
Syphilis
Traumatism
Diseases other than nervous—
Myxcedema
Psychosis associated with visceral disease
Involutional melancholia
Senile psychosis
Constitutional inferiority
Imbecility
Not insane
Male.
Total.
44
1
2
29
45
116
33
Female.
106
2
22
10
Total.
472
171
48
1
6
37
83
170
36
34
4
2
1
1
1
2
24
7
1
1
2
4
128
2
27
10
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
337
Causes of death during the year ended June 30, 1908.
Constitutional diseases:
Senility
Diseases of circulatory sys-
tem:
Aneurism of aorta
Cardiac valvular disease. .
Cerebral arte rio-sclerosis. .
Interstitial myocarditis. .
Diseasesof digestive system:
Appendicitis with perito-
nitis..
Calculous cholecystitis —
Cirrhosis of liver
Colitis
Diarrhea
Gastritis, acute
Pancreatitis, hemorrha-
gic
Peritonitis
Diseases of genito-urinary
system:
Cystitis
Cystitis with pyelone-
phritis
Nephritis, interstitial
Nephritis, suppurative...
Diseases of glandular system:
Addison's disease
Goiter
Splenic ansemia
Diseases of nervous system:
Bulbar paralysis
Cerebral arterio-sclerosis
with softenings
Cerebral concussion wnn
fracture of skull
Cerebral congestion with
Cerebral hemorrhage
Cerebral thrombosis
Cerebral softening, acute
white
Cerebral softenings, syph-
ilitic
Male.
Fe-
male.
Total.
Disease.
Diseases of nervous system-
Continued.
Decubitis, neuropathic. . .
Epileptic convulsions
Hemorrhage of spinal
membrane
Lepto-meningitis
Maniacal excitement, ex-
haustion from
Pachymeningitis, gum-
matous
Paresis
Paresis with pulmonary
gangrene
Paresis with pyelone-
phritis
Status epilepticus
Diseases of osseous system:
Fracture of femur
Osteomyelitis
Diseases of respiratory sys-
tem:
Asphyxia from oedema of
glottis
Bronchitis, acute
Bronchitis, chronic
Broncho-pneumonia
Pneumonia, hypostatic. .
Pulmonary congestion
Pulmonary gangrene
Infectious diseases:
Epidemic influenza
Tuberculosis, pulmonary.
Tuberculosis, peritoneal. .
Local diseases:
Burn of buttocks
Gangrene of foot
New growths:
Carcinoma of cervex-
uteri
Carcinoma of liver
Carcinoma of stomach
Total
Male.
Fe-
male.
Total.
15G
201
58920— int 1908— vol 1-
-22
338 REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
Summary of receipts and expenditures for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1907.
RECEIPTS.
On hand, as stated in last annual report:
Support $1, 414. 15
Repairs 3,167.51
Miscellaneous receipts from patients 2, 015. 08
Board of Marine-Hospital Service patients 2, 020. 21
Disallowances. 30. 77
8,647.72
EXPENDITURES.
House furnishings, fuel, lights, etc.:
Furniture, fixtures, etc $3. 90
Laundry supplies 63. 60
67. 50
Dry goods, clothing, books, etc.:
Shoes and slippers 1. 50
Books and periodicals 188. 63
Postage, stationery, etc .69
190. 82
Medical supplies, etc.:
Dental supplies, etc 2. 00
Repairs and improvements:
Lumber, etc 575. 00
Hardware, etc 1, 643. 54
Engineers' and plumbers' supplies 1, 134. 09
Electrical supplies 2, 677. 20
6, 029. 83
Salaries and wages:
Mechanics, etc 25. 00
Ward service 17. 97
Laundry 2. 40
45. 37
Balance in United States Treasury:
Support 193. 98
Repairs 2, 118. 22
2,312.20
Total 8, 647. 72
Summary of receipts and expenditures for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908.
RECEIPTS.
Appropriated for —
Support $305, 800. 00
District of Columbia patients 289, 665. 13
Marine-Hospital Service patients 8, 277. 50
Repairs 35, 000. 00
Buildings and grounds 85, 000. 00
Board of patients 21, 247. 53
Sale of stock 5, 744. 18
Disallowances 161. 45
Revision of auditor's settlement 21. 69
On hand, buildings and grounds 80, 578. 21
On hand, extension of hospital 4, 694. 72
836, 190. 41
REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 339
EXPENDITURES.
Subsistence:
Flour, meal, crackers, etc $18, 798. 35
Butterine, milk, cheese, and eggs 22, 606. 19
Fresh meats 33,497.46
Salt and smoked meats 25, 341. 87
Fish and poultry 13, 394. 83
Tea and coffee 8, 668. 62
Sugar, molasses, etc 12, 940. 69
Lard 4, 161. 24
Fruits and vegetables 13. 589. 40
Other groceries 16, 669 . 11
House furnishings, fuel, lights, etc.:
Furniture, fixtures, etc 11, 391. 04
Bedding 5, 792. 89
Table and towel linen 1, 079. 93
Utensils, crockery, etc 2, 175. 18
Kitchen fittings, etc 258. 34
Laundry supplies 6. 628. 25
Carpets, etc 738. 10
Coal-
Hard 4, 724. 62
Soft 84, 773. 70
Charcoal 12. 00
Dry goods, clothing, books, stationery, etc.:
Boots, shoes, and slippers 5, 334. 47
New clothing 4, 181. 81
Clothing material 9, 163. 15
Hats 481. 31
Notions 641.13
Books and periodicals 744. 56
Stationery, postage, etc 2, 597. 23
Freight and hauling 231. 53
Incidental work, etc 42. 91
Photographic supplies 193. 65
Medical supplies, expended for amusements of patients, etc.:
Drugs, medicines, etc 6, 033. 42
Alcoholic stimulants 322. 17
Instruments, etc 376. 88
Returning eloped patients 202. 50
Amusement of patients 2, 018. 77
Sending to their homes 75. 70
Pathological supplies 681. 68
Dental supplies 53. 23
Musical instruments, etc 26. 50
Farm, garden, and stable:
Feed 10, 379. 85
Implements, horseshoes, etc 448. 16
Plants and seeds 1, 859. 89
Manures, etc 91. 00
Live stock 3, 003. 50
Harness and repairs 120. 79
Vehicles and repairs 704. 19
Hay and straw 10, 149. 57
Incidental expenses 5. 60
$169,667.76
117,574.05
23, 611. 75
9, 790. 85
26, 762. 55
340 REPORT OF GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
Repairs and improvements:
Lumber, doors, etc $7, 492. 34
Hardware, etc 11, 902. 71
Engineers' and plumbers' supplies 12. 430. 42
Paints, oils, glass, etc 4, 602. 34
Roofing 181. 29
Iron work, etc 7, 766. 20
Sundry small repairs 48. 50
Masons' supplies 656. 99
Electrical supplies 1, 658. 88
Building 5, 934. 43
— 152,674.10
Salaries and wages:
Superintendent, physicians, and general office 51, 023. 76
Ward service 103, 619. 77 '
Inside domestic department 34, 521. 59
Engineers' department 33, 158. 90
Farm and garden, drivers, etc 35, 363. 37
Mechanics and helpers 28, 529. 92
Laundry 11,572.14
Sunday service 500. 00
298,289.45
On hand:
Support 1, 738. 58
Repairs 5, 204. 38
Buildings and grounds 125, 942. 53
Extension of hospital 4. 694. 72
Payment to treasurer to take up protested check 72. 29
Lapsed into surplus fund, buildings and grounds 167. 40
137,819.90
Total 836, 190. 41
The following summaries of population and expenditures have
been prepared in accordance with a resolution of the National Con-
ference of Charities and Corrections adopted May 15, 1906:
Summary of population.
Number of patients at beginning of fiscal year
Number of patients received during the year
Number of patients discharged or died during the year
Number of patients at end of fiscal year
Daily average number of patients
Average number of officers and employees during the year.
Male.
Female.
1,913
683
472
171
387
119
1,998
735
1,965
699
455
260
Total.
2,596
643
506
2,733
2,664
715
Summary of expenditures .
Current expenditures:
Salaries and wages $277, 611. 15
( llothing 20, 650. 61
Subsistence 291, 263. 89
Ordinary repairs 34, 875. 27
Office, domestic, and outdoor expenses 37, 554. 10
Extraordinary expenses:
New buildings, land , etc
Permanent improvements to existing buildings 28, 366. 84
Tot al 690, 321. 86
OF INTERIOR, 1908.
0(E3Eh
C-, &
<EY MAP OF THE GROUNDS OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE
REPT. DEPT. OF
\
1 J^ J)I^//'/tii/7==^:^/c^^M%^> ssz^k
*
MAP OF THE GROUNDS OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
FIFTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COLUMBIA
INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB.
34 1
OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTION.
Patron. — Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States.
President. — Edward Miner Gallaudet, Ph. D., LL. D.
Secretary. — Charles S. Bradley, esq.
Treasurer. — William W. W. Parker, esq.
Directors. — Hon. George C. Perkins, Senator from California; Hon. Charles N.
Fowler, Member of Congress from New Jersey; Hon. Thetus W. Sims, Member of
Congress from Tennessee, representing the Congress of the United States; Hon. John
W. Foster, Hon. David J. Brewer, Hon. Francis M. Cockrell, R. Ross Perry, esq.,
Theodore W. Noyes, esq., of the District of Columbia; John B. Wight, esq., of New
York.
FACULTY OF GALLAUDET COLLEGE.
President, and professor of moral and political science. — Edward Miner Gallaudet,
Ph. D., LL. D.
Vice-president, and professor of languages. — Edward A. Fay, M. A., Ph. D.
Emeritus professor of natural science, and lecturer on pedagogy. — Rev. John W.
Chickering, M. A.
Professor of history and English. — J. Burton Hotchkiss, M. A., Litt. D.
Professor of mathematics and Latin. — Amos G. Draper, M. A., Litt. D.
Professor of natural science. — Charles R. Ely, M. A., Ph. D.
Professor of applied mathematics and pedagogy. — Percival Hall, M. A.
Assistant professor of natural science. — Herbert E. Day, M. A.
Assistant professor of Latin. — Allan B. Fay, M. A.
Assistant professor of history and English, and librarian. — Albert C. Gaw, M. A.,
D. C. L.
Instructor in English and Latin. — Elizabeth Peet.
Instructor in engineering. — Isaac Allison, E. E.
Instructor in gymnastics. — Albert F. Adams, M. A.
Instructor in drawing. — Arthur D. Bryant, B. Ph.
DEPARTMENT OF ARTICULATION.
Professor in charge. — Percival Hall, M. A.
Instructors. — Annie E. Jameson; Albert C. Gaw, M. A., D. C. L.
Normal fellows. — Ernestine Faye Ball, M. A., Ohio State University; Orville
Clark Cone, B. A., Colgate University, New York; Edwin Louis La Crosse, B. Ph.,
Union College, New York; Frank Horace Reiter, B. A., Muhlenberg College,
Pennsylvania.
Normal student. — Florence Josephine Ensworth, Bainbridge High School, New York.
FACULTY OF THE KENDALL SCHOOL.
President. — Edward Miner Gallaudet, Ph. D., LL. D.
Instructors. — James Denison, M. A., principal; Melville Ballard, M. S.; Theodore
A. Kiesel, B. Ph.; Sarah H. Porter, M. A.; Clara Taliaferro; Helen Fay.
Instructors in articulation. — Anna S. Gaw; Elizabeth Peet.
DOMESTIC DEPARTMENT.
Supervisor and disbursing agent. — Wallace G. Fowler.
Attending physician.— D. Kerfoot Shute, M. D.
Matron. — Myrtle M. Ellis.
Associate matron. — Mary E. Schenck.
Boys' supervisor. — Frederick W. Schoneman, B. Ph.
Girls' supervisor. — Mattie Maud Holland.
Master of shop. — Isaac Allison, E. E.
Farmer and head gardener. — Edward Mangum.
342
FIFTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COLUMBIA
INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB.
Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb,
Kendall Green, Washington, D. G., October 2, 1908.
Sir: The number of students and pupils remaining in the insti-
tution July 1, 1907, was 115; admitted during the year, 39; since
admitted, 42; total, 196. Under instruction since July 1, 1907, 113
males and 83 females, of which 140 have been in the collegiate depart-
ment, representing 35 States, the District of Columbia, Canada, and
Scotland, and 56 in the primary department. Of these 38 were
admitted as beneficiaries of the District of Columbia and 94 were
admitted to the collegiate department under the provisions of the
act of Congress approved June 6, 1900. During the fiscal year 28
were discharged from the institution by graduation and otherwise.
In addition to the foregoing, 17 colored deaf-mutes of school age,
properly belonging to the District of Columbia, have in pursuance
of law been admitted through this institution to the Maryland
School for Colored Deaf-Mutes.
A list of the names of students and pupils who have been under
instruction in this institution since July 1, 1907, will be found
appended in this report.
HEALTH.
Good health has prevailed generally among the students and pupils
during the year, and no death has occurred in the institution.
COURSES OF INSTRUCTION.
No important changes have been made in the courses of instruc-
tion, but it has been decided to advance the requirements for admis-
sion to the college one year, this change to go into effect in 1909. It
has been found necessary to make this advance in order that the
standing of the college shall compare favorably with that of the col-
leges of the country. A circular giving detailed information as to
what this change will require has been issued and sent to the schools
for the deaf in the States.
LECTURES.
The following special lectures have been delivered during the year:
IN THE COLLEGE.
Dartmoor and Its Archaeological Wonders, by President Gallaudet.
The Dreyfus Case, by Professor Fay.
The Founding of St. Augustine, by Professor Hotchkiss.
343
344 COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. ,
On Horseback in Virginia, by Professor Draper.
Moths and Butterflies, with exhibition of private collection, by Professor Ely.
Government Irrigation Projects in the West, by Professor Hall.
Cyrano de Bergerac, by Professor A. B. Fay.
Peter the Great, by Professor Day.
The English Origin of the Federal Republic of the United States, by Professor Gaw.
IN THE KENDALL SCHOOL.
Bunty MacLeod, the Boy Engineer, by Mr. Denison.
Brave Boys; by Mr. Denison.
Abraham Lincoln, by Mr. Ballard.
Conduct, by Mr. Kiesel.
President Roosevelt in Yellowstone Park, by Mr. Bryant.
Last Days of Pompeii, by Mr. Clark.
Alaskan Experiences, by Mr. Underhill.
Boyhood of Benjamin Franklin, by Mr. Michaelson.
Sir Isaac Newton, by Mr. Stone.
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES.
The receipts and expenditures for the year under review will appear
from the following detailed statements:
Receipts and expenditures, maintenance of institution.
RECEIPTS.
Balance from old account $109. 63
From the Treasury of the United States 73, 000. 00
Board and tuition 4, 425. 50
From treasurer of the institution 2C0. 00
Total 77, 735. 13
EXPENDITURES.
Salaries and wages $46, 896. 63
Miscellaneous repairs 310. 09
Household and marketing 4, 147. 24
Meats 5, 290. 96
Groceries 3, 766. 26
Butter and eggs 1, 921. 72
Bread 1, 902. 78
Medical attendance and nursing 905. 05
Telephone, electric clocks, and fire alarms 506. 02
Furniture- 217. 82
Dry goods 642. 17
Gas 899. 10
Fuel 3,729.85
Feed 1, 662. 60
Medicines and chemicals 297. 51
Books and stationery 439. 05
Hardware 375. 56
Plants, seeds, and tools 648. 76
Blac •ksmithing 207. 75
Carriage repairs 337. 50
Ice 385.06
Live stock 335. 00
Incidental expenses 295. 76
Stamped envelopes 63. 72
Auditing accounts 300. 00
Printing 203. 55
Led ures 75. 00
Gymnasium apparatus 7. 62
I Harness and repairs 189. 55
Balance 775. 45
Total 77,735.13
COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. 345
Receipts and expenditures, special repairs.
RECEIPTS.
Treasury of the United States $5, 000. 00
EXPENDITURES.
Lumber $373. 28
Plumbing and steam fitting 984. 24
Mason work 607. 15
Paper hanging 230. 65
Painting and carpentry 571. 69
Whitewashing 84. 00
Slate roofing 161. 03
Asphalt paving 878. 22
Linoleum on halls 140. 00
Paints, oils, and glass 458. 58
Hardware and tools 511. 16
Total 5, 000. 00
ESTIMATES FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1910.
The following estimates for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910,
have already been submitted:
For the support of the institution, including salaries and incidental
expenses, for books and illustrative apparatus, and for general repairs
and improvements, $77,000.
For repairs to the buildings of the institution, including plumbing
and steam fitting, and for repairs to pavements within the grounds,
$5,000.
For the maintenance and tuition of colored deaf-mutes of teachable
age belonging to the District of Columbia in the Maryland School
for Colored Deaf-Mutes, as authorized in an act of Congress approved
March 3, 1905, $6,000.
The first estimate is larger by $4,000 than the amount appropriated
for the same purpose for the fiscal year 1908 ; it is larger by only $2,000
than the amount estimated for the fiscal year 1909. The increase
in the prices of many provisions led us to ask for the amount we
did for this year, and as conditions in regard to prices remain prac-
tically unchanged, we are confident that the amount asked for to
cover this increase is not unreasonable. The further increase of
$2,000 is asked because it is evident to the board that the salaries
of certain of our professors and instructors ought to be moderately
increased. These professors and instructors have served several
years at minimum salaries and their present rates of compensation
are quite below the maximum which has been allowed in our insti-
tution to persons performing similar services. The board feels that
these increases of salaries are entirely reasonable and really necessary,
and hopes that Congress will not be unwilling to grant the small
amount that will be required for the increase in salaries.
The estimate for repairs is the same as has been granted for several
years.
The estimate for the education of the colored deaf-mutes of the
District is somewhat larger than the amount appropriated for this
year, but it is believed that the number to be provided for will be
sufficiently greater to demand the amount which is asked for.
A4() COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOB THE DEAF AND DUMB.
THE EXERCISES OF PRESENTATION DAY.
The public anniversary of the college was held in the college chapel
on Wednesday, May 6.
Rev. Charles Wood, D. D., pastor of the Church of the Covenant,
offered the opening prayer.
The orations and dissertations delivered by members of the gradu-
ating class were as follows:
Child Labor and Some of Its Results, Frederick Wilhelm Schoneman, Illinois.
The Artist in Verse, Belle Harriet Ren, Nebraska.
The Value of Irrigation to this Country, Alvin Lehman Kutzleb, Kentucky.
The Origin of the Week, Helen Northrop, Nebraska.
Tennyson's Point of View, Alice Gertrude Neldon, Ohio.
PRESENTATION OF CANDIDATES FOR DEGREES.
The following candidates for degrees were presented by Professor
Fay, vice-president of the college.
Degree of bachelor of philosophy,
George Herman Harper, Alabama.
Leo Ralph Holway, Illinois.
Frederick Wilhelm Schoneman, Illinois.
Degree of bachelor of science.
William Cooper, Massachusetts.
Alvin Lehman Kutzleb, Kentucky.
Dean Ellsworth Tomlinson, Minnesota.
Degree of bachelor of arts.
Mazie Florence Britt, Kansas.
Snowa Pearl Frost, Kentucky.
May Winifred Jones, Ohio.
Willie Lee Kilgore, Texas.
Fanny Payson Kimball, Maine.
Alice Gertrude Neldon, Ohio.
Helen Northrop, Nebraska.
Belle Harriet Ren, Nebraska.
Odie William Underhill, North Carolina.
Thomas Stanton Williams, Kansas.
Degree of master of arts.
Henry L. Stafford, Washington, D. C, B. A., Gallaudet College, 1893.
Robert S. Taylor_North Carolina, B.'A., Gallaudet College, 1901.
Oliver C. Stevens, Michigan, B. A., Gallaudet College, 1905.
NORMAL FELLOWS.
Degree of master of arts.
Edward Lewis Michaelson, B. A., St. Olaf College, Minnesota.
Isaac Victor Stone, B. S., Rutgers College, New Jersey.
NORMAL STUDENTS.
Margaret Elizabeth Compton, Episcopal Female Institute, Virgin a.
Winifred Northrop, Nebraska Normal College, Nebraska.
COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. 347
REMARKS OF PRESIDENT GALLAUDET CONFERRING HONORARY
DEGREES.
"The act of Congress authorizing and empowering the board of
directors of this institution to grant and confirm degrees carried
with it the power to confer honorary degrees. This power has not
often been exercised by this college, but as we last year completed
fifty years in the life of the institution it seems fitting to exercise
this function at this time, and I have the honor to announce that
four honorary degrees have been voted by the board.
"The degree of master of arts is given to Mr. Charles S. Deem,
of Jackson, Miss, a gentleman who was a student in this college a
number of years ago. He has been for twenty-four years an instructor
in the Mississippi School for the Deaf, and it is thought fitting that
he receive from the college where he nearly completed his academic
education the honorary degree of master of arts.
"The degree of doctor of humane letters is conferred by colleges
upon persons who have attained distinction in educational and other
lines. Our board of directors has voted to confer this degree on
three men of eminence in the education of the deaf:
"Upon Mr. W. H. Addison, who has been for more than twenty
years a prominent instructor of the deaf in Scotland. He has been
for a number of years at the head of the institution in Glasgow. He
has visited the schools for the deaf in this country several times, and
has initiated efforts for the establishment of an institution for the
higher education of the deaf in Great Britain. It has been deemed
fitting that in view of his public service in the cause of the education
of the deaf this honor should be conferred upon him by our college.
"Mr. Francis D. Clarke, of Michigan, has been for almost forty years
an educator of the deaf. He has been at the head of two institutions
for the deaf, and is now in charge of the Michigan school. He has
contributed much to the literature of our profession and has in many
ways shown himself to be a master in the line of educational work
among the deaf and is worthy the honor shown him.
"Mr. Charles W. Ely has been for more than thirty-five years the
head of the Maryland School for the Deaf. He was an instructor of
the deaf in the Ohio institution for a number of years before he took
charge of the Maryland school, which he has managed so successfully
all these years. He has in many ways contributed much to the work
of educating the deaf, and we feel that he is well deserving or" the honor
which has been given him by the vote of our board."
In introducing the speaker of the day, President Gallaudet expressed
his great pleasure at the cordial and friendly relations which have long
existed between the students of Georgetown University and those of
our college, and between the faculties of the two institutions, and said
that it was most agreeable to have present the honored president of
Georgetown University, who had kindly consented to address the
students.
348 COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB.
President Buel then delivered the following address:
PRESIDENT BUEL'S ADDRESS.
"Mr. President, Gentlemen of the Board of Directors, and
Candidates for Presentation for Degrees : It is a great pleasure
for me to come here to-day to speak to you, and I esteem it a high
honor that I have been selected by your worthy president, Doctor
Gallaudet, to address you on this occasion.
"I presume that on occasions such as this the one who is selected
to give the address is expected to have something to say in the way of
friendly advice to those about to graduate. It has been some weeks
since I was invited to give this address, and while it has not been the
uppermost thought in my mind what I should say on this occasion, I
have often thought of what good advice I could give you, what whole-
some advice I could set before you.
" Several events that have occurred within recent months have
directed my thoughts toward one subject in particular, and I can not
get away from the fact that it seems the only thing I can say to you
to-day. At first you may think it strange that I should select such a
subject for an occasion like this, but I hope to be able to show you
that there is method in my madness. I wish to say a few words to
you on the subject of anarchy. Not that I imagine for a moment
that you are anarchists. On the contrary, I presume that you have
all been law-abiding students.
"Yet it seems to me that we can well on this occasion give the sub-
ject some thought.
"We are fond of saying that we English-speaking people are a law-
abiding people. And, generally speaking, this is true. We are a law-
abiding people, but little given to anarchy, while the Slavic peoples
and the Italians and others that we can think of have a reputation of
the opposite character.
"Yet in our country, in the North, East, South, and West, we have
seen during the past few months striking instances of mob rule; we
have seen people taking the law into their own hands not only in the
country districts, but in our large cities, and even in our colleges and
universities. We have read in the newspapers of several instances of
the college student in his small world playing the part of the anarch-
ist, rising up and refusing to obey constituted authority. We have
seen him going on a strike, and, if we can believe the newspapers, going
so far that all the civil authority of the State was not able to restrain
him without much difficulty.
"I take it that we can not believe everything we read in the news-
papers. I think there is often much exaggeration in the statements
made therein. Still, I suppose there is some foundation for what we
have read, and that in these cases, both in our country at large and in
our colleges, there have been evidences of anarchy — uprisings against
lawfully constituted authority.
" It seems to me that we who claim to be cultured and educated peo-
ple ( and you, my dear candidates for degrees, who are soon to go out with
< he seal of Gallaudet College upon you, you are going to join the ranks
of cultured and educated men and women), it seems to me that it is our
bounden duty to uphold the ideal of a law-abiding people and to dis-
countenance any insubordination to lawful authority properly exer-
cised.
COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. 349
" In order that we may more clearly see why we should as educated
and cultured men and women discountenance whatever .tends to the
disregard of lawful authority, I would ask you to recall with me the
idea of society. By civil society we mean a body of persons collec-
tively united by common bonds, under common authority, united for
common interests, aims, and ends.
" Just as in the statue of marble or bronze carved out by the sculptor,
the material part, the rough stone or block of bronze, before it comes
from the hands of the sculptor has no formal shape, so that by his
skill he makes out of the rough marble or bronze a statue of George
Washington, or a statue of Abraham Lincoln or of General Grant ; so
in the institution we speak of as civil society there is a material ele-
ment and the formal part that brings it out is what we term authority.
And it is the exercise of this authority that enables members of society by
lawful means to reach a common end. Thus lawful authority implies
the right of making laws and of enforcing them. So we have in the foot-
ball team or the baseball nine, eleven men and nine men, and the
authority of the captain or coach which is exercised over that baseball
team or football eleven is exercised to attain success on the gridiron
or the diamond according to the rules of the game. And penalties are
imposed on those who do not live and act according to the rules of the
game.
" And this, too, applies to civil society. Its object is to promote the
common welfare. Man is by his very nature a social animal. He
must, if he follows his nature, live in the company of other men.
"Thus arises the need for authority, a means of enforcing order, for
as the poet Pope says, ' Order is Heaven's first law,' and the Holy
Ghost inscribes in Holy Writ that the opposite state is where disorder
and confusion reign.
"Where we have law and order we have peace and harmony, and
where we have anarchy and insubordination we have the opposite.
St. Paul in his letter to the Romans tells us that all authority comes
from God, and that therefore he who resists authority resists the ordi-
nance of God, and that they that resist bring to themselves damna-
tion. Those of us who believe that Paul is an apostle, that he speaks
words put into his mouth by the Holy Ghost, must then believe that
resistance to lawful authority is an offense in the sight of God.
"In this country of ours, where we have government of the people,
for the people, by the people, the question arises how the authority of
God comes in. The state is a creature of God. There are several
theories as to just how the authority of God is exercised in a country
like this. The view that appeals to me most is that when we choose
our presidents, members of congress, governors, and other officials,
we designate these persons on whom God confers the authority. And
this shows us the great mistake of taking the law into our own hands,
of rising up and refusing to accept authority.
"As I said in the beginning, I think it is our duty as educated, culti-
vated people to uphold lawful authority. It is a menace to our nation
that we can have in our midst people who take the law into their own
hands, using the torch and the bomb of dynamite.
"It is important that we exercise extreme care not to let the spirit
of disregard to lawful authority lay hold on us. Just once overstepping
the moral law has seemed to good men a danger. They trunk it
means a breaking of the fiber of the being, that it sulhes the conscience,
350 COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB.
and makes it easier to go wrong again. May it not be true in nations
as with individuals, that in the nation where there are cases of an-
archy here and there the nation may have its moral fiber deterio-
rated, if not disintegrated, by not checking this disregard of lawful
authority at the very beginning.
"It is something that we ought to bear in mind. It should give
us pause for thought, and cause us to reflect that upon us, the edu-
cated, cultivated people of the country, rests the obligation to stand
for the cause of law and order, upon the preservation of which depends
the safety and welfare of our country.
"This, then, is the thought I meant to put before you to-day.
You are going out in a few weeks from the institution that has fos-
tered you and trained you. You will go to all parts of the country,
for all the educational institutions of Washington are more or less
national in character. You come from North, East, South, and West.
Carry with you when you go hence those high principles which you
have learned here. Show there by your lives in the communities in
which you reside that you are exerting all your influence on the side
of law-abiding people, keeping ever high the standard of obedience to
lawful authority properly exercised.
"In conclusion, I wish to congratulate you that you have come
successfully so far in your course, and I take it that you who have
done so well thus far will finish equally well, that you will pass your
final examinations, and that you will go forth and be a credit not
only to this institution, winch has fostered you so carefully, but to
our whole country at large.' '
The exercises of the day were closed with the benediction by Rev.
John W. Chickering, emeritus professor in the college.
CONFERRING OF DEGREES.
On the closing day of the term, June 17, degrees were conferred in
accordance with the recommendations of presentation day.
MEETING OF THE CONVENTION OF AMERICAN
INSTRUCTORS OF THE DEAF.
A meeting of the Convention of American Instructors of the Deaf,
an organization chartered by Congress, was held at Ogden, Utah, July
3-10, in the State Institution for the Deaf and the Blind located in
that city. Professors Hall and Gaw, of our college faculty, repre-
sented this institution, and presented papers of value. Professor Hall
was elected secretary of the convention and Professor Gaw was assist-
ant secretary and official stenographer. A copy of the proceedings
of the convention will be presented to Congress, as required by law.
All of which is respectfully submitted by order of the board of
directors.
E. M. Gallaudet, President.
The Secretary of the Interior.
COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB.
351
CATALOGUE OF STUDENTS AND PUPILS,
IN THE COLLEGE.
Alabama:
G. Herman Harper.
Walter D. Bell.
Alton M. Bell.
Arizona:
Ethel F. Eaton.
Arkansas:
Ora H. Blanchard.
James S. Bowen.
Zeb Edmiston.
Dean Horn.
Mamie L. Wallace.
California:
Golda M. Fitzgerald.
Leslie A. Elmer.
Colorado:
Mabel J. Jensen.
John C. Clesson.
Connecticut:
Michael Lapides.
District of Columbia:
Maud E. Edington.
Florida:
Alice A. Nicholson.
Abbie M. Goff.
Georgia:
Henry S. Morris.
Idaho :
Leora M. Hughes.
Lulu M. Lewis.
Illinois:
Leo R. Holway.
Frederick W. Schoneman.
Goldie A. Newman.
Iva M. Robinson.
Indiana:
Leon P. Jones. .
Iowa:
Sarah B. Streby.
Walter F. Poshusta.
Luverne S. Byrne.
Melvin Lien.
Ragnhilda Lee.
Erne S. Gifford.
Elizabeth R. Rhoades.
Hubert B. West.
Ransom H. Arch.
Kansas:
Mazie E. Britt.
Thomas S. Williams.
Mary J. Gillman.
M. Edetha 'Williams.
John T. Hower.
Homer E. Grace.
William Schaefer.
George E. Pinto.
Cora A. Denton
Kentucky:
Snowa P. Frost.
Alvin L. Kutzleb.
Adolph N. Struck.
Rose K. Bode.
Maine:
Fannie P. Kimball.
Leo K. Holmes.
Patrick J. Thibodeau.
Manitoba:
Charlotte H. Jameson.
Archibald H. MacDonald.
Archibald Wright, jr.
Maryland:
Thomas J. Blake.
Massachusetts:
Charles A. Malloch.
William Cooper.
Michigan:
Margaret M. Leveck.
Harold Preston.
George Burkart.
Gottlieb Bieri.
George F. Gorman.
Ida M. Linabury.
Inez I. Snyder.
Belle Van Ostrand.
Norman D. McDonald.
Otto Buby.
Minnesota:
Dean E. Tomlinson.
Frederick J. O'Donnell.
Ellen D. Johnson.
Clarence Sharp.
Philip E. Cadwell.
Mary M. Fossan.
Eva Bush.
Petra F. Fandrem.
Mississippi:
Shelby W. Harris.
Missouri:
Elmer Talbert.
Mary I. Morrison.
Russell P. Handley.
Jennie F. Susman.
Nebraska:
Hattie B. Ren.
Helen Northrop.
Anna V. Johnson.
Maude E. Roath.
James Morehouse.
Eugene Hogle.
New Jersey:
Morton H. Henry.
New York:
Arthur B. Dillon.
Samuel Cohen.
Edwin W. Nies.
Vernon S. Birck.
Margaret G. Sherman.
North Carolina:
Odie W. Underhill.
Emma L. Pike.
George H. Bailey.
Virgie A. Haywood.
Charles E. Jones.
Harley Brendall.
Sarah K. Herring.
352
COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB.
CATALOGUE OF STUDENTS AND PUPILS— Continued.
IN THE COLLEGE— Continued.
•North Dakota:
Gilbert J. Isackson.
Carl Anderson.
Olga Anderson.
Oregon:
Bird L. Craven.
Emery E. Vinson.
Harry Gardner.
Ohio.
Winifred M. Jones.
Alice G. Neldon.
William N. Toomey.
John H. Mueller.
William H. Arras.
Helena Froelich.
Emma J. Neumann.
Pennsylvania:
Francis M. Holliday.
Philip R. Schroedel.
Emily A. S. Blackwood.
Mary H. Burns.
Hume L. Battiste.
Carl M. Bohner.
Charles W. W. Campbell.
J. Wilbur Gledhill.
Frederick H. Hughes.
William W. King.
Pennsylvania — Continued.
J. Clarence Reinmiller.
Charles E. Sommer.
Scotland :
Angus C. Mclnnes.
South Carolina:
Annie L. D wight.
South Dakota:
Jessie A. Beardsley.
Ella S. Olen.
Ada R. Studt.
Willie L. Kilgore.
Robert L. Davis.
Mary B. Sharp.
Thomas L. Anderson.
Grover C. Farquhar.
Washington :
Bertha Thiessen.
Alice S. Hammond.
Wisconsin:
Harry Hansmann.
Harold Linde.
Otto Schulze.
Helen Wilcox.
Wyoming:
Baxter W. Mosey.
IN THE KENDALL SCHOOL.
Delaware:
Walter Carmean.
Robert Johnston .
Arthur Long.
Lewis J. Long.
Raymond Webb.
District of Columbia:
Raymond Allen.
Benjamin Beaver.
Frank Berman.
Wallace Edington.
Morton W. Galloway.
William A. Gray.
Frederick D. Hill.
William U. Lynch.
John W. McCauley.
John Mcintosh.
John C. Miller.
District of Columbia — Continued.
James A. Nash.
Francis E. Ridgeway.
Joseph P. Riley.
William J. Riley.
Sylvan J. Riley.
Charles Shepherd.
Leonard Stark.
Joseph Stinson.
Charles Sullivan.
Minnesota:
Carl Torell.
New Jersey:
Frank E. W. McMahon.
New York :
Clinton F. C. Ensworth.
South Carolina:
Osgood A. Darby.
FEMALES.
Delaware:
Ida Ellingsworth.
Cynthia Hearne.
Florence Johnston.
Isabelle Long.
Ellen J. McCabe.
Mary O'Rourke.
Olivia Peterson.
Glendora Tavlor.
District of Columbia:
Mary E}. Blocher.
Caroline E. Cox.
Myrtle E. Connick.
Maud E. Edington.
Louise Golding.
Beatrice Holland.
Elsie Hutchins.
Grace G. Kelly.
COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. 353
CATALOGUE OF STUDENTS AND PUPILS— Continued.
IN THE KENDALL SCHOOL— Continued.
females — continued.
District of Columbia — Continued. District of Columbia — Continued.
Margaret M. Lewis. Laura Sykes.
Ida M. Littleford. Alice Woolford.
Matilda Maddox. Florence Young.
Annie P. Neitzey. Illinois:
Virgie E. O'Neill. Rose Edna Congdon.
Pearl J. Pearson. West Virginia:
Sophia Stansbury. Frances V. Wagner.
REGULATIONS.
I. The academic year is divided into three terms, the first beginning on the Thursday
before the last Thursday in September and closing on the 24th of December, the
second beginning the 2d of January and closing the last of March, the third beginning
the 1st of April and closing the Wednesday before the last Wednesday in June.
II. The vacations are from the 24th of December to the 2d of January, and from
the Wednesday before the last Wednesday in June to the Thursday before the last
Thursday in September.
III. There are holidays at Thanksgiving, Washington's Birthday, Easter, and
Decoration Day.
IV. The pupils may visit their homes during the regular vacations and at the above-
named holidays, but at no other time, unless for some special, urgent reason, and then
only by permission of the president.
V. The bills for the maintenance and tuition of pupils supported by their friends
must be paid semiannually in advance.
VI. The charge for pay pupils is $250 per annum. This sum covers all expenses
in the primary department except clothing, and all in the college except clothing
and books.
VII. All deaf-mutes of teachable age, of good mental capacity, and properly belong-
ing to the District of Columbia, are received without charge. To students from the
States and Territories who have not the means of defraying all the expenses of the
college course the board of directors renders such assistance as circumstances seem
to require, as far as the means at its disposal will allow.
VIII. It is expected that the friends of the pupils will provide them with clothing,
and it is important that upon entering or returning to the institution they should be
supplied with a sufficient amount for an entire year. All clothing should be plainly
marked with the owner's name.
IX. All letters concerning pupils or applications for admission should be addressed
to the president.
X. The institution is open to visitors during term time on Thursdays only, between
the hours of 10 a. m. and 3 p. m. Visitors are admitted to chapel services on Sunday
afternoons at 3 o'clock.
XI. Congress has made provision for the education, at public expense, of the
indigent blind of teachable age belonging to the District of Columbia. Persons
desiring to avail themselves of this provision are required by law to make application
to the president of this institution.
58920— int 1908— vol 1 23
REPORT OF THE FREEMEN'S HOSPITAL.
355
FREEDMEN'S HOSPITAL.
BOARD OF VISITORS.
GEORGE W. EVANS. JOHN J. DARBY, M. D.
JAMES T. PARKER.
STAFF. *
W. A. WARFIELD, M. D., Surgeon in Chief.
W. C. McNEILL, M. D., First Assistant Surgeon and Executive Officer.
CONSULTANTS.
Medical— F. J. SHADD, M. D.; ROBERT REYBURN, M. D.
Surgical.— NEIL F. GRAHAM, M. D.
Obstetrical— THOMAS C. SMITH, M. D.
Gynecological— J . TABOR JOHNSON, M. D.
VISITING STAFF.
MEDICAL.
January, February, March.— H. W. FREEMAN, M. D.; J. B. NICHOLS, M. D
April, May, June.—T). W. PRENTISS, M. D.; GEO. W. CABANISS, M. D.
July, August, September.— ROBT. W. BROWN, M. D.; THOS. MARTIN, M. D.
October, November, December.— H. W. FREEMAN, M. D.; J. B. NICHOLS, M. D.
January, February, March. — E. A. BALLOCH, M. D.
April, May, June.—WM. A. JACK, Jr., M. D.
July, August, September.— WM. A. JACK, Jr., M. D.
October, November, December.— V. A. BALLOCH, M. D.
Necroscopist.—J). S. LAMB, M. D.
OBSTETRICAL.
January, February, March, April— N. R. JENNER, M. D.
May, June, July, August— E. D. WILLISTON, M. D.
September, October, November, December.— J NO. R. FRANCIS, M. D.
Genito-urinary.—R. A. FOWLER, M. D.
INTERNES.
R. R.JOHNSON, M. D. W. H. WILSON, M. D.
R.C. HUNTER, M. D. B. M. RHETTA, M. D.
OUT-PATIENT DEPARTMENT.
MEDICAL.
Monday.— SIDNEY BEHREND, M. D. Thursday.— E. A. TIGNOR. M. D.
Tuesday.- -C. A. TIGNOR, M. D. Friday.— HENRY FREEMAN, M. D.
Wednesday.— SIDNEY BEHREND, M. D. Saturday.— ALBERT RIDGELEY, M. D.
MINOR SURGERY.
Wednesday, Friday.- PAUL JOHNSON, M. D.
EYE AND EAR.
Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday. -R. S. LAMB, M. D.; CARL HENNING, M. D.
NOSE AND THROAT.
Wednesday, Saturday.— J. J. RICHARDSON, M. D.; R. R. WALKER, M. D.
DERMATOLOGY.
Friday.— H. A. ROBBINS, M. D.; ARTHUR J. HALL, M. D.
NERVOUS.
Monday, Thursday.— WM. L. ROBINS, M. D.; J. C. TAPPIN, M. D.
3 A BAH L. TUFFS, Directress of Training School MARY J. JONES, Matron.
II. S. POPE, Phar. D., Pharmacist. HARRY CARDOZO, Clerk.
J. L. FITZGKRALD, Assistant Pharmacist. L. R. WORMLEY, Assistant Clerk.
356
REPORT OF THE FREEDMEN'S HOSPITAL
Washington, September 9, 1908.
Sir : I have the honor to submit for your consideration the annual
report of the Freedmen's Hospital for the fiscal year ended June 30,
1908.
There was a considerable increase in the work over the previous
year, and the results attained have been correspondingly satisfactory,
notwithstanding the hospital occupied its old quarters for eight
months of the year, with all its attending drawbacks.
The hospital was transferred to the new buildings February 26,
1908, one hundred and twenty-nine patients being moved without
mishap. The completion and occupation of the new hospital mark
an epoch in the history of this institution. From an asylum for the
aged and infirm, it has grown, by reason of the liberality of a generous
Government, to a modern institution, first class in every respect, the
work classified into several departments, with an organization similar
to that of the leading hospitals of the country, differing only in its
relations to the General Government. These satisfactory conditions
are the direct result of a reorganization which began May 12, 1898,
when, by order of the Department of the Interior, a board of visitors,
consisting of three officials of that department, was appointed. The
organization thus begun and subsequently developed, viewed from
an administration standpoint, made the hospital equal to the best.
The practical operation of the plan in obtaining results and safe-
guarding the interests of the patients, the great object of our endeav-
ors, after all, was assured, and in most instances the grounds for
complaints have been more imaginary than real.
There were 154 patients remaining in the hospital at the beginning
of the year; 2,434 were admitted and 235 births occurred during the
year, making a total of 2,823 persons under care. Of this number,
1,964 were received as residents of the District of Columbia, under
contract with the Board of Charities, and 859 were admitted as non-
residents. A total of 2,692 were discharged, as follows: 1,624 recov-
ered; 632 improved; 113 unimproved; 36 not treated; 287 died;
leaving 131 in the hospital at the beginning of the current fiscal year.
Fifty-four of the deaths occurred within twenty-four hours after
entering the hospital, their condition on admittance being such as to
render hospital aid of no avail. Every year this class of patients is
larger than it should be, due, undoubtedly, to many people seeking
the hospital as a last resort.
The surgical work was heavier than ever before, 1,005 operations
being performed with a mortality of 13, almost 99 out of every 100
operations being successful.
357
358
FREEDMEN S H0SPIT4L.
The following cases were treated in the out-patient department:
Medical, 1,641; surgical, 573; ear, nose, and throat, 619; eye, 417;
gynecological, 283; nervous, 317; skin and geni to-urinary, 1.169 — a
total of 5,019, which is 388 more than the previous year.
The following tables show in detail the medical and surgical work:
Record of medical and surgical diseases.
bfio
aS
'3
'3
1
Admitted.
Discharged.
>>
Disease.
White.
Colored.
"3
0
0
X3
>
0
n
ft
1
g
ft
i
p
0)
g
O
O
6
1
i
i
6
e
"3
I
3
'3
1
Bones, joints, and lymphatics.
Bones:
Osteomyelitis—
2
2
6
1
2
4
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
9
2
20
3
13
2
4
1
10
1
9
1
8
2
1
1
""2
1
3
2
1
.......
6
3
2
....„
""9"
.......
""4"
""2
2
...„.
12
2
......
3
22
5
3
1
......
""2"
5
2
5
7
1
6
6
1
3
1
1
4
1
3
16
5
25
3
17
2
14
1
21
1
9
6
9
4
3
3
4
18
6
5
44
6
4
3
2
22
5
2
5
2
4
6
1
5
5
1
3
1
1
4
1
1
14
5
20
2
5
7
1
6
5
1
3
1
1
Tibia
1
i
1
Joints:
1
1
1
Luxations:
Ulna
Subluxations:
4 i
1
Wrist . . .
1
15
2
Lymphatics:
Adenitis—
1
1
1
5
2
1
1
3
17
1
21 4
Nervous system.
3
17
2
10
1
■s
9
§
4
3
3
4
18
6
5
1
2
1
10
l
4
Senile dementia
::;:i::::
1
6
"q
Epilepsy
3
2
3
6
4
....
2
3
2
2
1
i
1
2
Locomotor ataxia
1
2
4
Neuralgia:
2
1
2
6
1
2
2
8
2
Ovarian
Neurasthenia
3
1
2
6
2
1
1
1
3
3
1
16
1
1
2
2
10
4
2
2
"e
Heart and blood vessels.
1
3
2
Aneurism:
1
Carotid
1
1
1 1
Femoral
1 1
Popliteal
1
1
2
'h'
3
3
3
2 1
Aortic insufficiency
2
3
2
1
5
3
2 ....
2 : 1
19 !
(i
Aortic stenosis
Mitral insufficiency
'"&'
4
39 5
6
3
3
A rterio-sclerosis
1
2
2
5
1
19
5
1
1
2
20
5
2
5
?,
4
Varicose veins
freedmen's hospital.
Record of medical and surgical diseases — Continued.
359
>>
3
1-5
9
§
Admitted.
Discharged.
>>
Disease.
White.
Colored.
3
o
•6
o
1
s
0
H
P.
a
•0
i
0
M
P
.9
a
5
+3
g
+»
0
d
P
0
6
1
I
6
o3
3
6
o3
I
1
'oS
1
Ph
Respiratory system.
Asthma:
1
2
14
23
142
9
3
1
10
1
18
13
29
3
9
1
12
2
2
5
1
1
4
2
4
123
6
.......
4
11
5
5
3
9
5
4
1
......
2
3
1
1
6
3
1
8
2
5
.....
2
......
2
.....
1
4
1
6
1
6
4
......
......
19
27
277
18
4
5
14
1
32
20
49
6
18
6
16
3
8
8
3
1
7
1
1
10
4
3
21
8
30
6
1
9
3
6
3
1
6
3
1
18
2
6
61
25
13
3
42
38
13
24
5
2
19
5
1
6
3
32
6
2
7
9
243
10
2
2
8
1
3
....
2
5
10
....
19
25
277
18
4
5
2
Bronchitis:
10
3
2
....
3
6
14 -
1
9
12
30
6
3
1
32
Pneumonia:
3
20
8
3
2
10
20 -
Tuberculosis:
Pulmonary
5
6
12
48
6
17
1
General
Digestive system.
Appendicitis
14
5
8
2
5
5
1
1
6 ..
6
14 I 2
i
1
3
2
4 ....
1
3
3
7 1
Enteritis
8 !
Entero-colitis
1
3 ..
i
1
6
1
1
5
4
1
18
4
29
4
1 ..
Fistula:
I
1
7
Recto-vaginal 1
:.:.::::
1 :::::
Recto-vesical
1
Gastro-enteritis
4
1
.... 4
10
Gastralgia
1
......
10
5
24
6
4
Gastric ulcer
1
1
2
1
1
1
.... 1
.... 1
1 1....
3
21
8
30
6
1
9
3
6
2
Gastritis:
Acute
3
1
Hernia:
Inguinal
•
I
1
Inguinal strangulated. . .
Umbilical
Indigestion
7
2
2
1
1
3
1
1
14
1
6
46
20
13
2
32
26
13
15
4
1
13
2
1
6
1
6
o
.....
3
1
2
Peritonitis
1
Liver:
Cholelithiasis
1
5
1
1
Cirrhosis
2
1
6
Hepatitis
1
3
Diabetes mellitus
1
1
Genito-urinary system.
Cystitis:
Acute
11
""'5
18
5
8
10
9
6
20
4
2
10
2
4
2
1
30
18
......
20
18
7
15
3
Chronic
2
Epididymitis
e ::::.
Gonnorrhea:
Acute
3
6
4
::::
7
"5'
55 6
Chronic
2
25
Hydrocele
13 ..
Hypospadias
1
3
Nephritis:
Interstitial
4
12
8
42
Parenchymatous
Orchitis
6
.'.::
3
38
13
Phimosis
1
8
1
4
24
Prostatic hypertrophy
1
5
Pyelitis
2 . ..
Stricture:
Urethral
Rectal
4
1
2
4
3
3
2
19
5
Gangrene of scrotum
1
1
360
FKEEDMEN7S HOSPITAL.
Record of medical and surgical diseases — Continued.
s.
'3'"H
'08
Admitted.
Discharged.
>>
Disease.
White.
Colored.
O
•6
0
ft
s
T3
>
O
U
ft
i
•6
$
s
0
-d
5
"3
0
3
*->
bfl§>
6
8
4
3
I
3
3
^3
a
'3
i
Constitutional diseases.
Debility:
2
4
1
11
30
13
9
2
2
11
47
13
1
24
26
3
2
34
8
5
1
1
2
......
15
2
1
2
11
19
1
..„.
10
"""l2"
1
3
7
1
15
56
22
13
2
5
30
80
18
1
39
38
3
2
48
9
5
1
1
4
2
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
3
19
18
1
7
9
1
5
3
7
8
11
1
17
5
2
2
1
3
6
1
12
48
22
13
2
5
30
78
18
1
39
37
3
2
43
9
5
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
3
18
18
1
6
9
1
5
3
7
8
11
1
17
4
1
4
1
1
9
1
28
10
4
3
16
8
6
2
3
Rheumatism:
Acute
5
3
3
6
4
2
4
3
2
8
Chronic articular
Acute inflammatory
Syphilis:
Hereditary
1
6
10
1
"2"
5
Primary
10
45
19
28
14
1
3
Secondary
4
3
2
4
2
Tertiary
Infectious diseases.
Erysipelas
1
Influenza
3
2
4
1
34
28
1
5
7
2
Malaria
1
1
1
•
Tetanus
2
5
Typhoid
2
....
38
9
5
Varicella
Variola
5
....
Tumors.
Angioma
1
1
......
Carcinoma:
Breast
4
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
Liver
2
1
Stomach
1
1
Bladder
1
1
2
3
1
Lipoma:
Back
Shoulder
1
Papilloma of bladder
1
Sarcoma:
Breast
1
1
1
Jaw
1
1
Knee
1
Buttocks
1
1
Eye, ear, nose, and throat.
Eye:
Blepharitis
1
12
10
1
4
3
1
2
1
3
2
6
1
4
2
2
6
8
.......
4
""'3'
2
4
6
4
8
1
3
11
17
1
6
6
1
4
3
6
7
11
1
17
4
Cataract
1
7
1
Conjunctivitis
1
Hernia of iris
Iritis
1
2
2 ....
1
Ophthalmia
1
Ulcer of cornea
Ear:
Otitis media
1
Mastoiditis
1
Throat:
Laryngitis
1
Odema of glottis...
Tonsillitis:
Acute
] 4
....
Chronic
2
....
1
FREEDMEN7S HOSPITAL.
Record of medical and surgical diseases — Continued.
361
a
Ha
'3
'3
i
Admitted.
Discharged.
>>
Disease.
White.
Colored.
3
0
i
g
0
i
>
0
J-c
Ph
a
13
>
0
Sh
ft
I
-a
£
O
i
5
0
Eh
3
3
l
6
3
I
a
'3
1
Eye, ear, nose, and throat— Con.
Pharyngitis:
1
1
18
6
1
4
10
2
14
3
5
1
8
6
8
28
10
10
26
3
23
3
12
21
10
29
35
7
9
16
4
4
6
1
2
3
5
2
4
8
2
4
1
2
2
30
8
1
4
18
3
5
1
8
6
8
28
11
10
27
3
23
4
15
25
10
251
247
7
10
21
5
4
6
1
2
3
5
2
4
8
2
4
1
2
2
1
1
1
10
1
4
4
2
3
2
7
2
1
2
1
24
3
1
15
1
2
.....
""§'
25
9
2
19
6
4
30
8
1
4
18
1
5
1
8
6
8
28
11
10
24
2
23
4
1
Nose:
4
Obstetrics and gynecology.
Abortion:
4
3
2
3
1
3
2
i
2
1
1
3
1
Dysmenorrhea
1
1
8
1
5
3
2
2
1
2
10
1
20
1
12
21
1
Carcinoma of cervix
1
3
4
2
Cystic ovary
3
1
15 ..
Cystic ovary and fibroid of
24
10
1
Pregnancy
22
235
235
6
8
17
5
4
4
1
2
3
4
1
4
8
1
3
1
2
2
1
1
1
8
235 1fi
235
7
10
18
5
4
4
1
2
3
5
1
4
8
2
4
1
2
2
1
1
1
8
1
4
3
2
1
2
:
2
1
2
1
12
1
Puerperium
1
5
1
2
1
3
Salpingitis and cystic ovary
Lacerated cervix
2
Ovaritis
1
1
Infants with mothers
Retained placenta
Retroflexion
1
1
Retroversion
Subinvolution
Vaginitis
Vulvitis
Abscess, infection, etc.
Abscess:
Abdominal wall
1
Alveolar
1
Axillary
1
1
' '4'
......
1
1
Ischio-rectal
1
2
6
1
2
Liver
1
2
Pelvic
2
3
2
Peri-urethral ,
4
1
1
2
4
1
1
2
1
1
Peri -tonsillar
Psoas
1
1
1
2
Carbuncle
1
7
2
1
1
Cellulitis:
Hand
2
Arm
1
Leg
Gangrene:
Foot
1
1
Leg
362
fkeedmen's hospital.
Record of medical and surgical diseases — Continued.
i.
fl2
"3
"3
§
Admitted.
Discharged.
Disease.
White.
Colored.
"3
t
Eh
i
%
o
1
1
P.
E
hi
T3
>
2
p.
|
a
P
■a
0)
I
o
55
■8
ft
*3
o
Eh
d
Si
3
'3
6
"3
"3
,2
ad
1
Abscess, infection, etc. — Con.
Ulcers:
Foot
3
1
4
6
1
4
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
3
1
3
2
2
1
6
3
4
1
2
1
5
1
4
2
3
2
23
1
1
1
3
1
7
4
1
2
1
5
2
3
1
1
1
13
1
3
1
1
1
2
2
1
3
1
1
4
2
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
4
2
4
1
2
1
5
1
4
2
3
1
23
Leg
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
......
1
4
Back
Skin diseases.
Eczema
1
1
Lupus
1
Sebaceous cyst
1
2
1
Injuries.
Burns:
Arm and chest
1
Chest
Body
1
1
1
Face
1
1
1
3
2
Legs
1
2
1
1
1
......
""4"
......
...„
.....
l
......
i
i
2
Fractures:
Femur
1
Spine
1
2
2
1
6
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
Colles
2
1
2
1
4
2
2
1
2
1
5
1
4
2
3
1
20
1
1
1
3
1
6
4
1
2
1
5
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
Ribs
2
Jaw
2
1
Skull...
1
2
Fibula and tibia
Contused—
Back
Chest
Foot
2
Hand
3
2
10
1
1
1
2
1
3
2
1
2
1
4
1
2
1
1
1
9
1
......
1
1
Leg
1
10
3
Thigh
i :
Arm
1
1
3
1
7
4
1
2
Back
Chest
1
Hand
Scalp
3
1
Lacerated-
1
Back
Face
Leg
1
Scalp
5
Abdomen
2
1
3
Face
i !
1
i .
Thigh
1
Alcoholism
1
2
4
1
3
1
1
6
3
13
1
Carbolic acid
1
3
1
Opium
1
Chlorof onn
1
1
Total
154
149
18
1,196
1,306
2,823
1,624
032
113 36
287
2,092 131
FREEDMEN S HOSPITAL.
363
Operations and results.
Operation.
Diagnosis.
Amputation.
Appendectomy-
Aspiration
Cauterization..
Celiotomy:
Salpingo - oophorec-
tomy.
H y s t e r o-salpingo-
oophorectomy.
Oophorectomy
Hysterectomy.
Hysterectomy and
appendectomy.
Myomectomy
Oophoro-myomectomj
Hysterectomy, vaginal
Extraction of bullet
and suturing of liver
and gall bladder.
Salpingectomy
Salpingo - appendec-
tomy.
Circumcision
Colpotomy, posterior
Colporrhaphy and bladder
fixation.
Curettage
Cystotomy, suprapubic.
Dilatation
Dilatation and incision. . .
Enucleation
Excision
Herniotomy.
Extirpation.
Gangrene of foot
Gangrene of foot and leg
Gangrene of toe
Supernumerary fingers and toes.
Carcinoma of breast
Hypertrophy of labia majora —
Tuberculosis of hip
Diffuse hypertrophy of breast...
Gumma of leg
Osteomyelitis of tibia
Osteomyelitis of femur
Tuberculosis of knee joint
Sarcoma of elbow joint
Sarcoma of femur
Necrosis of fingers
Tuberculosis of elbow
Appendicitis
Appendicitis, suppurative
Appendicitis, gangrenous
Hydrocele
Pleurisy with effusion
Phagedenic chancroid
Fissure of rectum
Condylomata
Bilateral pyosalpinx and cystic
ovary.
Ectopic pregnancy
Cystic degeneration of ovary and
salpingitis.
Fibroid of uterus and cystic ovary . .
Cystic ovary
Papillomatous degeneration of
ovary.
Dermoid cyst of ovary
Multinodular fibroid of uterus
Fibroid of uterus and bilateral
pyosalpinx, cystic ovary.
Fibroid of uterus and appendicitis.
Fibroid of uterus
Fibroid of uterus and cystic ovary. .
Fibroid of uterus
Bullet wound of liver and gall
bladder.
Pyosalpinx
Pyosalpinx and suppurative ap-
pendicitis.
Elongated prepuce
Pelvic abscess
Cystocele and prolapse of uterus —
Chronic endometritis
Varicose ulcer
Retained placenta
Necrosis of sternum
Vesical calculi
Stricture of urethra
Stricture of urethra and scrotal
White. Colored.
Stricture of urethra and pe~ineal
abscess.
Cataract
Tuberculosis of hip joint ,
Fracture of skull
Tuberculosis of knee joint
Hemorrhoids ,
Keloids
Carbuncle
Gumma of testicle
Inguinal hernia
Inguinal hernia bilateral
Inguinal hernia strangulated
Ventral hernia
Umbilical hernia
Inguinal adenitis
Cervical adenitis ,
27
21
21
2 1
4 1
1 2
364
FBEEDMEN'S HOSPITAL.
Operations and results — Continued.
Operation.
Diagnosis.
White.
Colored.
Extirpation ,
Incision
Incision and drainage.
Iridectomy
Ligation
Ligation of saphenous.
Lumbar puncture
Prostatectomy
Para centesis
Reduction
Resection of knee joint. .
Resection of elbow joint.
Perineorrhaphy
Suturing
Trachelorrhaphy .
Urethrotomy
Popliteal aneurism
Sebaceous cyst of scalp
Cellulitis of foot
Cellulitis of jaw
Cellulitis of hand
Ischio- rectal abscess
Large abscess of thigh
Peri-rectal abscess
Psoas abscess
Peri-urethral abscess
Hepatic abscess
Perineal abscess
Subphrenic abscess
Teno-synovitis of hand
Cataract senile
Varicose veins
Varicose veins
Cerebro-spinal meningitis
Hypertrophy of prostate
Hydroperi toneum
Fracture of scaphoid
Fracture of tibia
Fracture of patella
Fracture of femur
Fracture of humerus and wrist .
Fracture of inferior maxillary. .
Dislocation of hip
D islocation of elbow
Dislocation of humerus
Tuberculosis of knee joint
Tuberculosis of elbow joint
Lacerated perineum
Ruptured tendo, Achilles
Lacerated scalp
Lacerated face
Lacerated arm
Lacerated hand
Lacerated thigh
Lacerated leg
Lacerated foot
Lacerated toes
Incised scalp
Incised face
Incised arm
Incised hand
Incised back
Incised leg .-
Lacerated cervix
Stricture of urethra
1
5
3
1
8
10
2
2
3
1
2
1
2
2
4
3
3
6
5
11
1
2
3
2
1
2
2
2
4
2
1
6
1
116
38
11
37
7
7
14
9
172
36
6
18
7
6
4
Id
Total.
66 4 J588 |447 1,005 911
... 4
... 1
3 ...
1 ...
Obstetrical record.
White.
Colored.
fl
o
0$
>
88
H
P<
o3
h
.fl
Month.
*
fl
o
3 be
£,fl
OS
0,
i
<u
QJ
Pn
o
fl
03
ci £
,fl
Pi
6
3
ai
Fl
o3
8
e3
53
a>
+J
T3
id
<D
%
a
73
w
a!
O
o
o
CS
o
3
a
pq
2
h
En
Pm
Ph
Ph
hJ
Pi
w
ffl
kH
Pm
a
July...
12
10
9
8
21
18
2
1
2
1
1
21
17
10
11
August
1
1
i ....
9 ; 9
q
6
15
1
15
8 7
15
10
12
7
7
9
7
12
7
10
24
17
24
14
17
1
2
24
15
24
14
15
16 8
i i
9 8
2
1
2
1
11 13
9 5
February
1
2 ....
10 ! 7
16
11
11
12
19
7
7
12
35
18
18
24
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
....
25
17
17
24
14 16
April
1
....
12 1
May
1
8 10
17 7
Total
132
103
245
11
4
1
13
3
228
5 2
133 j 102
FREEDMEN7S HOSPITAL.
Emergencies.
365
White.
Colored.
Total.
Month.
White.
Colored.
Month.
Male.
Fe-
male.
Male.
Fe-
male.
Male.
Fe-
male.
Male.
Fe-
male.
Total.
July
12
8
16
8
9
6
14
1
2
1
2
60
48
70
42
61
55
28
21
12
22
11
18
11
10
94
70
109
71
89
74
52
February
March
1
11
4
6
8
.....
......
25
44
41
30
36
11
20
12
8
10
37
76
September
April
57
May
44
June
55
December
Total
103
9
540
166
818
Cases treated in out-patient department.
White.
Colored.
Total.
Diagnosis.
White.
Colored.
Diagnosis.
.2
6
1
<D
ft
"eg
3
i
I
ft
.2
c3
6
ft
3
i
ft
Total.
Medical.
Anaemia
1
1
1
'2
l\
7
3
17
8
307
279
27
11
18
168
5
4
60
7
37
20
5
5
3
46
18
31
76
40
55
9
44
25
67
10
2
16
2
3
7
3
3
6
8
1
3
M edi cal— Continued.
Typhoid fever
1
84
6
l
45
1
9
2
l
2
1
.....
6
2
140
140
12
2
8
92
5
"18'
1
14
6
3
1
1
15
6
9
42
16
15
3
12
6
22
2
6
.....
3
1
......
5
Tuberculosis
1
130
Varicella
7
10
4
6
3
11
6
165
130
15
8
10
74
Vertigo
18
27
Total
Arterio sclerosis
21
fi 936
678
6
3
1
'"8
"w
1
.....
3
.....
8
1
1
.....
2
3
1
1
"io"
iso"
1,641
Surgical.
Adenitis:
Cervical
Asthma:
Cardiac
14
22
1
1
1
5
36
1
8
6
Bronchial
Bronchitis:
2
6
"B
20
Acute
Inguinal
25
Chronic
Abscess:
2
Cardiac hypertrophy . .
Cholera infantum
1
Chest
1
Inguinal
9
Constipation
2
Balanitis
5
Chlorosis
Contusion
52
Cirrhosis of liver
4
42
6
22
14
2
4
2
30
12
22
28
24
40
6
32
18
34
8
2
9
2
2
4
2
3
4
3
1
3
Cholelithiasis
2
Dislocated humerus
g
Diabetes mellitus
Dislocated wrist
7
1
9
12
Enteritis
Fractures:
Ulna
6
4
6
1
19
6
10
6
Erythema
6
Gastralgia:
Acute
Clavicle
4
Gangrene:
Foot
Chronic
6
Gastritis:
1
Finger
2
Acute .♦.
Hemorrhoids
27
Chronic
Hernia
7
Intestinal indigestion..
Influenza
Infection:
Hand
6
11
Lumbago
Back
6
Malaria
Foot
12
15
Marasmus
Keloid
8
1
1
2
4
6
22
4
8
121
10
Mitral insufficiency
Lipoma
4
Mitral stenosis
1
2
Nephritis :
2
Acute 1
Chronic
Sprain:
Wrist
1
6
Parotitis
6
Pleurisy:
Acute
1
Stricture of urethra
Ulcer of leg
1
23
14
Chronic
Varicocele
8
Pertussis
Vaccination
271
Total
Pneumonia:
2 .... 358
213
573
Ear, nose, and throat.
Lobular
19
12
1
Rachitis
Synovitis
11
6
30
Sciatica
Ceruminous impaction.
Ethmoiditis
18
Stomatitis
2
366
fkeedmen's hospital.
Cases treated in out-patient department — Continued.
White. Colored.
Total.
Diagnosis.
White.
Colored.
Diagnosis.
.
&
o3
1
Eh
"ol
1
Ph
<q
o3
a5
1
2,
oj
■2
"oS
1
Total.
Ear, nose, and throat—
Continued.
Foreign body in ear
4
28
15
22
8
4
9
8
38
15
4
51
6
41
12
41
12
2
8
12
50
18
2
40
1
60
15
10
27
63
20
6
17
20
88
33
6
91
1
1
93
23
1
Gynecological— Con-
tinued.
Menorrhagia
42
39
25
14
4
1
23
9
8
1
42
Hypertrophy of tonsils.
Menopause
39
Hypertrophy of turbi-
Pregnancy
25
""'I
14
Laryngitis:
Pelvic cellulitis
4
1
Chronic
1
24
Mastoiditis
9
Otitis media
Vaginitis
8
1
Pharyngitis:
Acute
Total
2
281
283
Nervous diseases.
Cerebral hemorrhage . .
Polypus of nose
8
1
1
2
.....
15
......
8
21
2
1
......
1
101
4
.....
Rhinitis
Stricture of esophagus .
8
Stenosis of eustachian
1
32
8
Cerebral embolism
1
tube
1
Tonsilitis:
1
Cerebral syphilis
2
Acute
Chorea
1
Chronic
Epilepsy
63
77
Tinnitus aurium
1
Epilepsy, idiopathic . . .
1
1
6
Total . . .
2
265
352
619
8
1
22
Eye.
14
9
8
20
62
19
6
2
23
3
6
18
6
12
3
3
6
4
1
6
2
6
8
3
2
32
70
8
2
2
4
1
3
12
2
8
2
8
2
.....
1
1
1
22
12
10
55
134
27
8
4
2I
9
30
8
20
5
11
8
4
2
7
3
7
Hystero-neurasthenia .
Hypochondriasis
2
1
Astigmatism
Neuralgia:
1
t
1
4
1
13
Chalazion
1
1
2
1
Intercostal
7
Conjunctivitis:
Neurasthenia
143
Neuritis
10
Senile debility
4
1
Corneal ulcer
Locomotor ataxia
8
8
Total
147
170
7
2
"22"
3
30
.....
41
92
64
21
4
317
Hordeolum
Skin—Genito-urinary.
12
5
42
6
62
15
22
. 14
8
201
2
12
4
21
1
142
180
90
16
Iritis:
Acute
19
Urticaria
7
Chancroid
1
43
Chordee
6
Cystitis
84
Dermatitis
18
52
14
14
Gonorrhea
242
Herpes
2
Tarsal tumors
Orchitis:
2
12
Total
3
239
173
417
Chronic
4
21
Gynecological.
1
12
22
2
42
19
12
6
13
22
2
42
19
12
6
1
Syphilis:
Primary
12
6
3
246
Secondary
250
Tertiary
114
Tinea capitis
20
Total
22
855
292
1,169
Lacerated perineum . . .
FREEDMEN7S HOSPITAL.
Occupation of patients.
367
White.
Colored.
Total.
Occupation.
White.
Colored.
Occupation.
i
6
a
fa
i
fa
1
05
-a
fa
i
1
1
fa
To'.al.
2
1
9
14
3
3
12
2
5
14
2
"'H'
1
....„
11
15
3
4
12
5
6
17
2
17
15
8
16
1
1
918
42
3
14
2
42
4
19
14
15
5
7
438
45
4
1
8
2
Merchant
4
1
11
16
19
3
10
129
""47"
9
15
Messenger
17
Bellboy . .
Miner
19
1
Minister
3
Musician
10
Bricklayer
3
1
3
No occupation
Nurse
11
8
195
Butler
9
Painter
3
2
....
10
13
Carpet layer
Paper hanger
Pharmacist
2
4
3
2
2
1
33
1
""59"
4
Clerk
4
1
1
1
1
1
"2
9
7
5
Physician
2
5
Pianist
2
Cook.
Plasterer
1
3
3
Policeman
4
Detective
Porter
33
5
'"39"
1
913
"'44'
Sailor
5
....
6
3
2
Seamstress
59
Shoemaker
13
3
4
13
14
Soldier
19
1
2
6
1
2
....
22
Engineer
1
11
1
31
4
18
14
15
1
409
...„
Steward
5
Stonecutter
2
Fireman
Student
37
5
11
18
62
......
....„
23
""9"
105
1
Tailor
6
Teacher
20
Huckster
Teamster
18
Iceman
4
Trained nurse
3
Unknown
5
1
45
1
37
74
29
....
Valet
1
Laundress
Waiter |
37
Lawyer
1
1
8
Waitress
9
Liveryman
Watchman
Total
1
....
3
4
Masseur
1
1
149
18
1,064
1,203
2,434
Nativity of patients.
Wfc
i
ite.
Colored.
Total.
Nativity.
White.
Colored.
Nativity.
I
i
i
§
fa
6
fa
1
0
1
r®
fa
Total.
Alabama
3
1
4
1
1
2
4
765
5
10
1
5
1
1
1
3
5
614
7
7
1
16
1
25
North Carolina
Ohio
2
1
1
3
....
22
14
37
7
61
Arizona
1
23
California
1
Oklahoma
1
Connecticut
1
1
"376*
4
3
Pennsylvania
Porto Rico
2
19
2
3
3
269
36
......
1
314
60
Delaware
1
2
3
385
1
7
2
District of Columbia .
8
South Carolina
10
Florida
1
18
1
4
2
....
5
Georgia
602
Idaho
1
Washington
1
Illinois
1
1
4
West Virginia
Canada
28
1
3
29
......
51
Indiana
3
Iowa
1
4
Kansas
1
"Y
2
356
1
3
3
7
33
18
15
4
1
4
Kentucky
2
Germany
7
Louisiana
3
244
3
4
Ireland
33
Maryland
11
2
3
1
Italy
18
Massachusetts
Russia
15
Mississippi
4
New Hampshire
1
28
1
21
49
New Jersey
2
3
1
9
11
1
Total
New York
8
1
149
18
1,064
1,123
2,434
368
fkeedmen's hospital.
Patients admitted each year for the past thirty-four years.
Year ending June 30:
1875 190
1876 319
1877 500
1878 519
1879 642
1880 819
1881 892
1882 1,102
1883 1,373
1884 1,509
1885 1,794
1886 1,923
Year ending June 30:
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
Summary.
2,017
1,997
2,074
2,392
373
331
422
801
476
2,596
2,815
2,355
Year ending June 30 :
1899 2,374
1900 2,427
1901 2,414
1902 2,408
1903 2,677
1904 2,907
1905 2,918
1906 2,207
1907 2,366
1908 2,669
White.
Colored.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
In hospital July 1, 1907
4
149
1
18
60
1,064
132
89
1,203
103
154
Admissions
2,434
235
Births
Total under care
153
19
1,256
1,395
2,823
Died
287
Discharged :
Recovered
1,624
632
Improved !
Unimproved
113
Not treated
36
Total died and discharged
2,629
In hospital July 1, 1908
2
06
1
4
52
588
76
447
131
Operations
1,005
911
Results of operations:
Recovered
Improved
69
Unimproved
12
Died
13
Emergencies
103
9
540
166
818
Days' maintenance furnished District of Columbia
patients
35,966
18, 738
Days' maintenance furnished United States patierjts.
Total days' maintenance
1
54, 704
Smallest number of patients at any one time
114
Largest number of patients at any one time
169
Daily average number of patients
142
District patients
1,964
Nonresidence patients
859
Number treated in out-patient department
49
11
2,800
2,159
5,019
For the past three years Congress has appropriated $25,500 annually
for the care and treatment of patients admitted to the hospital from
the District of Columbia, to be expended under contract with the
Board of Charities. This yearly appropriation has been insufficient
to cover the bills rendered in accordance with the terms of the con-
tract, the District being in arrears $32,379.10 at the beginning of the
current fiscal year, as is shown by the following table :
Residents of the District of Columbia, admitted from July 1, 1905, to July SO, 1908.
Fiscal year.
Adults.
Chil-
dren.
Babies.
Total.
Bills
rendered.
Payment
received.
Balance
due.
1906
1,675
1,809
1,661
96
119
119
165
167
184
1,936
2,095
1,964
$38,223.75
36, 184. 80
34,470.55
$25,500.00
25,500.00
25,500.00
$12, 723. 75
10, 684. 80
1907 i
1908
8, 970. 55
Total
5,145
334
516
5, 995
108, 879. 10
76,500.00
32, 379. 10
FREEDMEN S HOSPITAL.
369
It is respectfully recommended that the Commissioners of the Dis-
trict of Columbia be requested to include in the District estimates for
the fiscal year 1910 a sum sufficient to liquidate the present debt,
and that their future estimates be based upon the actual number of
patients admitted to the hospital.
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES.
The work in this department has been much above the average in
former years. The process of eliminating those who lag so far behind
as to interfere with the progress of the work and the selection of
those possessing the necessary qualifications has added materially to
the efficiency of this department. Appointments are limited to those
possessing, in addition to the necessary physical qualifications, a
liberal education.
This department of the hospital work could be greatly improved if
a salaried dietitian, masseur, and eight graduated nurses, one for each
ward, could be employed.
Estimates of salaries for these positions have been submitted to
the department in the usual way, and it is hoped that the necessary
appropriation can be secured at the next session of Congress.
At the commencement exercises, held May 20, at the Andrew
Rankin Memorial Chapel the following were graduated:
Cornelia Kellas Briggs, New York.
Kate Esmynia Douglass, Rhode Island.
Vesta Lee Donaldson, Tennessee.
Jamima Smith Henderson, New York.
Kate Beatrice Murphy, District of Co-
lumbia.
Beatrice Eugenia Nicholas, Maryland.
Clara Skinner Denning, New York.
Ada Carolyn Douglass, Massachusetts.
Julia Fray, West Indies.
Bertia Lavenia Jones, Pennsylvania.
Eva May Proctor, New Jersey.
Alice Eloise Robinson, South Carolina.
Angus Reynolds, Ohio.
The usual course of lectures was delivered by the following staff:
W. A. Warfield, M. D Gynecology and Abdominal Nursing.
W. C. McNeill, M. D Bacteriology and Urinalysis.
Sarah L. Tuffs Practical and Theoretical Nursing.
H. W. Freeman, M. D Anatomy.
Albert Ridgley , M. D Physiology.
Wm. A. Jack, jr., M. D Surgery.
C. A. Brooks, M. D Materia Medica.
N. R. Jenner, M. D Obstetrics.
Jno. R. Francis, M. D Diseases of Children.
F. E. Maxcy, M. D Medical Nursing.
M. 0. Dumas, M. D Diseases of Eye and Ear.
Anna Combs Massage.
Julia W. Shaw Dietetics.
Applications, withdrawals, dismissals, etc.
Applications received 146
Applicants taken on probation 23
Accepted 16
Dismissed 4
Withdrawn 3
Graduated 13
Occupation and residence of graduates.
1896.
Ashton, Luci V., private nurse, Kansas
City, Mo.
Blackburn, N. L., private nurse, Phila-
delphia, Pa.
Burke, Julia (Mrs. Phillips), Jacksonville,
Fla.
1896— Continued.
Fleetwood, Sara I., deceased, Washing-
ton, D. C.
Foust, Isabella L., private nurse, Win-
ston, N. C.
Gibson, Katherine C, Bureau of Engrav-
ing and Printing, Washington, D. C.
58920— int 1908— vol 1-
-24
370
FREEDMEN S HOSPITAL.
Occupation and residence
1896— Continued.
Green, Anna N., deceased.
Owens, Laura A., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Pierce, Letitia (Mrs. Blair), Kansas City,
Mo.
Ricks, Antoinette M. (Mrs. Demby), Kan-
sas City, Mo.
Robinson, Annie B ., superintendent and
matron, Good Samaritan Hospital,
Charlotte, N. C.
Shorter, Sarah A., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Simms, Annie A. (Mrs. Johnson), Balti-
more, Md.
Smith, Gertrude (Mrs. Thorn), Washing-
ton, D. C.
Tyler, Elizabeth, private nurse, North-
ampton, Mass.
1897.
Caldwell, Amanda J. (Mrs. Darrell), Dal-
las, Tex.
Combs, Annie, massage specialist, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Green, Lucille (Mrs. Tibbs), St. Paul,
Minn.
Griffin, G. Josephine, private nurse,
Washington, D. C.
Haithcock, Ada, private nurse, Washing-
ton, D. C.
King, Annie C. (Mrs. Hughes), Rich-
mond, Va.
Rollins, Willie M. (Mrs. Frazier), Wash-
ington, D. C.
Smith, S. May, private nurse, Troy, N. Y.
Thomas, Annie M., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Thompson, Delia R. (Mrs. Davis), Vi-
enna, Va.
Underhill, Katherine P. (Mrs. Wm. Mo-
ten), Washington, D. C.
Webb, Eva, private nurse, Washington,
D. C.
Warner, Florence A., private nurse,
Springfield, Mass.
Young, Lola E. M., private nurse, Green-
ville, S. C.
1898.
Bannister, Carrie J., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Bennett, Florence R., private nurse, Bal-
timore, Md.
Cabannis, Martha E., head nurse, Rich-
mond Hospital, Richmond, Va.
Carter, Edith M., private nurse, New
Rochelle,N. Y.
Davis, Annie M., private nurse, Shelby-
ville, Tenn.
Ennis, Sarah J. (Mrs. Brooks), Washing-
ton, D. C.
of graduates — Continued.
1898— Continued.
Gaines, Mary R., private nurse, Oakland,
Cal.
Geder, Isabella, private nurse, Bingham-
ton, N. Y.
Hurlong, Mary A., private nurse, Ashe-
ville, N.C.
King, Carrie M. (Mrs. Foreman), Buffalo,
N. Y.
Robinson, Amelia A., private nurse, Nash-
ville, Tenn.
Russell, Ruby E., private nurse, Char-
lottesville, Va.
Stanton, Priscilla (Mrs. Todd), Pittsburg,
Pa.
Sumby, Lillie May, private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Valentine, J. Ella, private nurse, Leba-
non, Ind.
Whitson, Clara E. (Mrs. Howe), Washing-
ton, D. C.
1899.
Banks, Effie P. (Mrs. Sykes), Indianapo-
lis, Ind.
Brown, Agnes M., private nurse, Meyers-
dale, Pa.
Coleman, Georgia A., private nurse,
Washington, D. C.
Dismond, S. Matthew (Mrs. Dibble), St.
Louis, Mo.
Francies, Bertha A., head nurse, Home
Hospital, Birmingham, Ala.
Hairston, Lula C. (Mrs. Crews), Winston,
N. C.
Hankins, Mintha C, private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Hendricks, Eliza R. (Mrs. Brown).
Henry, Lillian M., private nurse, Down-
ingtown, Pa.
Hoge, Carrie M., private nurse, Washing-
ton, D. C.
Keemer, Jessie E. (Mrs. Robinson), Prov-
idence, R. I.
McEwen, Irene 0. (Mrs. Green), Pensa-
cola, Fla.
Rich, Anna, private nurse, Hartford,
Conn.
Scott, Helen V. (Mrs. Cole)', Swansboro,
Ga.
Thompson, Isabella, private nurse, New
Orleans, La.
Wilson, Emma C, private nurse, Mont-
gomery, Ala.
Williams, Almira E., deceased.
1900.
Clarke, Mary F., private nurse, Rich-
mond, Va.
Hamilton, Priscilla, deceased.
Hawkins, Nannie E., private nurse, Char-
lotte, N.C.
freedmen's hospital.
371
Occupation and residence of graduates — Continued.
1900— Continued.
Hunton, Mary A. (Mrs. Gordon), St. Louis,
Mo.
Johnson, Hattie B., private nurse, Mount
Pleasant, N. C.
Lewis, Eva P., private nurse, Manassas,
Va.
Mickens, Macella C, private nurse, Pitts-
burg, Pa.
Middleton, Haga II., private nurse,
Charleston, S. C.
Moody, Annie L., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Smith, Cora V., private nurse, Camden,
N.J.
Winneld, Laura, private nurse, Ware,
Mass.
1901.
Allen, Margaret A., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Barks, Susan C, private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Campbell, B. N., private nurse, Mont-
gomery, Ala.
Dey, Mary L., private nurse, Philadel-
phia, Pa.
Hackley, Mamie E. (Mrs. Ash), Philadel-
phia, Pa.
Hanson, Carrie L., private nurse, Balti-
more, Md.
Harrell, Catherine S. (Mrs. Butler), Texas.
Hunter, Bessie, private nurse, Washing-
ton, D. C.
Jackson, Eliza A., private nurse, Rich-
mond, Va.
Jones, Mary J., matron, Freedmen's Hos-
pital, Washington, D. C.
Powell, Gussie D., private nurse, Rich-
mond, Va.
Rhone, Charlotte S., private nurse, New-
bern, N. C.
Robinson, Frances A., private nurse,
Newbern, N. C.
Thomas, Bertha J., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Walcott, Louisa M., private nurse, Rock-
hill, S. C.
Whitley, Florence A., private nurse,
Newbern, N. C.
1902.
Adams, Ella C, private nurse, Philadel-
phia, Pa.
Baker, Vera L., head nurse, State Hos-
pital, Goldsboro, N. C.
Booth, Mary S., private nurse, Bath, Me.
Delisse, Augusta V., private nurse, Brook-
lyn, N. Y.
Dias, Frances C, private nurse, Philadel-
phia, Pa.
Johnson, Gertrude B., private nurse,
Niagara Falls, N. Y.
1902— Continued.
Mason, Corinna (Mrs. Phillips), Spring-
field, Mass.
Nichols, Florence L., private nurse, New-
ark, N. J.
Rogers, Amanda, private nurse, Indian-
apolis, Ind.
Roper, Maggie A., private nurse, Galves-
ton, Tex.
Thompson, Rachel A. (Mrs. Thomas), de-
ceased.
1903.
Browne, E. M., head nurse, Douglass Hos-
pital, Philadelphia, Pa.
Baltimore, Mary E., private nurse, Harris-
burg, Pa.
Christie, Sarah E., private nurse, Chester,
Pa.
Coates, Maiella E., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Hargrave, L. S., private nurse, Trenton,
N. J.
Johnson, L. D., private nurse, Warrenton,
N. C.
Johnson, Nellie V., private nurse, Abbe-
ville, S. C.
Latney, Carrie L. (Mrs. Bowie), Washing-
ton^. C.
Love, Ellen V., private nurse, Lumber-
ton, N. C.
Purcell, E. J., private nurse, Brunswick,
Ga.
Rollins, Clara A., private nurse, Washing-
ton, D. C.
Rutherford, Anna L., private nurse,
Kingston, N. C.
Sharp, Carrie M., private nurse, Marion,
Va.
Valentine, J. L. (Mrs. Dial), Jacksonville,
Fla.
Yarborough, S. V. S., private nurse, Co-
lumbus, Ga.
1904.
Baker, Hattie E., private nurse, Darling-
ton, S. C.
Blackwell, W. Lucille (Mrs. Morris), New
York, N. Y.
Carter, Mary E., private nurse, Rippon,
W. Va.
Carter, Elizabeth V.,-head nurse, Mercy
Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa.
Grant, Anna E., private nurse, Savannah,
Ga.
Gilmore, Mary E., private nurse, Leaven-
worth, Kans.
James, Aleathia D., private nurse, Ro-
chelle, Fla.
Jeffries, Emma M., private nurse, Red-
bank, N. J.
372
FREEDMEN 'S HOSPITAL.
Occupation and residence
1904— Continued.
Jones, Violet, private nurse, Hartford,
Conn.
Lewis, Louzetta (Mrs. Mitchell), Mont-
gomery, Ala.
Richardson, Erne V. (Mrs. McCoy), Wash-
ington, D. C.
Thomas, Marie E. (Mrs. Jones), Topeka,
Kans.
1905.
Braxton, Margaret, private nurse, Hart-
ford, Conn.
Brooks, Alpha E., private nurse, Insti-
tute, W. Va.
Carter, Marion M., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Henderson, Hattie E., private nurse,
Cleveland, Ohio.
Holmes, Julia E., private nurse, Plain-
field, N. J.
Jefferson, Roxanna M., private nurse,
Bristol, Tenn.
Kidd, Berta M. (Mrs. Harris), Washing-
ton, D. C.
Long, Ida E., private nurse, Newark,
N.J.
Maston, Mary J., head nurse, Red Cross
Sanitarium, Louisville, Ky.
Scott, Julia E. , private nurse, New Haven,
Conn.
Teabout, Stella, private nurse, Richfield
Springs, N. Y.
Taliaferro, Olivia, private nurse, Anacos-
tia, D. C.
Terry, Jessie C, private nurse, Los An-
geles, Cal.
Williams, Daisy M. (Mrs. Moten), Sher-
man, Tex.
Williams, Mary T., private nurse, Ware
Neck, Va.
Wilson, Annabel, private nurse, Balti-
more, Md.
1906.
Barnes, Annie, private nurse, Baltimore,
Md.
Bearce, Daisy M., private nurse, Rye,
N. Y.
of graduates — Continued.
1906— Continued.
Burruss, Mary E. (Mrs. Wormley), Wash-
ington, D. C.
Gordon, Mary B., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Hall, Iona M., private nurse, Troy, Ohio.
Henderson, Sara O., private nurse, New-
port, R. I.
Johnson, Harriett C, private nurse, Cleve-
land, Ohio.
Lewis, Willie A., private nurse, Atlanta,
Ga.
Lucas, Marion V., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
McDougal, Colota M., private nurse, In-
dianapolis, Ind.
McKnight, Viola, superintendent of
nurses, State Hospital, Petersburg, Va.
Marshall, Mary E., private nurse, Morris-
town, Tenn.
Merritt, Mary E., superintendent of
nurses, Mitchell Hospital, Leavenworth,
Kans.
1907.
Bullock, Blanche V., private nurse, Rich-
mond, Va.
Childs, Helen D., private nurse, Lake-
wood, N. J.
Escoffery, Lula M., private nurse, At-
lantic City, N. J.
Harmon, Nannie M., private nurse, Tip
Top, Va.
Porter, Susan H., private nurse, dean
woman's department, Tuskegee, Ala.
Payton, Lillian M., operating nurse,
Freedmen's Hospital.
Peck, Alice M., private nurse, Baltimore,
Md.
Rose, Julia M., private nurse, Lynch-
burg, Va.
Slocum, Mary E., private nurse, Provi-
dence, R. I.
Smith, Minnie M., private nurse, Am-
herst, Mass.
Taylor, Loretta P., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Wright, Nena J., private nurse, Washing-
ton, D. C.
The circular of information sent to applicants is reprinted below:
The Freedmen's Hospital Training School for Nurses is established to give a two
years' course of training to women who desire to enter the profession of nursing.
Applicants may be received at any time during the year when there is a vacancy.
Those wishing to obtain this course of instruction must apply to the surgeon in chief
of the Freedmen's Hospital, and printed instructions will be furnished respecting the
personal information to be given by applicants. Letters of application should be
accompanied by a statement from a clergyman, testifying to good moral character,
and from a physician, fortifying to sound health and unimpaired faculties. Appli-
cants must be between 2! and 35 years of age, of at least average height and physique,
and must give satisfactory evidence of a general fitness of disposition and temperament
373
for the work of nursing. It has been the practice of the hospital to appoint only
unmarried colored women (this term includes widows). Upon the recommendation
of the superintendent of the nurses and the approval of the surgeon in chief they will
be received one month on probation. During the month of trial and previous to
being accepted as a pupil in the school the applicant must be prepared for an exami-
nation in reading, penmanship, simple arithmetic, and English dictation. The
examination is to test the applicant's ability to read aloud well, to write legibly and
accurately, to understand arithmetic as far as fractions and per cent, and take notes of
lectures. This amount of education is indispensable for a member of the school, but
applicants are reminded that women of superior education and cultivation will be
preferred.
During the probationary month, board, lodging, and laundry work are provided by
the school. The probationer provides her own dress.
The training school authorities reserve the ri^ht to terminate the connection of a
pupil with the school at any^ time in case of misconduct, inefficiency, or neglect of
duty. Those who prove satisfactory are accepted as pupils after signing a written
agreement to remain at the school for two years, including the probationary month,
and during that time to obey the rules of the school and hospital and to be subordinate
to the authorities governing the same. Pupils reside at the home and serve as assist-
ants in various departments of the hospital for the full two years. They are also
expected to perform any duty assigned to them by the superintendent of nurses.
After the month of probation pupils are required, when on duty, to wear the dress
prescribed by the hospital, which is a blue gingham, simply made, with white apron
and cap and linen collar and cuffs. Probationers are not allowed to wear this dress.
In addition to their board and lodging and a reasonable amount of laundry work,
the nurses will be provided with uniforms, the necessary note and text-books, also $5
per month. This sum is not given as pay for services rendered, it being considered
that their education during that time is a full equivalent for their services.
The clay nurses are on duty^ from 7.30 a. m. to 7.30 p. m., with an hour off for dinner
and additional time for exercise or rest. The pupils have a right to one-half of Sunday
and are often given a half day in the week. A vacation of two weeks is allowed each
year during the summer. In sickness the pupils are cared for gratuitously, but the
time lost must be made up.
The course of instruction is given by visiting and resident physicians and surgeons
at the bedside of the patients and by the superintendent and head nurse. A regular
course of lectures, recitations, and demonstrations is also given, with examinations
at stated periods. When the full term of two years is ended, the nurses receive, if
they pass the examination and are otherwise satisfactory, a diploma certifying to the
course of training and practice.
COURSE OF TRAINING.
The instruction includes:
(1) The dressing of blisters, burns, sores, wounds; the application of fomentations,
poultices, cups.
(2) The administration of enemas and use of catheter.
(3) The management of appliances for uterine complaints.
(4) The best method of friction to the body and extremities.
(5) The management of helpless patients; making beds, moving, changing, giving
baths in bed, preventing and dressing bedsores, and managing positions.
(6) Bandaging, making bandages and rollers, lining of splints.
(7) The preparing, cooking, and serving of delicacies for the sick.
They will also be given instruction in the best practical methods of supplying
fresh air, warming and ventilating sick rooms in the proper manner, and are taught
to take care of rooms and wards, to keep all utensils perfectly clean and disinfected,
to make accurate observations and reports to the physician of the state of the secre-
tions, expectoration, pulse, skin, appetite, temperature of the body, intelligence as
to delirium or stupor, breathing, sleep, condition of wounds, eruptions, formation of
matter, effect of diet, or of stimulants, or of medicine, and to learn the management
of convalescents.
The teaching will be given by visiting or resident physicians and surgeons at the
bedside of the patients, and by the superintendent. Lectures, recitations, and dem-
onstrations will take place from time to time, and examinations at stated periods.
When the full term of two years is ended, the nurses thus trained, on passing a
satisfactory examination, each receive a diploma.
374
QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED BY CANDIDATES. >
(1) Name in full.
(2) Are you a single woman or widow?
(3) If a widow, have you children; how many; their ages; how are they provided
for?
(4) Are you otherwise free from domestic responsibility so that you are not liable
to be called away during the two years' course?
(5) Your present occupation or employment.
(6) Your former employment, if any.
(7) Your age on last birthday.
(8) Date and place of birth.
(9) Height.
(10) Weight.
(11) In what schools and places were you educated? And state what your advan-
tages have been.
(12) Have you ever been in any other hospital or training school?
(13) Are you strong and healthy, and have you always been so?
(14) Are your sight and hearing good?
(15) Have you any physical defects?
(16) Have you any tendency to pulmonary complaint?
(17) Have you ever had any uterine disease?
(18) The names in full of two persons to be referred to, not relatives; and state how
long each has known you; if previously employed, one of these must be the last
employer.
(19) Have you read and do you clearly understand the regulations?
CONTRACT SIGNED BY PUPIL NURSES ON ENTERING THE SCHOOL.
Washington, D. C, , 190 — .
I, , the undersigned, do hereby agree to remain two years from date
a pupil of the above-named institution, and promise during that time to obey the
rules of school and hospital and to be subordinate to the authorities governing the
same.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
I desire to renew my recommendation of last year as regards pay
patients. The demand for some provision for this class is constantly
growing and for whose care and treatment Freedmen's Hospital is
peculiarly suitable. Numbers of persons, whose presence in other
hospitals is not wanted, would be welcomed here. They are able and
willing to pay and I urge that some provision be made whereby this
class of patients can receive treatment in this hospital.
The erection of a suitable building for the nurses' home I con-
sider as the most pressing need at present. Until this building is
erected the nurses will be compelled to occupy one of the wards of
the hospital, thus limiting the space intended for patients.
A fence around the hospital grounds is much needed. These
grounds, spacious and beautifully shaded, would be a valuable
auxiliary to the work of the hospital if they could be inclosed and
properly kept and if noisy persons who daily annoy patients and
attendants could be excluded.
Another pressing need of this institution is the employment of a
skilled anesthetist with a salary commensurate with the importance
of the position. The giving of an anesthetic is second in importance
only to the work of the surgeon and should be intrusted only to one
thoroughly versed in this important work of the operating room.
The employment of an assistant engineer and an additional fireman
is urgent and should not be delayed much longer. When the engineer
goes off duty the plant is left in charge of a fireman, whose time is of
freedmen's hospital. 375
necessity divided between the boiler room and the hospital buildings,
a practice which is regarded as unsafe and should not be allowed to
exist, but can not be remedied until sufficient appropriation is had.
The following estimates of appropriation are urgently needed for
the completion of the new hospital and accessories:
Nurses' home $45, 000. 00
Grading 5, 000. 00
Fence 12, 000. 00
Total 52,000.00
Receipts and expenditures for the year.
Receipts:
Appropriation, sundry civil bill —
For support $10, 500. 00
Salaries 17, 000. 00
Appropriation, District of Columbia appropriation bill
(under contract with Board of Charities) 25, 500. 00
$53, 000. 00
Expenditures:
Miscellaneous (fuel, light, clothing, forage, medicine, etc.) 16, 119. 33
Subsistence 18, 127. 46
Salaries 16, 806. 23
51,053.02
Very respectfully,
W. A. Warfield,
Surgeon in Chief.
The Secretary of the Interior.
REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
377
BOARD OF TRUSTEES.
WILBUR P. THIRKIELD, LL. D., President of the University.
Judge JOB BARNARD, President of the Board of Trustees.
Mr. GEORGE H. SAFFORD, Secretary and Treasurer.
Term expires 1909.
Rev. A. F. BEARD, D. D., New York City.
Hon. HENRY M. BAKER, Washington, D. C.
President E. M. GALLAUDET, Washington, D. C.
Rev. CHARLES WOOD, D. D., Washington, D. C.
Rev. CHARLES H. RICHARDS, D. D., New York City.
Judge GEORGE W. ATKINSON, Washington, D. C.
Judge STANTON J. PEELLE, Washington, D. C.
Dr. JOHN R. FRANCIS, Washington, D. C.
Term expires 1910.
Judge THOMAS H. ANDERSON, Washington, D. C.
Judge JOB BARNARD, Washington, D. C.
Rev. F. J. GRIMKE, D. D., Washington, D. C.
Mr. WILLIAM V. COX, Washington, D. C.
Dr. BOOKER T. WASHINGTON, Tuskeegee, Ala.
Mr. HENRY E. PELLEW, Washington, D. C.
Bishop BENJAMIN TUCKER TANNER, LL. D., Philadelphia, Pa.
Mr. CUNO H. RUDOLPH, Washington, D. C.
Term expires 1911.
Mr. J. DOULL MILLER, New York City.
Gen. GEORGE W. BALLOCH," Washington, D. C.
Dr. J. H. N. WARING, Baltimore, Md.
Mr. JOHN F. COOK, Washington, D. C.
Rev. J. E. MOORLAND, D. D., Washington, D. C.
Mr. JACKSON H. RALSTON, Washington, D. C.
Dr. CHARLES B. PURVIS, Boston, Mass.
Rev. WILBUR P. THIRKIELD, D. D., Washington, D. C.
HONORARY BOARD OF TRUSTEES.
Hon. WILLIAM B. ALLISON," Dubuque, Iowa.
Bishop BENJAMIN F. LEE, Wilberforce, Ohio.
Maj. Gen. OLIVER O. HOWARD, Burlington, Vt.
Mr. John A. COLE, Chicago, 111.
Hon. JOSEPH D. SAYERS, Texas.
Mr. S. V. WHITE, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Hon. JOSEPH H. CHOATE, New York, N. Y.
Hon. GEORGE H. WHITE, Philadelphia, Pa.
Bishop ALEXANDER MACKAY-SMITH, Philadelphia, Pa.
PATRON EX OFFICIO.
The Secretary of the Interior, the Hon. JAMES RUDOLPH GARFIELD.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
WILBUR P. THIRKIELD, LL. D., President.
Mr. JOHN F. COOK. I Mr. CUNO II. RUDOLPH.
Hon. HENRY M. BAKER. Dr. J. H. N. WARING.
Mr. WILLIAM V. COX. I Judge GEORGE W. ATKINSON.
HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS.
The College of Arts and Sciences : KELLY MILLER, A. M., Dean.
The Teachers' College : LEWIS B. MOORE, A. M., Ph. D., Dean.
The School of Theology: ISAAC CLARK, A. M., D. D, Dean.
The School of Medicine: ROBERT REYBURN. A. M., M. D., Dean.
The School of Law : BENJAMTN F. LEIGHTON, LL. D., Dean.
The Commercial College: GEORGE W. COOK, A. M., LL. M., Dean.
The Academy: GEORGE J. CUMMINGS, A. M., Dean.
The School of Manual Arts and Applied Sciences : WALTER S. GRAFFAM, B. S., Director.
a Deceased.
378
REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
Howard University,
Washington, D. C, July 15, 1908.
Sir: I have the honor to submit for Howard University the fol-
lowing report, showing " the condition of the institution on the 1st
day of July, embracing therein the number of pupils received and
discharged or leaving the same for any cause during the year and the
number remaining; also the branches of knowledge and industry
taught, and the progress made therein." The report of the treas-
urer attached shows " the receipts of the institution and from what
sources, and its disbursements and for what objects."
The students, 1,091 in number, were from 34 States and Terri-
tories, from Porto Rico 4, and from the following foreign countries:
Africa, 4; British West Indies, 60; Canada, 1; Republic of Panama,
1; South America, 7, and from Santo Domingo, Haiti, West Indies,
and India each 1.
Of these 128 graduated as per statement under each department.
Howard University was founded in 1867 under the Freedmen's
Bureau. The original farm purchased for the site, together with the
buildings, is now surrounded by the city, and the grounds and build-
ings of the university are valued at over $1,000,000. The university has
sent but over 2,500 graduates from the several departments, who have
made an honorable record for usefulness and large service among
their people. The enrollment for the current year is 1,091 students.
The national character of the institution may be judged from the
fact that these students come from 34 States and 76 from 8 for-
eign countries. Howard University is the only institution where the
nation directly touches the education of the negro. While millions
of dollars have been appropriated for the education of Indians and
the Eskimos of Alaska the appropriations to this university have
been comparatively small, although it has to do with the uplifting
of ten millions of negroes on whom have been placed the duties and
responsibilities of citizenship. While some state institutions for
negroes are maintained in the South yet the appropriations for the
same are generally limited and mostly from the Morrill fund. Hence
the importance of this institution that provides for the training of
the teachers, physicians, the intellectual and moral and industrial
leaders and helpers of a race.
For convenience I render a detailed report by departments.
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE.
The school of medicine was chartered by act of Congress March 2,
1867. It includes the medical, dental, and pharmaceutic colleges,
and, in conformity with the spirit of the organic law of the university,
is open to all persons without regard to sex or race who are qualified
379
380
HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
by good moral character, age, and required preparation. The courses
have been lengthened to four years and the sessions now extend from
October 1 to June. The courses of study cover the following sub-
jects: Anatomy, physiology, histology, materia medica, therapeutics,
electro-therapeutics, general chemistry, organic chemistry, toxicology,
obstetrics, embryology, practice of medicine, surgery, minor surgery,
hygiene, pathology, bacteriology, gynecology, pediatrics, ophthal-
mology, otology, dermatology, laryngology, rhinology, physical diag-
nosis, and medical jurisprudence. The curriculum in the dental col-
lege comprises anatomy, physiology, histology, materia medica,
therapeutics, chemistry, toxicology, metallurgy, oral surgery, opera-
tive and prosthetic dentistry, dental technic, pathology, bacteriology,
hygiene, and medical jurisprudence. The curriculum in pharmacy
comprises chemistry, toxicology, botany, materia medica, therapeu-
tics, pharmacy, microscopy, bacteriology, urinalysis, and physiology.
The completion of the new Freedmen's Hospital, which is built on
an adjoining park of 11 acres, ceded to the Government by the uni-
versity for this purpose, will give to the school of medicine excep-
tionally fine clinical advantages.
Students in attendance in the school of medicine.
Seniors 28
Juniors 34
Sophomores 55
Freshmen 54
Senior dental 6
Middle dental 21
First year dental 30
Senior pharmaceutic 9
Middle year pharmaceutic 17
First year pharmaceutic 20
Special students:
Anatomy, materia medica,
physiology, and physiologi-
cal laboratory 4
Special students — Continued.
Bacteriology and chemistry 2
Bacteriology and pathology 1
Chemistry, histology, materia
medica, physiology, and
physiological laboratory __ 2
Physiology 3
Pharmacy 3
Evening students :
Medical 14
Dental 7
Post graduates 22
Total 332
Of these, 24 received the degree of M. D., 5 received the degree of D. D. S.,
and 8 received the degree of Phar. D.
SCHOOL OF LAW.
The branches taught are the same as those of other law schools in
the city of Washington, as follows :
FIRST YEAR.
Blackstone's Commentaries ; Tiedeman on Real Property, as far as
the chapter on Trusts; Darlington's Personal Property; Lawson on
Contracts, enlarged edition; Daniel and Douglass's Elements of the
Law of Negotiable Instruments; American Cases on Contracts, by
Huffcutt and Woodruff, and Schouler on Domestic Relations; Hale
on Torts; Clark on Criminal Law.
MIDDLE YEAR.
Andrew Stephen's Pleading; Adams on Equity; Shepard's Selected
Cases in Equity ; Clark's Criminal Procedure ; Greenleaf's Evidence,
HOWARD UNIVERSITY. 381
volume 1 ; Tiedeman on Real Property, commencing with the chapter
on Trusts; Wambaugh's Study of Cases.
SENIOR YEAR.
Cooley's Principles of Constitutional Law; Boyd's Constitutional
Law Cases ; Bateman's Mercantile Law ; Clark on Corporations ; Bur-
dick on Partnerships ; Burdick on Sales ; Elliott on Insurance ; Green-
leaf on Evidence, volumes 2 and 3 ; Schouler's Executors and Admin-
istrators; Woolsey on International Law.
Students in attendance in the school of laiv.
Seniors 27
Middlers 20
Juniors 45
Specials 5
Total 97
Of these 25 received the degree of bachelor of laws.
SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY.
The school of theology, which is not supported in any degree by
Congress, requires no doctrinal tests, is interdenominational, and wel-
comes the patronage of all who are preparing for moral and religious
work, makes the following report:
The branches taught are the Scriptures in the original, the English
Bible, biblical history and antiquities, systematic theology, church
history, homiletics, Christian missions, pastoral theology, moral phi-
losophy, natural theology, evidences of Christianity, elocution, rhet-
oric, and vocal music.
There are three courses — a classical and an English day course
and a night English course. Only those in the classical course study
the Scriptures in the original.
Various denominations are represented among the teachers and
students, and all work in harmony. Three teachers give all their
time to the work, and two part time.
Students in attendance in the school of tJieology.
Seniors . S
Middlers ! 12
Juniors 12
Specials 19
51
Evening institute :
Fourth year 4
Third year : 12
Second year 12
First year 19
47
Total 9S
Of these 5 received the degree of bachelor of divinity, and 12
received certificates.
382 HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
The students are classified, as in other American colleges, into
seniors, juniors, sophomores, and freshmen.
The subjects taught are as follows: Algebra, geometry, trigonom-
etry, analytics, calculus, astronomy, physics, chemistry, geology, zool-
ogy, botany, mineralogy, biology, logic, rhetoric, history, English
literature, Greek, Latin, French, German, psychology, moral philos-
ophy, political science, international law, political economy, sociology,
pedagogy, theism, modern philosophy, history of education, and
Bible study. The Bible is studied as literature, and the great ethical
principles that form the basis of social and moral life are enforced.
Students in attenadnce in the department of college of arts and sciences.
Seniors IS
Juniors 15
Sophomores 24
Freshmen 44
Special students 5
Total 106
Of these 16 received the degree of A. B.
TEACHERS' COLLEGE.
This college is the department of pedagogy for the study of edu-
cational science and the training of teachers. The purpose of the
department is to afford opportunity, both theoretical and practical,
for the training of teachers of both sexes for elementary and sec-
ondary schools, and by instruction and direction to help those who
desire to pursue studies and investigations in the science of education.
The work aims (1) to acquaint the students with those principles
and .practices of education which have changed the methods of secu-
lar schools and established them upon a psychological basis; (2) to
lay broad culture in the student himself, and (3) to create a spirit of
enthusiastic devotion to the highest of all work — the instruction of
a little child.
The practice school is the laboratory of the department. Mem-
bers of the senior class give instruction here one year as a part of their
required training.
The following subjects are taught: Teachers' course in English,
physiology, zoology, physiography, physics, nature study, history,
gymnastics, Bible, elocution, psychology (elementary and descrip-
tive), history of pedagogy, history of philosophy, ethics, philosophy
of education, methods of teaching, and kindergarten methods.
The junior class has enjoyed a course in general culture, including
reviews of popular works and discussions of current topics.
Students in attendance in the teachers' college.
Seniors 12
Juniors 20
Sophomores 5
Freshmen 6
Special students 24
Elementary school 49
Total 110
Of these, ?> received the degree of A. B., 4 received the degree of
Ph. B., and 7 received diplomas of graduation.
HOWARD UNIVERSITY. 383
DEPARTMENT OF MANUAL ARTS.
The department of manual arts is closely affiliated with the teach-
ers' college and the academy, in order to serve the double purpose of
giving instruction in the manual arts, and also of training teachers
competent to teach manual training in the graded and secondary
schools. The demand for teachers who can give instruction in manual
training in addition to an academic subject is frequent and urgent,
and the trustees felt that by a proper correlation of the industrial and
academic work they could make this department of the university of
much more value to the people whom Howard University must elevate.
The subjects taught are free-hand and mechanical drawing, wood-
work, sheet-metal work, printing, sewing, weaving, basketry, garment
making, millinery, and cookery.
The courses are open to all departments of the university, and en-
rolled students as follows :
Printing office 64
Domestic science (cookery) 53
Carpentry 81
Drawing 60
Sewing, weaving, basketry 54
Total 312
COMMERCIAL COLLEGE.
This department gives a business course and English high-school
education combined. It offers courses in bookkeeping, commercial
law, history, civics, etc. Special emphasis is placed on reading and
spelling, grammar, and arithmetic, as will appear below. The fourth-
year class is the highest in the grade of study. The department
maintains special classes in typewriting, shorthand, and English
grammar. All students in the first-year class are required to spend
four, hours a week in the industrial department. The instruction is
designed to fit pupils for intelligent citizenship and practical busi-
ness.
The following branches are taught in the various classes: Higher
English, mathematics, stenography and typewriting, physics, book-
keeping, political economy, civics, commercial law, commercial geog-
raphy, sociology, zoology, physiology, statistics, and history of com-
merce.
Students in attendance in the commercial college.
Second-year class 11
Third-year class 9
Fourth-year class 2
Special students 21
Total 43
ACADEMY (PREPARATORY DEPARTMENT) .
The academy furnishes a broad and thorough preparatory course,
fitting for the college, such as is offered in the best academies of the
country. The course covers four years of study.
In the senior year the following subjects are offered : The English
classics, mathematics, Latin, Greek, German or French, the Bible as
literature, essays, and discussions during the year.
884 HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
In the middle year the following subjects are taught: Physics,
chemistry, algebra, English classics, essays, Latin, Greek, French or
German.
In the submiddle class the subjects taught are: English history,
English classics, physical geography, geometry, French or German,
the Bible, and manual training, such as carpentry, printing, etc.
In the junior year the subjects taught are: English composition,
elementary rhetoric, ancient history, introductory Latin, the Bible,
music, drawing, physiology, and manual training four hours a week.
Students in attendance in academy.
Seniors 21
Middlers 34
Submiddlers 71
Juniors 153
Special students 18
Total 297
Of these, 19 received certificates of graduation.
Respectfully submitted.
Wilbur P. Tiiirkield, President.
The Secretary of the Interior.
APPENDIX.
The appropriation bill requires the proper officer of the university
to report how the appropriation is expended, and in compliance with
this requirement I have the honor to add the following statement :
Expenditure of appropriation.
Two heads of the college of arts and sciences and the academy, at $1,600
each $3, 200
Four professors of the college of arts and sciences, at $1,500 each 6, 000
One associate professor 1, 000
One professor of the college of arts and sciences 750
One instructor of the college of arts and sciences 1, 250
One professor of the college of arts and sciences 1, 200
One assistant to a professor of the college of arts and sciences 72
One head of the teachers' college 2,000
One supervisor of the practice school 1, 000
Two instructors of the teachers' college, $700 and $850 each 1, 550
Two instructors of the teachers' college, $800 and $650 each 1, 450
One instructor of the academy 500
One instructor and one professor of the academy, $1,000 each 2, 000
Two instructors of the academy, $450 and $400 850
One dean of the commercial college 300
One instructor of the commercial college 500
Two instructors of the commercial college, $600 and $700 1, 300
One director of music 800
One assistant to the director of music 300
One librarian and one matron, $600 and $500 1, 100
One secretary, treasurer, and business manager 2, 078
One president 3, 600
Total, instructors in academic branches 32, 800
One dean and professor in the school of law 1, 500
Two professors in the school of law, at $1,500 each 3,000
One professor and librarian in the same 1, 400
Two lecturers, at $500 each 1,000
One lecturer 300
7,200
The sum of $8,000, appropriated for the manual training (indus-
trial) department, was expended as follows:
Expenditure of appropriation for manual-training department.
For director and instructors in woodworking, mechanical drawing,
printing, domestic science, and domestic art $6, 300
For janitor and fireman 140
For gas, fuel, electricity, equipment, and material for the manual-train-
ing department, printing office, sewing, millinery, dressmaking, and
cooking classes 1, 400
7. 840
Unexpended balance provided for, but carried over to year 190S-9 160
S,000
58920— int 1908— vol 1 25 385
386 HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
The university has already expended or has contracted for during
the year about $8,500 for care of buildings and grounds, of which
$7,000 was appropriated by Congress. The appropriation of $1,500
for the law and general library was expended or contracted for under
the direction of the library committee, about $350 going to the law
department library and the balance going to the general library. The
books were purchased from the lowest bidder in each case. The bids
were all submitted to the Secretary of the Interior and the purchases
made by his authority. The sum of $200, appropriated for chemical
apparatus, was used by the professors of chemistry, physics, and natu-
ral history after submission of proposals to the Secretary of the Inte-
rior. The sum of $3,069.96 was spent for fuel and lighting for the
various buildings, of which $3,000 was appropriated by Congress.
ACCOUNT PERTAINING TO CURRENT EXPENSES OF ACADEMIC
BRANCHES, OFFICERS, AND PROFESSORS.
Treasurer's statement of receipts and disbursements from July 1, 1907, to
June 30, 1908.
RECEIPTS.
Balance on hand July 1, 1907 $47.30
From United States for —
Salaries 32, 800. 00
Chemical apparatus 200.00
Law and general library 1,500.00
Buildings and grounds 7,000.00
Fuel 3, 000. 00
From rents 1,036.25
From income from investments 7, 9S2. 23
From students' rooms 4,823.27
From incidental fees 4,682.59
From bookstore 240.92
From insurance loan 3,159.51
From loan as per authority of board of trustees, January 21, 1908__ 5, 900. 00
From miscellaneous 1, 183. 31
73, 555. 38
EXPENSES.
Salaries "33, 613. 50
Chemical apparatus 200.00
Law and general library 855.93
Buildings and grounds 5,745.10
Fuel and light 3,069.96
Repairs of buildings 1,056.69
Care of grounds 444.84
Gas and electricity 1,029.53
Janitors, firemen, and watchmen 2,501.26
Insurance 3, 225. 25
Miscellaneous and incidentals 8,470.70
Interest on $15,000 to school of medicine 750.00
Bookstore 240. 98
Account insurance loan 631.90
Loans of 1906 and 1907 8,400.00
Transfer to school of medicine 1,050.00
Balance June 30, 1908 2,269.74
73, 555. 38
HOWARD UNIVERSITY. 387
School of theology:
By balance on hand July 1, 1907 $15. 68
By amount from A. M. A. trustees —
Stone fund $1,750.00
Theological fund 1,050.00
2, 800. 00
By collection incidental fees, night class 469.50
By collection registration fees, day class 100.00
By transfer from donation account 125.00
To amount paid theological professors 3,435.00
To refund of fees 11. 00
To advertising and supplies 57.90
To balance June 30, 1908 6. 28
3, 510. 18 3, 510. 18
School of medicine:
By balance on hand July 1, 1907 148.36
By cash F. J. Shadd, treasurer 15,400.00
By cash William C. McNeill, assistant to treasurer 5,514.00
By registration fees 495.00
By interest on $15,000 750.00
By transfer from current expense account 1, 050. 00
By amount J. H. Purdy, balance pharmacy laboratory fees 82. 59
To professors, lecturers, and janitors 18, 892. 00
To gas and electric lighting bills, apparatus, miscel-
laneous supplies, advertising, catalogues, labo-
ratory supplies, telephone 4, 259. 40
To refund of registration fees 35. 00
To balance June 30, 1908 253. 55
23, 439. 95 23, 439. 95
School of medicine building fund :
By balance on hand July 1, 1907 50. 00
To balance June 30, 1908 - 50. 00
50. 00 50. 00
School of law :
By balance on hand July 1, 1907 98.08
By cash, James F. Bundy, secretary and treasurer 1,993.75
By United States for salaries 7, 200. 00
To salaries of professors and lecturers 7, 200. 00
To fuel, water rent, gas, miscellaneous and office
supplies, printing, etc 431. 3S
To salaries of secretary and treasurer, assistant
librarian, and janitor 400. 00
To balance June 30, 1908 1,260.45
9, 291. 83 9, 291. 83
Department of manual arts and applied science :
By balance on hand July 1, 1907 559. 74
By United States appropriation " Industrial Department " 8, 000. 00
By fees from students 311. 78
By cash for miscellaneous printing and University Journal 548. 60
To salaries of director, instructors, and janitor 6,440.00
To miscellaneous supplies, equipment, gas, elec-
tricity, supplies for classes in domestic science,
domestic art, printing office, lumber, and hard-
ware . 2,274.95
To stationery, supplies, and labor, printing office- 456.34
To balance June 30, 1908 248. 83
9, 420. 12 9, 420. 12
388 HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
General endowment fund:
By balance on hand July 1, 1907 $618. 33
By loans paid 10, 500. 00
By refund special assessments 613. 14
By insurance account fire Freedmen's Hospital 2,085.74
To amount invested in real estate notes $10, 000. 00
To special assessments 1, 5S6. 01
To notary and appraiser account fire Freedmen's
Hospital 44.75
To balance June 30, 1908 2, 186. 45
13, 817. 21 13, 817. 21
Frederick Douglass scholarship fund:
By loans paid 1, 400. 00
By interest 231. 08
To amount invested in real estate notes 1,400.00
To amount transferred to aid fund 231. 08
1, 631. 08 1, 631. 08
J. K. McLean scholarship fund:
By loans paid 1,000.00
By interest 66. 00
To amount invested in real estate notes 1, 000.00
To amount transferred to aid fund 66.00
1, 066. 00 1, 066. 00
The W. W. Patton memorial fund :
By interest . 60
To amount transferred to aid fund .30
To balance June 30, 1908 . 30
. 60 . 60
The Mary B. Patton scholarship fund:
By interest 60. 00
To amount transferred to aid fund 60. 00
60. 00 60. 00
The Wm. W. Patton scholarship fund:
By interest 50. 00
To amount transferred to aid fund 50. 00
50. 00 50. 00
The F. B. Schoals scholarship fund:
By loans paid 500. 00
By interest 306. 74
To amount invested in real estate notes 500.00
To amount transferred to aid fund 306. 74
806. 74 806. 74
The Horace Ford scholarship fund:
By interest 50. 00
To amount transferred to aid fund 50.00
50. 00 50. 00
The J. W. Alvord scholarship fund:
By interest 50. 00
• To amount transferred to aid fund 50.00
50. 00 50. 00
HOWAED UNIVERSITY. 389
The Orange Valley scholarship fund :
By interest $50. 00
To amount transferred to aid fund $50. 00
The J. P. Thompson scholarship fund :
By loans paid
By interest
To amount invested in real estate notes.
To amount transferred to aid fund
The Wm. E. Dodge scholarship fund:
By loans paid
By interest
To amount invested in real estate notes.
To amount transferred to aid fund
The Edward Smith text-book fund:
By balance on July 1, 1907
By interest
To amount expended for books for students.
To balance June 30, 1908
The Hartford reading-room fund :
By balance on hand July 1, 1907
By interest
To amount expended for supplies for library.
To balance June 30, 1908
Students' aid fund :
By balance on hand July 1, 1907
By amount transferred from specific funds..
By amount account loan to student
To amount paid students $1, 781. 93
To balance June 30, 1908
School of medicine student-aid fund :
By cash F. J. Shadd, treasurer 689. 75
To balance June 30, 1908 $689. 75
50.00
50.00
60.00
13.60
$60. 00
13. 60
73.60
73. 60
500. 00
169. 72
$500. 00
169. 72
669. 72
669. 72
18.28
25.00
$7. 44
35. 84
43.28
43.28
1.79
20.00
$21. 56
.23
21.79
21.79
1, 131. 07
1, 638. 44
1.27
_ $1, 781. 93
988. 85
2, 770. 78
2, 770. 78
689. 75 689. 75
Andrew Rankin Memorial Chapel fund :
By transfer from donation account 150. 00
To interest on loan of November, 1894 $150. 00
150. 00 150. 00
Deposit account:
By balance on hand July 1, 1907 314. 38
By amount received from students for safe-keeping 1. 687. 97
By amount received from students for keys 237.00
By amount received from chapel collections 199.13
By amount received for laboratory fees 245. 75
By amount received from librarian, fines 16.24
390 HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
Deposit account — Continued.
To amount paid students $1, 818. 25
To amount paid students for keys returned 205. 00
To amount paid for laboratory supplies 216. 22
To amount paid for library supplies, account fines_ 14. 79
To amount paid account chapel collections 183. 06
To balance June 30, 1908 263. 15
2, 700. 47 $2, 700. 47
Alumni professorship fund :
By balance on hand July 1, 1907 5. 64
By interest 1.26
To balance June 30, 1908 $6.90
6. 90 6. 90
School of theology alumni fund :
By balance on hand July 1, 1907 2.40
By interest 2. 40
To amount paid theological student $4.80
4. 80 4. 80
Boarding hall account:
By balance on hand July 1, 1907 141. 58
By cash received for board 8,771.28
To amount paid for bills $8, 869. 89
To balance June 30, 1908 42. 97
8, 912. 86 8, 912. 86
Thomas Cropper Riley scholarship fund :
By interest 50. 00
To amount transferred to aid fund $50. 00
50. 00 50. 00
Thad Stevens fund:
By interest 117. 50
To amount transferred to aid fund $35.00
To balance June 30, 1908 82. 50
117. 50 117. 50
Caroline Patton Hatch fund : t
By interest 11. 00
To amount transferred to aid fund $11.00
11. 00 11. 00
Pomeroy scholarship fund :
By balance on hand July 1, 1907 81.94
By loans paid 1,000.00
By interest 135. 00
To amount invested in real estate notes $1, 000. 00
To amount transferred to aid fund 125.00
To balance June 30, 1908 91.94
1, 216. 94 1, 216. 94
Agricultural and industrial training:
By balance on hand July 1, 1907 ^ 1(5.95
To balance June 30, 1908 16.95
16. 95 16. 95
HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
391
Martha Spaulding scholarship fund:
By interest
To amount transferred to aid fund-
Library fund :
By donations
To balance June 30, 1908.
Summer school :
By balance on hand July 1, 1907
To balance June 30, 1908
List of permanent fund*.
$370. 00
370. 00
Donation account:
By donations ^
To amount transferred to chapel fund $150. 00
To amount? transferred to theological department- 125. 00
To amount transferred to deposit account 25.00
To balance June 30, 1908 99. 98
399. 98
$625. 00
625. 00
$74. 80
r4.80
$370. 00
370. 00
399. 98
399.
98
625.
00
625. 00
74.
80
74.80
Name of fund.
General endowment fund
Martha Spaulding scholarship fund. ..
Douglass scholarship fund
McLean scholarship fund
W. W. Patton memorial fund
W. W. Patton scholarship fund
M. B. Patton scholarship fund
Horace Ford scholarship fund
J. W. Alvord scholarship fund
Orange Valley scholarship fund
F. B. Schoals scholarship fund
J. P. Thompson scholarship fund
Win. E. Dodge scholarship fund
Thos. Cropper Riley scholarship fund.
Edward Smith text-book fund
Hartford reading-room fund
Thad . Stevens fund
Caroline Patton Hatch fund
Alumni professorship fund
Theological alumni fund
Pomeroy scholarship fund
June 30, 1908.
Cash in-
vested.
8137,
7,
4,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
6,
5,
1,
Total 173, 170. 00
402. 40
000.00
430.50
000.00
12.10
000. 00
200.00
000.00
000.00
000. 00
000.00
260. 00
000. 00
000. 00
500. 00
400. 00
200. 00
200. 00
25. 00
40.00
500.00
Cash on
hand.
82, 186. 45
Total.
81 39, 588. S5
7, 000. 00
4, 430. 50
1,000.00
12.10
1,000.00
1,200.00
1, 000. 00
1,000,00
1,000.00
6,000.00
260.00
5,000.00
1,000.00
500.00
400.00
2, 200. 00
200. 00
25.00
40.00
2, .500. 00
2,186.45 175.356.45
392
HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
Recapitulation.
Amount pertaining to current expenses of academic
branches, officers and professors
Library fund
School of medicine student aid fund
School of medicine
Medical department building fund
School of law
School of theology
Department of manual arts and applied science
Summer school
Donations
Board
General endowment fund
Students' aid fund
Deposits
F. Douglass scholarship fund, principal
F. Douglass scholarship fund, interest
J. K. McLean scholarship fund, principal
J. K. McLean scholarship fund, interest
Wm. W. Patton memorial fund, interest
Wm. W. Patton scholarship fund, interest
Mary B. Patton scholarship fund, interest
F. B. Schoals scholarship fund, principal
F. B. Schoals scholarship fund, interest
Horace Ford scholarship fund, interest
J. W. Alvord scholarship fund, interest
Orange Valley scholarship fund, interest
Thad Stevens fund, interest
J. P. Thompson fund, principal
J. P. Thompson fund, interest
Wm. E. Dodge fund, principal
Wm. E. Dodge fund, interest
Smith textbook fund, interest
Reading room fund, interest
Thos. Cropper Riley fund, interest
Andrew E. Rankin chapel fund
Caroline P. Hatch fund, interest
Martha Spaulding fund, interest
Pomeroy scholarship fund, principal
Pomeroy scholarship fund, interest
Alumni professorship fund, interest
School of Theology alumni fund, principal
School of Theology alumni fund, interest"
Agricultural and industrial training
Total
Balance on
hand July
1, 1907.
547.
148. 36
50.00
98.08
15.68
559. 74
74.80
141. 58
618. 33
1,131.07
314. 38
18.28
1.79
81.94
5.64
2.40
16.95
3, 326. 32
Received.
$73, 508. 08
625. 00
689. 75
23,291.59
9. 193. 75
3; 494. 50
8, 860. 38
8, 771. 28
13, 198. 88
1, 639. 71
2,386.09
1, 400. 00
231.08
1,000.00
66.00
.60
50. 00
60.00
500. 00
306. 74
50.00
50.00
50.00
117. 50
60.00
13.60
500. 00
169. 72
25.00
20.00
50.00
150. 00
11.00
370. 00
1,000.00
135. 00
1.26
40.00
2.40
Disbursed.
$71,285.64
"23,'i86.'40'
8, 031.
3, 503.
9,171.
29
300. 00
11, 630
1,781
2,437
1,400
231
1,000
66
50
60
500.
306
50
50
50
35
60
13
500
169
7
21
60
150
11
370
1, 000,
125
146,520.75
Balance on
hand June
30, 1908.
$2, 269. 74
625. 00
689. 75
253. 55
50.00
1,260.45
6.28
248. 83
74.80
99.98
42.97
2, 186. 45
988. 85
263. 15
.30
82. 50
35.84
.23
91.94
6.90
16.95
), 294. 46
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE UNITED
STATES CAPITOL BUILDING AND GROUNDS.
393
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
CAPITOL BUILDING AND GROUNDS.
Office of the Superintendent,
United States Capitol Building and Grounds,
Washington, D. C, July 1, 1908.
Sir: I have the honor to report the following improvements,
alterations, and repairs at the Capitol and other buildings, under the
supervision of this office, during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908:
THE CAPITOL.
The removal of a number of important committees from the Capitol
to the new Office Building for the House of Representatives made
necessary much additional work, including cutting new doorways,
painting, decorating, and plumbing, by which the committees re-
maining in the Capitol building have been supplied with more space.
Annually a large amount of painting and decoration is done in the
Capitol building, and the past year has been no exception. The
following rooms were painted, some being decorated also:
Senate wing: Rooms of committees on Claims, Census, Foreign
Relations, Conference, Interstate Commerce, Post-Offices and Post-
Roads, and Enrolled Bills, also the Vice-President's room, Sergeant-
at-Arms' office, and the various corridors.
House wing: Rooms of committees on Private Land Claims,
Indian Affairs, Elections No. 1, Labor, Expenditures in the Treasury
Department, Foreign Affairs, Public Lands, Ways and Means, Ap-
propriations, Banking and Currency, Commerce, Railroads and
Canals, Invalid Pensions, Judiciary, Elections No. 2, and Library.
In addition to the foregoing, there has been painted and decorated :
The press gallery, document room, Senators' toilet and restaurant,
Senate wing; and the folding room, file room, Members' toilet, and
corridors in the House wing. The robing room of the Supreme
Court has been painted and decorated.
Eight modern toilets and four urinals have been installed in the
House wing, and two toilets in the central portion of the building.
Ten additional sets of revolving doors have been placed at the
entrances of the Senate and House wings, which with those formerly
installed, completes the installation for all the outside entrances to the
Capitol building.
The pediments over the east fronts of the Senate and House wings
of the building have been fireproof ed about the adjacent chimney
flues, and additions to the auxiliary draft over the Statuary Hall made.
395
396 SUPERINTENDENT OF THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL.
An additional fan and motor of 12 horsepower for ventilation has
been installed over the attic of the Senate chamber.
Necessary repairs to the plumbing, windows, floors, and roofs of the
building have been made.
In several of the important rooms of the Senate and House electric
chandeliers have been installed.
The usual annual repairs to the lighting, heating, and ventilating
machinery, have been made, and the several departments have been
operated without interruption.
The total number of items in the foregoing repair work during the
past year amounted to 1,223, of which number 84 were important
and 1,139 of a minor character.
CAPITOL, GROUNDS.
It was found necessary to replace 815 feet of old and worn-out
water pipe, with new 3-inch galvanized pipe. The lawns about the
Capitol have been satisfactorily cared for, and together with the trees
and shrubs show a healthy and substantial improvement. Necessary
repairs to the walks and driveways have been made.
ENGINE HOUSE, SENATE AND HOUSE STABLES.
The interior and exterior of the engine house were painted. The
stalls reconstructed, and the front door enlarged. A considerable
number of repairs to floors, stalls and plumbing were made at the
Senate and House stables.
COURT-HOUSE, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
The most important item of improvement at the court-house has
been the installation of two electric passenger elevators. This work
necessitated the changing of a number of water, steam, and sewer
pipes. Several of the court and other rooms were painted. . Partitions
were erected in two rooms assigned to the judges. Repairs to floors,
windows, and heating plant were made, and a large amount of electric
wiring for lighting and for elevator service was installed.
BOTANIC GARDEN.
At the Botanic Garden, a large greenhouse 200 feet long was built,
and the several other greenhouses and the heating plant and walks re-
ceived needed repairs.
EXPENDITURES.
The expenditures for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, were as
follows :
Expenditures for fiscal year ended June 30, 190S.
CAPITOL BUILDING AND REPAIRS.
Pay rolls $8, 670. 43
Labor by voucher 5. 50
Machinery and ironwork 026. 80
Brushes, .sponges, and soap 245. 47
( 'arpenter and mill work and lumber 2, 840. 58
1 1 aid ware 956. 28
Lime, brick, and sand 69. 70
Paint, oil, and glass 3, 318. 70
SUPERINTENDENT OE THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL. 397
Concrete, stone, and marble work $746. 73
Electric wiring, etc 153. 25
Drawing and blueprint materials 15. 18
Office vehicle 29. 30
Hauling, telegrams, and expressage 59. 19
Plumbing and plumbing material 3, 536. 25
Elevators and repairs 1, 678. 08
Roofing and tin work 729. 28
Painting, decorating, and plastering 8, 293. 15
Tile and tiling 71. 50
Bronze work 587. 40
Stationery and books 64. 13
Repairs to heating and ventilation 1, 106. 27
Flags 59. 50
Repairs to ranges, stoves, etc 339. 61
Skylights ' 706.50
Miscellaneous 3. 90
Reserved for unpaid bills 87. 32
Total 35, 000. 00
Amount appropriated, sundry civil bill approved March 4, 1907 30, 000. 00
Appropriated, urgent deficiency bill approved February 15, 1908 5, 000. 00
35, 000. 00
IMPROVING THE CAPITOL GROUNDS.
Labor $17, 750. 61
Plants and seeds 401. 94
Fertilizers 883. 15
Tools and machinery 1, 691. 68
Brushes, brooms, etc 347. 25
Fuel 68. 82
Plumbing materials 1, 418. 14
Hardware 18. 51
Paving and repairs 1, 179. 43
Freight and expressage 6. 65
Hose and couplings 226. 15
Lumber 14. 16
Miscellaneous 107. 20
Painting 175. 00
Stationery 5. 85
Removing snow, etc 705. 46
Total 25, 000. 00
Amount appropriated, sundry civil bill approved March 4, 1907 25, 000. 00
LIGHTING CAPITOL AND GROUNDS.
Pay rolls $20, 118. 41
Incandescent and arc lamps 2, 866. 21
Wiremen, wire, and material 8, 982. 09
Fixtures 1, 301. 00
Machinery, iron and metal work 2, 897. 98
Tools, etc 65. 71
Hauling and expressage 7. 71
Hardware 12. 34
Nickel plating 4. 50
Electric molding .• 49. 15
Steam pipe and fittings 145. 01
Miscellaneous 14. 03
Gas and electric current 2, 442. 80
Apparatus 137. 85
Stationery 3. 40
Reserved for unpaid bills 3, 451. 81
Total 42, 500. 00
Appropriated, sundry civil bill approved March 4, 1907 42, 500. 00
398 SUPERINTENDENT OF THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL.
VENTILATING FAN AND MOTOR, SENATE WING.
Fan and motor house $327. 53
Lumber 64. 63
Fan and motor 1, 625. 00
Wire and cable ". 154. 96
Ventilating apparatus 789. 00
Telegrams .63
Brickwork 37. 50
Unexpended balance .75
Total 3, 000. 00
Appropriated, sundry civil bill approved March 4, 1907 3, 000. 00
ENGINE HOUSE, SENATE AND HOUSE STABLES.
Labor $74. 75
Carpenter and mill work and lumber 410. 47
Roof and tin work 219. 91
Plumbing and material 74. 61
Paint, glass, etc 30. 83
Electric wiring and material 1. 30
Hardware 34. 20
Painting and decorating 573. 00
Ironwork 21. 82
Sand 5. 26
Brickwork 46. 25
Reserved for unpaid bills 7. 60
Total 1, 500. 00
Appropriated, sundry civil bill approved March 4, 1907 1, 500. 00
REPAIRS TO COURT-HOUSE AND NEW ELEVATORS, COURT-HOUSE, DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA.
Carpenter work, lumber, and millwork $418. 00
Electric wiring and material 776. 13
Painting and decorating 1, 284. 55
Hardware 15. 20
Lime, sand, cement, etc 11. 87
Plumbing and material 203. 65
Paint, glass, etc 90. 64
Elevators 11, 344. 09
Ventilation 178. 50
Cement flooring 1, 108. 40
Roofing 8. 63
Reserved for unpaid bills 1, 560. 34
Total 17, 000. 00
Appropriated, sundry civil bill approved March 4, 1907 17, 000. 00
SENATE AND HOUSE OFFICE BUILDINGS.
The progress of the work of construction of the House and Senate
office buildings has be<m and continues to be satisfactory.
The House Office Building reached that stage of construction in
January of the present year that permitted the House of Represent-
atives to dispose, by lot, of the rooms in the building and occupy
the same during the last session of Congress. During the present
sen son, the incidental work left undone prior to the session is being
finished up. This refers to the completion of the rotunda, the con-
ference room, the post-office, the bathing rooms and the hallways
adjacent. During the last session of Congress provision was made,
SUPERINTENDENT OF THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL. 399
by appropriation, for constructing the approaches to the building.
This work is now going on, and it is expected that it will be practically
completed by the meeting of Congress. The large court or the build-
ing will also be treated by the construction of a fountain, roadways,
and large lawn.
The construction of the Senate Office Building is also progressing
to that extent that strong hope is entertained that the office suites
in the building can be occupied, if so desired, during the coming
session of Congress. I am of the opinion that this building will be
in better shape by the first of the coming year than the House Office
Building was the 1st of last January. It is hoped that the main
approaches to the Senate Office Building will also be well along by
the time Congress meets. The construction of much of this approach
work is purposely laid aside until some determination is reached
with respect to the proposed purchase of property between the
Union Station and the Capitol building, bills for which have already
been introduced in the House and Senate. The determination of this
question will largely affect the character of the remaining approaches
and surroundings of the Senate Building.
Arrangements have practically been completed to enter into the
final stages of construction of the details of the heating, lighting,
and power plant, some portions of which I think will be available for
service during the coming session of Congress.
Elliott Woods,
Superintendent U. S. Capitol Building and Grounds.
The Secretary of the Interior.
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OE YELLOWSTONE
NATIONAL PARK.
58920— int 1908— vol 1 26 401
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF YELLOWSTONE
NATIONAL PARK.
Department of the Interior,
Yellowstone National Park,
Office of Superintendent,
Yellowstone Park, Wyo., October 15, 1908.
Sir : I have the honor to submit annual report of conditions in the
park from October 15, 1907, to the present date.
The Yellowstone National Park, set aside by act of March 1, 1872
(sees. 2474 and 2475, E. S., 17 Stat, 32), is located in the States of
Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. It has an area of 2,142,720 acres,
and an average altitude of about 8,000 feet.
In the act making appropriations for the sundry civil expenses of
the Government, approved May 27, 1908, an appropriation of $2,500
was made for completing the survey of and properly marking that
portion of the boundary of the Yellowstone National Park remaining
unmonumented, covering an estimated distance of 57 miles. A con-
tract has been let, under the supervision of the Commissioner of the
General Land Office, and in all likelihood the field work will be com-
pleted this season.
TRAVEL.
The branch line of the Oregon Short Line Railroad from Idaho
Falls to the western boundary line of the park was completed and
ready for passenger traffic at the opening of the tourist season of
1908, and the records show an increase of visitors to the park through
the western entrance of about 3,000 over 1907. Of this increase 1,435
traveled by the Monida and Yellowstone coaches, 1,282 by the Wylie
Permanent Camping Company coaches, and the remainder by licensed
personally conducted camping outfits.
The aggregate number of persons taking the park trip over the
regular route during the season of 1908 was as follows :
Travel in park during season of 1908.
Yellowstone National Park Transportation Company, entering via north-
ern entrance 5,108
Monida and Yellowstone Stage Company, entering via western entrance- _ 3, 705
Others at hotels, traveling with private or government transportation,
bicyclers, foot travelers, etc 368
Total with regular companies 9, 181
Wylie Permanent Camping Company:
Entering park via northern entrance 2, 164
Entering park via western entrance 1, 2S2
3, 44ti
Other licensees of personally conducted camping parties 1, 544
Total number camping, traveling with licensed transportation 4,990
Making trip with private transportation as "camping parties" 4,577
Total number of visitors making tour of park season of 190S IS, 748
403
404 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.
Short trips :
With regular companies, stopping at hotels 488
With Wylie Permanent Camping Company 57
With E. L. Robertson, special licensee for short trips 249
Total, short trips 794
Grand total of all visitors to the park, season of 1908 19, 542
During the season 4,506 tourists took the trip across Yellowstone
Lake with the T. E. Hofer Boat Company. Of this number about
40 per cent were traveling with the Yellowstone National Park
Transportation Company, about 35 per cent with the Monida and
Yellowstone Stage Company, about 15 per cent with the Wylie Per-
manent Camping Company, and the balance, about 10 per cent, came
from licensed and private camping parties. Owing to inclement
weather this company was delayed in getting a sufficient number of
boats on the lake to accommodate all travelers, and during the first
half of the tourist season was obliged to refuse many who desired
to make the trip from Thumb to Lake Hotel by water.
Travel by the different entrances.
By the main gate on the north, Gardiner Station 10, 973
By the Cooke road, northeast corner, Soda Butte Station 11
By the government road from Cody on the east, Sylvan Pass Station 762
By the road leading from Jackson Hole on the south, Snake River
Station 624
By the Madison River road on the west, Riverside Station 7,172
Total 19, 542
ROADS, CULVERTS, AND BRIDGES.
The following notes are furnished by Capt. E. D. Peek, U. S.
Engineers, as to the work performed under his supervision:
The first crew began work on April 20, 1908, in the Gardiner Can-
yon, removing slide dirt, and making necessary fills and grading.
The second crew also began on above date to repair the sprinkler
tanks to get them in readiness for the beginning of the season. A
third party began work on April 15, cleaning up the grounds and
irrigating the plaza in the vicinity of Mammoth Hot Springs. No
work could be carried on farther into the Park on account of the
snow.
The work of opening the roads in the park was begun on May 20
when the first crews were sent out. The deepest snow, as always,
exists between the Upper Basin and the Thumb. Two crews began
work on this piece of road, one coming via the Upper Basin and the
other via the Thumb. The three cabins on the Divide had been put
in good condition last fall and supplied with fuel, so that the men
were provided for and were not required to sleep in the snow. The
sheds or stables at the above points were also supplied with hay, so
the stock suffered no hardship.
The roads were all opened for tourist travel three days before the
opening of the season on June 10. The difficulty of former years in
the snow sections has been greatly overcome by marking all ditches
and culverts with poles. As soon as these are shoveled out the water
leaves very quickly and allows the roads to dry up.
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 405
The roads of the entire park were graded with a machine as soon
as the weather permitted, which was in the latter part of June.
During the summer the following portions of road were graveled
and resurfaced : From Gardiner to the 2-mile post ; across Swan Lake
flat to Golden Gate and beyond to Silver Gate; on the Norris road
from 10J to 12J miles; on the Fountain-Upper Basin road from 6J
to 1\ miles; on the Thumb Lake road from the 13-mile post to the
Lake Hotel; on the Lake-Canyon road from the Lake Hotel to the
2-mile post. Upward of 25 miles of road in different parts of the
park was reditched, regraded, and crowned.
Minor repairs were made on the Cody road and considerable work
done upon that portion lying in the reserve beyond the park. The
greater portion of the work consisted in repairing revetments and
the Elk Fork bridge.
Considerable work was done on the west road leading to the Oregon
Short Line Railway. The portion of road from the 5 to the 7 mile
post was relocated and changed from the rolling hills to a grade along
the river bank. This was a very marked improvement, on account of
obviating the hills and the dust, which was excessive in the sands on
the hills.
From the Madison junction to the lunch station on the Gibbon
River the road was widened in 14 places to allow teams to pass easily.
Sprinkling was begun July 1, and practically continued until
September 10, though on a portion of the system it continued until
September 20.
The mileage of roads within the park is 306, and the portion lying
in the forest reserve is 111, making a total of 417 miles.
The bridge across Willow Creek was replaced by a 6-foot culvert
and a fill; bridges over Obsidian Creek and Apollinaris Creek were
also replaced by 4-foot culverts and fills. These fills were only some
30 feet long.
The bridge over Otter Creek, 150 feet long, and one over Alum
Creek, 120 feet long, were replaced by culverts and fills, and also
bridges at 1^ miles beyond the Fountain and \\ miles beyond the
Upper Basin.
In addition to the above, over 50 new culverts were placed. Forty-
six were made of corrugated iron and the balance of vitrified tile.
The three bridges on the Gardiner-Mammoth Hot Springs road
were redecked, as was also the bridge crossing the Madison River on
the western road.
FISH.
Four thousand rainbow trout were received from the hatchery at
Spearfish, S. Dak., on Ocotber 14, 1907, of which number 200 were
planted in Lava Creek, about 5 miles east of Mammoth, and the
balance, 3,800, in Arnica Creek and other small streams tributary to
Yellowstone Lake.
On May 27 and 28, 10 cans of rainbow trout were received from the
same station and planted in the upper Gibbon River, between Norris
and Canyon, and on the same date 55 cans of brook trout were re-
ceived, 12 of which were placed in Glen Creek, and the balance in
Willow Creek and tributaries.
Ten cans of rainbow trout were received from the Spearfish
hatchery on September 5 and planted in Grebe Lake, and on the
406 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PAEK.
same date 10 cans of landlocked salmon (shipped from the hatchery
at Bozeman, Mont.) were received and planted in Duck Lake and
tributaries of Yellowstone Lake.
Eeport from the superintendent of hatcheries in the park, Mr.
D. C. Booth, has not yet been received.
WIXD ANIMALS.
Antelope. — Judging from the number of young seen, and from re-
ports of scouts and patrols, the increase in antelope appears to be
normal. The alfalfa field near Gardiner yielded two good crops.
The yield in tonnage is greater than last year and is believed to be
sufficient to carry the herds of antelope and deer through the winter.
Two or three dozen of the male antelope summered in and near the
alfalfa field and were an attractive sight to visitors entering from
Gardiner.
The three antelope — 1 male and 2 females — raised on the bottle
for the London Zoological Gardens were shipped December 30, last,
in care of Dr. W. T. Hornaday, director Zoological Gardens of New
York, who kindly received and had them properly cared for until
a caretaker arrived from London. They were reported as having
arrived at their destination in good condition.
It is estimated that 3 per cent of the herd were killed by coyotes
during the past winter and spring. Evidence was found of one
killed by poachers close to the wire fence on the north line, within
2 miles west from Gardiner. A small band drifted out of the park
near Gardiner and four of them were reported killed. The re-
mainder were driven back into the park. A wire fence along the
north line extending from the Yellowstone and Gardiner junction
about 4 miles westward to a mountain bluff was constructed some
years since to prevent the antelope from drifting out of the park and
down the Yellowstone Valley. The preservation of the herd is due
to this fence and to feeding alfalfa during the winter. The natural
instinct of the animal carries it down the valleys to escape the cold
storms of winter in the higher altitudes. Sometimes their curiosity
leads a few to crawl out under the bottom wire which is 12 inches
from the ground. The number of antelope in the park is approxi-
mately 2,000. The great majority of these now winter annually in
the alfalfa meadow and foothills bordering the Gardiner River, near
its confluence with the Yellowstone River, where they are fed alfalfa
during the season of deep snows, within plain and near view of the
people of Gardiner, where all the good citizens manifest a kindly
disposition and concern for their preservation and protection. A
number of people visit the town of Gardiner, at the northern entrance
to the park, during the winter months to see the antelope. Many
drive up the Gardiner Canyon and to Mammoth Hot Springs to see
the mountain sheep and deer.
•Although fine specimens of our native wild animals may be seen
in confinement in many city parks throughout our country, the sight
is not nearly so interesting and instructive as to see these beautiful
wild animals in their natural habitat, where they have practically
become tame and fearless as the flocks and herds of domestic animals,
no doubt because of an instinctive conviction that in this particular
nook of the mountains man is their friend and not their enemy.
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 407
There is a value in mental uplifting in this sight of the wild animals
in their natural home, practically fearless of man, as well as in the
natural scenic beauties of this wonderland.
Buffalo. — Wild herd: Reports from scouts and patrols state that
signs of two buffalo calves were seen on Mirror Plateau and one cow
and calf were seen in Pelican Valley during the season. Scout Wil-
son reported that he saw 10 buffalo at the mouth of Mist Creek on
Lamar River on April 13. On September 7 Scout McBride saw fresh
tracks of 2 buffalo on Boundary Creek, near the western boundary,
and on September 16 he saw 20 buffalo near the mush pots southwest
of Pelican Cone in the valley of Pelican Creek. From these reports
it is evident that the remnant of the original wild herd is gradually
increasing in numbers.
Fenced herd : The two fierce old bulls which were not removed to
Lamar Valley with the herd in the spring of 1907 were sold under
authority of the department and the proceeds of sale forwarded De-
cember 17, 1907. The herd now in the fenced pastures in Lamar Val-
ley shows a most gratifying improvement in condition and produc-
tiveness. The calves reared this year numbered 14, as against 5 last
year in the Mammoth pasture field. The herd now totals 74, all in
fine condition save one very old cow. Three miles of strong Montana
anchor wire fence have been built around the new pasture and hay
meadow during the year. About 100 tons of hay have been put up
for winter use and the herd transferred to the new pasture of lux-
uriant native grass. While considerable work has been accomplished
during the year in construction of main ditches, head gates, and lat-
erals for irrigation of the hay meadow, it is quite necessary to do
much more work in that line in order to insure a heavier crop of hay
and a greater area of hay land for the future. By reason of the deep
snows and long winters the herd must be fed hay for about five
months. Allowing 25 pounds for each grown animal per day, it
will require fully 100 tons for the 55 grown animals, not including
the 5 yearling and the 14 calves. It is my intention, with the ap-
proval of the department, to grub and clear of willows about 20 addi-
tional acres of the meadow land inclosed, break it up, and seed it with
timothy and red clover, which grow well in this altitude, in order
to provide sufficient hay for the increased herd. This should be
done each succeeding year for four years, in order to secure sufficient
winter supply of hay for a constantly increasing herd. In order to
carry out this plan an increase in the appropriation for maintenance
will be necessary. In 1904 $2,500 was appropriated for the main-
tenance of the buffalo, which at that time numbered 28 head. .The
same amount has been appropriated each year since, although the
herd has gradually increased till it now numbers 74 head.
The increase in males has been so much greater in proportion than
females, and greater than is necessary for successful breeding, that I
propose on June 1 of next year to transfer a number of bulls (10 or
12) to the field near Mammoth Hot Springs as a show herd for the
benefit of the public during the tourist season. The increase by sex
this year is 9 females and 5 males ; 1 male calf died from injury. The
herd, old and young, consists of 4 females and 31 males.
Bear. — The black bear appear to have increased, and although the
grizzlies have shown a goodly number of cubs this season Mr. W. H.
408 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.
Wright, a photographer and writer who spent two months in the
park this summer studying the habits of the grizzlies, informs me
that they are not so plentiful as they were several years since during
his former visit to the park. Several complaints have been made of
bears robbing camping parties of their commissaries and breaking
into the kitchens of the guard stations and road crews, doing damage
and destroying considerable stores. During my absence from the
park in June one large black bear, reported dangerous around cottages
at Mammoth Hot Springs, was shot by the order of Major Allen,
commanding officer of the troops and at the time acting superintend-
ent of the park. On September 5 the carcass of a large cinnamon
bear was found in Prismatic Lake. It was so thoroughly cooked
that it was impossible to determine the cause of death.
At the request of Dr. Frank Baker, in charge of the National
Zoological Garden, Washington, D. C, one grizzly, aged between 3
and 4 years and weighing 500 pounds, was trapped and shipped to
Washington July 23, and although the express car in which he was
carried was derailed and overturned, Doctor Baker reported his
arrival in good condition. A fine young mother black bear and two
cubs were also trapped and shipped on September 30 to the same
place. These also arrived in good condition. The skin and skull of
one grizzly were sent December 19 to the National Museum, Smith-
sonian Institution, as noted they would be in my annual report for
1907, and receipt has been acknowledged.
The bear is the most familiar habitant of the park. During the
tourist season these animals may be seen at almost any time, singly
or in groups, prowling contentedly through the woods or about the
garbage refuse of the hotels and permanent camps.
Beaver and marmot. — Beaver and marmot are abundant.
Coyotes. — It is a difficult matter to keep the coyotes down. Since
my last annual report (which showed 99 coyotes killed in that year)
97 more have been killed. The growing scarcity of antelope, deer,
and sheep in the States bordering on the park and the increase of
these animals in the park causes the coyotes to gather here for their
meat. One lynx was killed during the year. Also one red fox was
shot by Scout Graham in the nighttime in mistake for a coyote.
Deer. — The deer (black-tailed) show a normal increase. During
the deep snows and severe storms 300 to 400 mule (black-tailed) deer
are fed hay on the plaza in front of Mammoth Hotel and Fort Yel-
lowstone. Many of them feed close to the dwellings; some become
quite gentle and take food from the hand. A band of about 100
feed with the mountain sheep in the Gardiner Canyon and on the
slopes of Mount Evarts.
The white-tailed deer keep apart from their bigger brothers and
sisters, yet they feed in close proximity to the barracks and stables
of Fort Yellowstone during the severe winter weather. The increase
in the deer family is quite perceptible when they range close to the
houses and buildings at Mammoth during the winter.
Elk. — Information from all available sources seems to justify a
conservative estimate of between 25,000 and 30,000 elk in the park.
Mr. Wells, in charge of the buffalo farm, an experienced hunter and
a man of good judgment, estimates the number to be between 40,000
and 50,000. The winter storms and deep snows cause large bands
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PAKK. 409
to drift out of the park down the valleys of the Snake, Madison,
Gallatin, and Yellowstone rivers, where many are properly taken
by the licensed hunters, who are each entitled to kill one under the
laws of the surrounding States — Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho.
The meat hunter, however, often risks a violation of the law to pro-
vide meat for his family and some for sale; while the head, scalp,
and tooth hunter ruthlessly kills and leaves the carcasses to rot.
On October 29 the remains of a dead elk were found about 3
miles west from the town of Gardiner, 2 yards inside the park line.
It had been shot and the head taken.
There is no provision for feeding the elk in winter. The}^ seem
to do fairly well in the ordinary winter, but when the snow falls to
an unusual depth — say one winter in four — many perish. The two
elk calves (male and female) raised on the bottle last season were
shipped to the park commission, Vancouver, B. C, December 16, and
their arrival in fine condition was reported.
Moose. — The moose are gradually increasing on the marshes of the
Upper Yellowstone River in the southeast and the Bechler River
marshy areas in the southwest. On June 26 a bull moose was seen
3 miles south of Upper Basin Station, 50 yards from the road, and
one was sighted on Blacktail in September. These animals are seen
frequently by patrols from Snake River Station. Moose signs are
reported in several other sections of the park.
Mountain lions. — Mountain lions are scarce. One was killed
during the year. It was no longer necessary to keep the pack of
hounds purchased in 1893 for the extermination of mountain lions,
and under authority from the department the pack was sold, after
advertisement, to the highest bidder.
BIRDS.
My annual report for 1907 contained some notes by Dr. T. S.
Palmer on the summer birds of the park. The following species were
seen on ponds in Lamar Valley on August 28, 1908. The eared grebe,
black-necked stilt, wandering tattler, and yellow-headed blackbird.
Dr. Alexander Lambert reports also that he heard the " squack "
of the black and white night heron at Yellowstone Lake.
FOREST FIRES.
There was no damage by forest fires in the park during the year.
One fire caused by lightning during a storm near Soda Butte Station
was extinguished by rainfall before causing any damage.
POACHING.
The civilian scouts, with one exception, rendered effective service
in preventing poaching and arresting poachers. The one exception
was discharged for inefficiency. He had formerly been a soldier, and
his discharge showed character excellent.
Poachers and other violators of the law were arrested in every
quarter of the park, and several arrests were made outside the park
in Wyoming and Montana on information and evidence furnished
by park scouts, and the parties were convicted. It is evident, how-
ever, that many poachers escaped arrest. There are not sufficient
scouts for thorough protection against poachers.
410 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.
Cases tried before United States Commissioner John W. Meldrum in Yellowstone
National Park during the period between October 15, 1907, and October 14,
1908.
1907.
Oct. 18. United States v. Jacob Garnick. Charge, hunting wild animals in
Yellowstone National Park. Defendant fined $50 and costs and
forfeited two guns and five traps.
Oct. 21. United States v. John Winegar and Charles Mackert. Charge, having
firearms in Yellowstone National Park without the permission of
the superintendent thereof. Defendant Mackert fined $50 and one-
half of the costs. Defendant Winegar — this being his second
offense — fined $100 and one-half of the costs.
Oct. 31. United States v. Samuel E. Nelson, a noncommissioned officer in charge
of guard station Tower Falls. Charge, killing birds in Yellowstone
National Park. Defendant fined $50 and costs.
Nov. 9. United States v. G. V. Allen, private soldier. Charge, carving name on
tree in Yellowstone National Park. Defendant fined $5 and costs.
Dec. 3. United States v. Fred Chase, Gus Holtz, and Harry Workman.
Charge, killing elk in Yellowstone National Park. Defendants fined
$100 each and costs.
Nov. 21. United States v. Joseph Strukly. Charge, hunting wild animals in
Yellowstone National Park. Defendant fined $50 and costs with
forfeiture of gun.
Dec. 4. United States v. George Broadbent. Charge, killing elk in Yellowstone
National Park. Defendant fined $100 and costs.
1908.
Jan. 28. United States v. G. J. Gibson. Charge, hunting wild animals in Yellow-
stone National Park. Defendant committed to guardhouse for a
period of fifty days, and ordered to pay costs and forfeit gun, traps,
and snowshoes.
Apr. 20. United States v. Joseph Duret. Charge, cutting growing timber in
Yellowstone National Park. Defendant ordered to pay costs.
June 23. United States v. John K. Jones. Charge, killing a woodchuck in
Yellowstone National Park. Defendant fined $10 and costs.
July 11. United States v. Frank Moore. Charge, carrying firearms in Yellow-
stone National Park without the permission of the superintendent
thereof. Defendant fined $25 and costs.
Aug. 31. United States v. Bruno Hoepfner. Charge, disorderly conduct and
bad behavior within the limits of Yellowstone National Park. De-
fendant fined $50 and costs.
Sept. 14. United States v. Grant Hopkins and W. O. Dockstader. Charge,
larceny, in violation of section 5356 of the Revised Statutes of the
United States. Defendant Hopkins held to United States district
court. Defendant Dockstader discharged.
THE HOLD-UP OF AUGUST 24, 1908.
The unfortunate event, the hold-up of seventeen coaches, surreys,
and spring wagons on August 24, and the robbery by one man of
many of the passengers therein at a point on the main road between
Old Faithful Inn and the Thumb of Lake Yellowstone, and about 4J
miles distant from the former, took place about 9 a. m. on August 24.
In accordance with the established time schedule, the first coach of
Yellowstone Park Transportation Company loads at Old Faithful
Inn at 7.30 o'clock in the morning; after all coaches of that com-
pany have been loaded, the Monida and Yellowstone. Company
coaches are loaded at same point and follow after. These are fol-
lowed in turn by the coaches of the Wylie Permanent Camping
Company — all on the road eastward toward the Thumb.
This was the order of travel on morning of August 24. As a pre-
caution against dust and against accident on grades, drivers are in-
structed to maintain a distance of approximately 100 yards between
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 411
coaches. On the morning in question eight vehicles were not molested
by the robber. It appears that the trooper on patrol passed the point
where the robbery took place ahead of the first coaches. The interval
between the eighth and ninth coaches in order of travel was rather
extended, with an angle of the road intervening in a narrow defile,
thickly wooded on either side. The ninth vehicle was stopped by the
robber with repeating rifle at a " ready ; " and in vulgar, blasphemous
language he ordered a young man down from the box seat and made
him carry a sack alongside the coach — into which passengers were
commanded to deposit their money and jewelry. This was repeated
with each of the sixteen vehicles following. No one received physical
injury excepting one passenger, whose actions did not suit the robber
and who was disciplined by a stroke on the head with the gun, which
was discharged at the same time. The injury was not reported
serious. Four of the looted coaches belonged to the Yellowstone
Park Transportation Company, five to the Monida and Yellowstone
Stage Company, and eight to the Wylie Permanent Camping Com-
pany. As near as can be learned by the separate memoranda handed
in by the passengers the losses sustained by them in the robbery
aggregated $1,363.95 cash and $730.25 in watches and jewelry. Upon
being liberated the first coach of those robbed drove rapidly to the
camp of the road sprinkling crew, located about 2 miles east of the
hold-up point, where notice was given and a messenger dispatched to
Old Faithful Inn — distant 6 miles — with news of the robbery.
The agent of the Yellowstone Park Transportation Company at
the inn telegraphed the news to all stations in the park and notified
the detail of soldiers stationed at Upper Geyser Basin, within a few
hundred yards of the inn. He also states that he notified the officer
in command of a troop of cavalry camped in the Lower Basin, about
9 miles distant by the old road. Telegraphic notice was received at
Mammoth Hot Springs Hotel and immediately transmitted to my
office by telephone. The message was repeated to Major Allen, who
was up in the park, and he was requested to give the matter his per-
sonal attention. All guard stations were warned and instructed and
two scouts present at Mammoth were dispatched to the scene. They
made the ride (49 miles) in four hours. Major Allen, who was in
the park with General Edgerly, came into Mammoth the same even-
ing, and on the following morning reported that he had given the
necessary orders to his troops by telephone and telegraph from X orris.
The robber was on foot, and disposed of a few pocketbooks and purses
near the scene of the robbery, where they were found in a clump of
bushes. One of these contained valuable papers and all were re-
turned to their respective owners.
The trail could only be followed a short distance. The robber
had apparently taken off his shoes and passed into a densely wooded
region. All United States marshals, sheriffs, and peace officers in
surrounding States, counties, and towns were duly notified and given
description of the robber, as nearly as could be ascertained from
tourists and drivers in the hold-up.
All passengers in their excitement blamed the soldiers. The char-
acter of the country is such that the entire Army of the United States
could not prevent an evil-disposed man from entering the park with
a gun.
412 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.
On the date of the hold-up one troop was on practice march in
the park and was camped within 10 or 12 miles from Old Faithful
Inn. One troop has been camped in Lower Geyser Basin all the
season and one troop has been camped on Yellowstone River within a
mile of Lake Hotel all the season.
So far it has been impossible to locate an escaped criminal who
was convicted of poaching in the park and escaped from confine-
ment in the military prison at Fort Yellowstone in October last.
There seems to be a well-grounded suspicion that he is the perpe-
trator of this daring highway robbery. It is a slow and difficult
task to conduct a systematic search for this criminal, without funds
for expenses, by correspondence alone. The detectives in adjacent
States, with whom I have corresponded since the robbery, work for
a per diem and expenses and not for rewards offered, and although
they have been informed that this office has no money for that pur-
pose, they have never hesitated to give any information in their
possession in regard to this particular matter.
ESTIMATES.
The following estimates of appropriations required for the ensuing
fiscal year have been submitted: For administration and protection,
including salaries aggregating $7,880, for chief clerk, chief scout, 5
scouts, and 1 teamster and messenger, $9,530 ; maintenance of buffalo,
including salaries amounting to $1,920, for buffalo keeper and as-
sistant buffalo keeper, $3,547 ; total, $13,077.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
In view of a settlement growing at the terminus of the railroad on
western boundary line, it is recommended that an appropriation be
asked to construct a wire fence of 5 miles on the boundary line,
extending from the Madison Kiver south, with a gateway on road
entering from the railway station. This fence would prevent en-
croachment on the park grounds, keep out loose stock, and save the
destruction of park game by settlers close to the line at this point.
The area along this line is in part thinly wooded and in part devoid
of trees. Estimate for this fence was forwarded to the department
October 11, 1907.
I beg to renew the recommendation made in my last annual report
to place the government and protection of the park under a selected
and well-organized civil guard.
Very respectfully, S. B. M. Young,
Superintendent,
The Secretary or the Interior.
RUL.ES and regulations.
REGULATIONS OF JULY 2, igo8.
The following rules and regulations for the government of the Yel-
lowstone National Park are hereby established and made public, pur-
suant to authority conferred by section 2475, Revised Statutes, United
States, and the act of Congress approved May 7, 1894 :
1. It is forbidden to remove or injure the sediments or incrusta-
tions around the geysers, hot springs, or steam vents; or to deface
the same by written inscription or otherwise; or to throw any sub-
stance into the springs or geyser vents; or to injure or disturb, in
any manner, or to carry off any of the mineral deposits, specimens,
natural curiosities, or wonders within the park.
2. It is forbidden to ride or drive upon any of the geyser or hot-
spring formations, or to turn stock loose to graze in their vicinity.
3. It is forbidden to cut or injure any growing timber. Camping
parties will be allowed to use dead or fallen timber for fuel. When
felling timber for fuel or for building purposes when duly authorized,
stumps must not be left higher than 12 inches from the ground.
4. Fires shall be lighted only when necessary, and completely
extinguished when not longer required. The utmost care must be
exercised at all times to avoid setting fire to the timber and grass.
5. Hunting or killing, wounding or capturing any bird or wild
animal, except dangerous animals when necessary to prevent them
from destroying life or inflicting an injury, is prohibited. The out-
fits, including guns, traps, teams, horses, or means of transportation
used by persons engaged in hunting, killing, trapping, ensnaring, or
capturing such birds or wild animals, or in possession of game killed
in the park under other circumstances than prescribed above, will
be forfeited to the United States, except in cases where it is shown
by satisfactory evidence that the outfit is not the property of the
person or persons violating this regulation, and the actual owner
thereof was not a party to such violation. Firearms will only be
permitted in the park on written permission from the superintendent
thereof. On arrival at the first station of the park guard, parties
having firearms, traps, nets, seines, or explosives will turn them over
to the sergeant in charge of the station, taking his receipt for them.
They will be returned to the owners on leaving the park.
6. Fishing with nets, seines, traps, or by the use of drugs or explo-
sives, or in any other way than with hook and line, is prohibited.
Fishing for purposes of merchandise or profit is forbidden. Fishing
may be prohibited by order of the superintendent of the park in
any of the waters 01 the park or limited therein to any specified
season of the year, until otherwise ordered by the Secretary of the
Interior.
413
414 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.
7. No person will be permitted to reside permanently or to engage
in any business in the park without permission, in writing, from the
Department of the Interior. The superintendent may grant authority
to competent persons to act as guides and revoke the same in his dis-
cretion, and no pack trains shall be allowed in the park unless in
charge of a duly registered guide.
8. The herding or grazing of loose stock or cattle of any kind
within the park, as well as the driving of such stock or cattle over
the roads of the park, is strictly forbidden, except in such cases where
authority therefor is granted by the Secretary of the Interior. It
is forbidden to cut hay within the boundaries of the park, excepting
for the use of the wild game, and such other purposes as may be au-
thorized by the Secretary of the Interior or the park superintendent.
9. No drinking saloon or barroom will be permitted within the
limits of the park.
10. Private notices or advertisements shall not be posted or dis-
played within the park, except such as may be necessary for the
convenience and guidance of the public, upon buildings on leased
ground.
11. Persons who render themselves obnoxious by disorderly con-
duct or bad behavior, or who violate any of the foregoing rules, will
be summarily removed from the park, and will not be allowed to
return without permission, in writing, from the Secretary of the Inte-
rior or the superintendent of the park.
12. It is forbidden to carve or write names or other things on any
of the mileposts or signboards, or any of the platforms, seats, railings,
steps, or any structures or any tree in the park.
Any person who violates any of the foregoing regulations will be
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and be subjected to a fine as pro-
vided by the act of Congress approved May 7, 1894, " to protect the
birds and animals in Yellowstone National Park and to punish crimes
in said park, and for other purposes," of not more than one thousand
dollars, or imprisonment not exceeding two years, or both, and be
adjudged to pay all costs of the proceedings.
INSTRUCTIONS OF JULY 2, 1908.
(1) The feeding, interference with, or molestation of any bear or
other wild animal in the park in any way by any person not author-
ized by the superintendent is prohibited.
(2) Fires. — The greatest care must be exercised to insure the
complete extinction of all camp fires before they are abandoned. All
ashes and unburned bits of wood must, when practicable, be thor-
oughly soaked with water. Where fires are built in the neighborhood
of decayed logs, particular attention must be directed to the extin-
guishment of fires in the decaying mold. Fire may be extinguished
where water is not available by a complete covering of earth, well
packed down. Care should be taken that no lighted match, cigar, or
cigarette is dropped in any grass, twigs, leaves, or tree mold.
(3) Camps. — No camp will be made at a less distance than 100
feet from any traveled road. Blankets, clothing, hammocks, or any
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 415
other article liable to frighten teams must not be hung at a nearer
distance than this to the road. The same rule applies to temporary
stops, such as for feeding horses or for taking luncheon.
Many successive parties camp on the same sites during the season,
and camp grounds must be thoroughly cleaned before they are aban-
doned. Tin cans must be flattened and, with bottles, cast-off clothing,
and all other debris, must be deposited in a pit provided for the pur-
pose. When camps are made in unusual places where pits may not
be provided, all refuse must be hidden where it will not be offensive
to the eye.
(4) Bicycles. — The greatest care must be exercised by persons using
bicycles. On meeting a team the rider must stop and stand at side of
road between the bicycle and the team — the outer side of the road if
on a grade or curve. In passing a team from the rear, the rider
should learn from the driver if his horses are liable to frighten, in
which case the driver should halt and the rider dismount and walk
past, keeping between the bicycle and the team.
(5) Fishing. — All fish less than 6 inches in length should at once
be returned to the water with the least damage possible to the fish.
No one person shall catch more than twenty fish in one day.
(6) Dogs. — Dogs and cats are not permitted in the park.
(7) Grazing animals. — Only animals actually in use for purposes
of transportation through the park may be grazed in the vicinity
of the camps. They will not be allowed to run over any of the
formations, nor near to any of the geysers or hot springs; neither
will they be allowed to run loose within 100 feet of the roads.
(8) Hotels. — All tourists traveling with the authorized trans-
portation companies, whether holding hotel coupons or paying cash,
are allowed the privilege of extending their visit in the park at any
of the hotels without extra charge for transportation. However,
twenty-four hours' notice must be given to the managers of the
transportation companies for reservations in other coaches.
(9) Boat trip on Yellowstone Lake. — The excursion boat on Yellow-
stone Lake plying between the Lake Hotel and the Thumb Lunch
Station at the West Bay is not a part of the regular transportation
of the park, and an extra charge is made by the boat company for
this service.
(10) Driving on roads of park. — (a) Drivers of vehicles of any
description, when overtaken by other vehicles traveling at a faster
rate of speed, shall, if requested to do so, turn out and give the latter
free and unobstructed passageway.
(b) Vehicles, in passing each other, must give full half of the road-
way. This applies to freight outfits as well as any other.
(c) Racing on the park roads is strictly prohibited.
(d) Freight, baggage, and heavy camping outfits on sidehill grades
throughout the park will take the outer side of the road while being
passed by passenger vehicles in either direction.
(e) In making a temporary halt on the road for any purpose,
excepting for lunch or camp, all teams and vehicles will be pulled
to one side of the road far enough to leave a free and unobstructed
passageway.
(/) In rounding sharp curves on. the roads, like that in the Golden
Gate Canyon, where the view ahead is completely cut off, drivers
416 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.
will slow down to a walk. Traveling at night is prohibited except
in cases of emergency.
(g) Transportation companies, freight and wood contractors, and
all other parties and persons using the park roads will be held liable
for violation of these instructions.
(A) Pack trains will be required to follow trails whenever practi-
cable. During the tourist season, when traveling on the road and
vehicles carrying passengers are met, the pack train must move off
the road not less than 100 feet and await the passage of the vehicle.
(i) During the tourist season pack animals, loose animals, or
saddle horses, except those ridden by duly authorized persons on
patrol or other public duties, are not permitted on the coach road
between Gardiner and Fort Yellowstone.
(k) Riding at a gait faster than a slow trot on the plateaus near
the hotels where tourists and other persons are accustomed to walk
is prohibited.
(I) Mounted men on meeting a passenger team on a grade will
halt on the outer side until the team passes. When approaching a
passenger team from the rear warning must be given, and no faster
gait will be taken than is necessary to make the passage, and if on
a grade the passage will be on the outer side. A passenger team
must not be passed on a dangerous grade.
(m) All wagons used in hauling heavy freight over the park roads
must have tires not less than 4 inches in width. This order does not
apply to express freight hauled in light spring wagons with single
teams.
(II) Miscellaneous. — Automobiles are not permitted in the park.
Persons are not allowed to bathe near any of the regularly trav-
eled roads in the park without suitable bathing clothes.
All complaints by tourists and others as to service, etc., rendered
in the reservation should be made to the superintendent in writing
before the complainant leaves the park.
(12) The penalty for disregard of these instructions is summary
ejection from the park.
Information relative to side trips in the park and the cost thereof
can be procured from those authorized to transport passengers
through or to provide for camping parties in the park, also at the
office of the superintendent.
REGULATIONS OF OCTOBER n, 1900, GOVERNING THE IMPOUND-
ING AND DISPOSITION OF LOOSE LIVE STOCK.
Horses, cattle, or other domestic live stock running at large or
being herded or grazed in the Yellowstone National Park without
authority from the Secretary of the Interior will be taken up and
impounded by the superintendent, who will at once give notice
thereof to the owner, if known. If the owner is not known, notices
of such impounding, giving a description of the animal or animals,
with the brands thereon, will be posted in six public places inside the
park and in two public places outside the park. Any owner of any
animal thus impounded may, at any time before the sale thereof,
reclaim the same upon proving ownership and paying the cost of
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 417
notice and all expenses incident to the taking up and detention of
such animal, including the cost of feeding and caring for the same.
If any animal thus impounded shall not be reclaimed within thirty
days from notice to the owner or from the date of posting notices, it
shall be sold at public auction at such time and place as may be fixed
by the superintendent after ten days' notice, to be given by posting
notices in six public places in the park and two public places outside
the park, and by mailing to the owner, if known, a copy thereof.
All money received from the sale of such animals and remaining
after the payment of all expenses incident to the taking up, impound-
ing, and selling thereof, shall be carefully retained by the superin-
tendent in a separate fund for a period of six months, during which
time the net proceeds from the sale of any animal may be claimed by
and paid to the owner upon the presentation of satisfactory proof of
ownership, and if not so claimed within six months from the date
of sale such proceeds shall be turned into the Yellowstone National
Park fund.
The superintendent shall keep a record in which shall be set down
a description of all animals impounded, giving the brands found on
them, the date and locality of the taking up, the date of all notices
and manner in which they were given, the date of sale, the name and
address of the purchaser, the amount for which each animal was sold
and the cost incurred in connection therewith, and the disposition of
the proceeds.
The superintendent will, in each instance, make every reasonable
effort to ascertain the owner of animals impounded and to give actual
notice thereof to such owner.
58920— int 1908— vol 1 27
REPORT OF THE ACTING SUPERINTENDENT OF
YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK.
419
REPORT OF THE ACTING SUPERINTENDENT OF YOSEMITE
NATIONAL PARK.
Department of the Interior,
Yosemite National Park,
Office of the Superintendent,
Yosemite, Coil., September 30, 1908.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of the con-
dition of affairs in the Yosemite National Park and of its manage-
ment during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1908 :
This park is situated in Tuolumne, Mariposa, and Mono counties,
Cal., and originally covered an area of about 1,512 square miles.
The lands embraced therein were set aside by act of Congress ap-
proved October 1, 1890 (26 Stat., 650), and were placed under the
supervision of the Secretary of the Interior. By the act of Febru-
ary 7, 1905 (33 Stat., 702), and the joint resolution of June 11, 1906
(34 Stat, 831), the boundaries were changed, excluding a total of
555.94 square miles therefrom and including a total of 168.35 square
miles not previously within the reservation, making the present area
of 1,124.41 square miles, or 719,622.40 acres. The second change in
boundaries included the recession of Yosemite Valley and Mariposa
Big Tree Grove to the Federal Government.
The troops detailed by the War Department, in compliance with
the request of the Secretary of the Interior and pursuant to General
Orders, No. 66, dated March 23, 1908, Headquarters Department of
California, for duty in the Yosemite National Park, consisting of
Troops I and M, Fourteenth Cavalry, and a detachment of Hospi-
tal Corps, U. S. Army, left the Presidio of San Francisco, Cal.,
on April 16, 1908, and marched to the Yosemite Valley, arriving
on April 28. All the supplies and equipment which had been shipped
from the Presidio of San Francisco on April 15 were found at the
camp on arrival.
The lack of a full quota of officers with the command was a great
drawback, but unfortunately could not be remedied, as neither of
the two squadrons stationed at the Presidio had more than half
the authorized number of officers on duty with them. There were
but four officers on duty at headquarters and with the two troops
designated for duty in the park. This number is totally inadequate
for thorough and careful performance of the duties required of the
command, and it is urgently requested that steps be taken looking
toward an increase in the number next season.
PATROLS.
Fifteen patrols, varying in size from 2 to 5 men each, were sta-
tioned at various points throughout the park, at distances varying
from 20 to 75 miles from the main camp, for the purpose of pre-
venting trespassing and other violations of the regulations. These
421
422 YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK.
patrols were visited and inspected by an officer as often as practicable,
and they were generally found to be performing their duties in an
efficient and satisfactory manner.
GRAZING.
No sheep whatever crossed the border and only an inconsiderable
number of cattle have been found within the park limits, and these
few have been close to the boundaries. No stock has been driven
through the reservation by permission of the acting superintendent.
Mr. J. B. Curtin, owner of patented lands in the park, when en-
deavoring to secure permission for cattlemen to graze their cattle
upon the lands of the Yosemite National Park, made the statement,
" In the Yosemite Park there are patented lands which the owners
have used for rounding stations, and allowed their cattle to run in
the park prior to the enforcement of the rigid rules regarding graz-
ing thereon." This permission, however, was not granted by the
Department and Mr. Curtin kept his stock off the park lands. He
had previously grazed cattle on some 1,200 acres of land which he
owned, or which being patented, was leased to him, and same being
all under fence. The fence was erected by him for the most part this
summer, under the direction and supervision of an officer on duty
with the troops. This land lay within sees. 16, 17, and 18, of T. 2 S.,
R. 20 E., Mount Diablo meridian. Other than this no stock was
pastured within the limits of the national park.
In the suit of J. B. Curtin v. H. C. Benson, acting superintendent,
et al., instituted in 1905, the court was asked to restrain the acting
superintendent from interfering with Curtin's cattle (which had been
allowed to stray in the park and the adjoining forest reserve), upon
the grounds that paragraphs 9 and 10 of the regulations promulgated
April 22, 1905 (now paragraphs 7 and 8 of the regulations of Feb-
ruary 29, 1908), were illegal and void. These paragraphs read as
follows :
Owners of patented lands within the park limits are entitled to the full use
and enjoyment thereof; such lands, however, shall have the metes and bounds
thereof so marked and defined that they may be readily distinguished from the
park lands. Stock may be taken over -the park lands to patented lands with the
written permission and under the supervision of the superintendent.
The herding or grazing of loose stock or cattle of any kind on the Government
lands in the park, as well as the driving of such stock or cattle over the same,
is strictly forbidden, except in such cases where authority therefor is granted
by the superintendent.
The case was instituted in the state court, but later removed to the
United, States circuit court for the northern district of California.
The decision of the court upheld the validity of the regulations
referred to, but appeal has been taken by the plaintiff to the Supreme
Court of the United States. It is not likely to be reached on the
calendar during the present term.
FOREST FIRES.
This has been one of the driest years in the history of the park.
There were no late spring rains and but very little snow fell during
the winter months. Early in June the country was exceedingly dry,
and it was only by constant vigilance and quick action that the entire
perk has not been swept by forest fires. Three fires started on the
floor of Yosemite Valley, due unquestionably to lighted cigars or
Y0SEM1TE NATIONAL PARK. 423
cigarettes having been thrown from stages, as they were discovered
within half an hour after the passing of stages along the roads.
These fires were promptly extinguished without any damage. A
large fire caused by lightning started on the southern border of the
park near Alder Creek, and required the combined efforts of the
rangers and a detail of 12 men to extinguish it. About 1 square
mile was burned over. A large fire started in the national forest
west of the park, near Hog ranch, and before it could be extinguished
had extended over about 5 square miles, doing considerable damage
to timber. Another fire occurred midway between the Hetch Hetchy
Valley and McGill's meadows, and though a large force was sent in
charge of officers, it was some two weeks before it could be completely
extinguished. Great credit is due to the officers and men, especially
to Captain Wells, for their energetic efforts and success in stopping
the fire.
GAME.
Game is on the decrease. Each reduction of the park has cut off
another portion of the winter resort of game. The western and
southwestern portions of the park, as originally established, were the
principal habitat of the deer and the only winter resort. This portion
has now been thrown into the national forest. There are more hunt-
ing permits granted in the State of California than there are deer in
the State, and as every person is allowed by law to kill 2 deer, and
does kill 4 or 5 if he can, it can readily be seen what small chance a
deer has for his life. This portion of the national forest has not
been accessible to the general hunter until the present year, but now,
with the new railroad, large numbers of hunters infest this country
and lie along the border of the park, shooting every animal that is
unfortunate enough to cross the boundary to get water. As water
exists in but few localities in this portion and mainly in springs
or very short streams the deer are forced to seek such points, and their
location is readily determined by the deer trail. The so-called
hunters secrete themselves along these trails and shoot every animal
that passes. Extensive and careful patrolling has been done within
the limits of the park to prevent hunting therein, and it is believed
that but few hunting parties have succeeded in remaining therein.
Had my instructions been complied with by the rangers one hunting
party would have been arrested and put out, but by falsehood and
misrepresentation this party made the rangers believe that they were
without arms and so escaped. I went in person to look them up and
followed their trail for over 40 miles in one day, but the}^ had crossed
the border before I could overtake them. People who are supposed
to be gentlemen, and are ordinarily so rated, for some reason consider
that it is not dishonorable to tell a lie about the arms in their pos-
session when they are on a hunting trip. The orders are explicit,
that whenever a number of men are encountered anywhere in the
park that their packs shall be inspected exactly as a person's baggage
is on entering a custom-house. In this way several parties have boon
detected and ejected from the reservation. Unless, however, steps
are taken by the State to insure the arrest and punishment of vio-
lators of the law the State of California will soon be without door.
A number of bear have been seen during the season and also a number
of grouse and mountain quail ; more than were seen last year, but >lill
the number is small.
424 YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK.
FISH.
The fish hatchery at Wawona was, as usual, operated this year by
the California Fish Commission. About 300,000 fry were hatched and
distributed in the waters of the park, the troops distributing about
100,000. In addition to this there were netted from some of the
smaller streams, which were dry during the summer, a number of fish,
which were then placed in streams that had not been previously
stocked. Some of the streams and lakes which were stocked about
ten years ago have now become so full of fish that it is impossible to
make a cast without having half a dozen immediately rise to the flies,
resulting in a double or treble catch. No better fishing ground than
the mountain streams of the Yosemite National Park exists anywhere.
FENCING.
It is again recommended that the western boundary of the park be
fenced, using therefor barbed wire and international steel posts.
There has been no trouble this year from trespassing of cattle or other
stock, except upon a portion of the western and southwestern bound-
ary. It is practically impossible to protect the entire western line
with the few outposts that can be established, and there results some
friction with the owners of cattle that are permitted to graze in the
forest reserve immediately up to the boundary, but are not allowed
to graze within the park. All of this friction could be easily avoided
by the construction of a fence as suggested. It would require about
50 miles of fence, which could readily be put up at a cost of not more
than $10,000; and it is believed that this would be one. of the wisest
measures that could be adopted for the prevention of friction and
misunderstanding with cattlemen.
PATENTED LANDS.
I can but repeat what I said in my last annual report with regard
to the patented lands lying within the limits of the park, and urge
even more strenuously that action be taken looking toward the acqui-
sition by the Government of these patented lands.
There are no persons now living upon patented lands within the
limits of the Yosemite National Park, with the exception of Mr.
Kibby, at Lake Eleanor. All patented lands upon which people were
living were excluded from the park by the joint resolution of June
11, 1906. The only patented lands now retained are timber claims
and a few claims that were taken up under the homestead act and
were never occupied as homesteads, but simply used as a pretext for
bringing in stock to stray upon the public lands. These private lands
are no longer of any value to their owners as there is not sufficient
grazing on them to keep half a dozen animals during summer. The
timber claims are valuable and are becoming more so each year. Some
of the finest sugar-pine timber in California lies within the limits of
the park, along the line of the road from Wawona to Chinquapin
station. Lumbermen from Michigan have been in the park this year
inspecting this timber and have obtained an option for its purchase.
The large tract of timber land which formerly was in the park, but
was excluded by the act of February 7, 1905, has already been pur-
chased by a lumber company, and a railroad is being constructed
directly into this timber, and active steps are being taken to put the
lumber upon the market. The Sugar Pine Lumber Company, which
YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK. 425
formerly was operating about 40 miles south of the Yosemite National
Park, has now completed its logging road (a steam narrow-gauge
railroad) to within 2 miles of the former southern limit of the park,
and the mountains are rapidly being denuded of all timber. This is
what will happen to the timber upon all the patented lands within
the limits of the park in a very short time unless these patented lands
are purchased by the Government and all private rights within the
limits of the park extinguished. This is a matter which needs urgent
attention and should no longer be neglected. It would be greatly to
the interests of the Government to purchase all private claims within
the park and thus extinguish them. The necessity of preserving the
forest in this portion of the park and of reducing the number of pri-
vate claims to such an extent as would justify the Federal Govern-
ment in purchasing the remaining claims was one of the main points
which caused the Yosemite Commission of 1904 to recommend the
reduction of the area of the park. This commission, as has every
other person who has been charged with the welfare of the park or
with making any recommendations with regard to it, recommended
that the Government immediately purchase and extinguish all private
rights. The acreage of timber and homestead claims in the park is
approximately 19,827 acres.
TELEPHONE SERVICE.
Through the courtesy of the War Department, sufficient material
was obtained for constructing a telephone line from the Yosemite
Valley to Hetch Hetchy, connecting with three outposts, one at
Crane Flat, one at Hog ranch, and the other at Hetch Hetchy. This
line was well put up in an exceedingly short space of time by Cap-
tain Wells, of the Fourteenth Cavalry, he having completed the en-
tire 35 miles within fifteen days. The work of patrolling that por-
tion of the park has been greatly facilitated by the use of this tele-
phone line, and the connection has also served very materially in the
work on forest fires. Immediate information in regard to fires at
Hog ranch and Hetch Hetchy were transmitted by this means, en-
abling large details to leave the valley immediately and arrive there
about two and one-half days earlier than they otherwise would have
been able to do. Incidentally, it was found of great convenience by
the reporters who accompanied the supervisors of San Francisco
when they were inspecting the Hetch Hetchy as a possible reservoir
site for a water system for San Francisco. The Pacific Telephone
and Telegraph Company, by permission of the department, con-
structed a line from El Portal, the terminus of the Yosemite Valley
Eailroad, to the Sentinel Hotel, in Yosemite Valley, so that now
both telegraphic and telephonic communication can be had with the
outside, world, which greatly facilitates business and adds much to
the convenience of the visitors.
ROADS, TRAILS, AND BRIDGES.
The condition of the roads in and about the Yosemite Valley is
deplorable. The one great drawback to the visitor's pleasure is the
fact that he is driven over rough roads so dusty that when he arrives
at his destination his dearest friend could not recognize him. Nearly
every visitor states " I can not see why something is not done to the
roads." Many add, " We have just come from the Yellowstone, where
4&6 YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK.
all the roads are watered, and we understood that such was the case
here; had we known it was so dreadful Ave never would have come."
It would be useless to attempt to put in a water system by which the
roads could be sprinkled until the roads themselves are properly con-
structed, as the entire pipe line would be destroyed in the work neces-
sary to properly build the roads. The roads should be widened,
macadamized, and watered. No macadamized road can be prevented
from raveling unless it is watered occasionally, either by natural rains
or artificially by sprinkling. In this climate, where there is often a
period of four or five months in which no rain falls, the use of
sprinkling carts on the roads is absolutely essential, both to keep
down the dust and to prevent the road from breaking up. The loca-
tion of the main road from the terminus of the Yosemite Valley Rail-
road to the Sentinel Hotel is definitely fixed, and consequently the
work on this road can be proceeded with when there are funds avail-
able for the purpose. The other roads should be carefully laid out
with the view to having them placed in the best location for artistic
effects and the general plan adopted at once before any great amount
of work is put upon them. It is urgently requested that an appro-
priation of not less than $150,000 be secured for putting the road
from El Portal to the hotels in proper condition. The visitors to the
valley are entitled to this consideration, and to my mind it is of first
importance.
During the past year about 3 miles of the worst portion of the road
was so far macadamized as to be ready for the top dressing. A
temporary dressing was put on, which has worked quite well, and this
portion of the road is remarked upon by every person coming over it.
About $17,000 was expended under two contracts with the Warren
Improvement Company last year, on a percentage basis, which was
found to be most satisfactory. A similar contract for aligning,
straightening, and macadamizing the road on the south side of the
Merced River, which will aggregate about $13,000, has been let this
year to Chadwick & Sykes, and work thereon is in progress.
In addition to the 15 miles of road extending from El Portal to
the Sentinel Hotel there are about 15 miles on the floor of the valley.
These are all dusty and unpleasant to travel upon, and should receive
attention as soon as the main road is repaired. Besides these roads
there are 4 miles of road leading in the direction of Wawona, which
originally lay within the state grant, and -1 miles leading toward
Groveland, which was formerly a part of the Big Oak Flat road.
Other than these all roads lying within the park are toll roads, being
the Big Oak Flat, Coulterville, and Wawona roads, which are kept in
fair condition by the corporations owning them, and the Tioga road,
which is not passable except for people on horseback. The owners
of the latter road attempt to keep up the appearance of control over
said road by sending out a wagon during the last week in August and
cutting their way through the woods, sometimes on the old road bed
and sometimes off.
There are three main trails leading from the floor of the valley to
the top of the rim about the valley. These trails are traveled by
about 10,000 people each season and require constant care. They are
in quite good condition, but it needs constant work to maintain them.
The total length of these trails is about 24 miles. The trails through-
out the park proper are in fair condition, but as very little work has
been done on them since they were originally built, some need repair-
YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK.
427
ing. This can readily be done at small expense by employing day
labor. The following trails have been constructed this season by
Thomas H. Carter, working under contract, for the sum of $3,500:
From Rancheria Mountain, via Bear Valley, to Kerrick Canyon;
from Kerrick Canyon, via Slide Canyon, to Matterhorn, connecting
with existing trails. The northern part of the park is noAV practi-
cally supplied with trails, except a portion leading from Lake
Eleanor over toward Twin Lakes.
The following bridge improvements have been made during the
past year : The Pohono bridge has been replaced, and the iron bridge
near the Sentinel Hotel repaired, for $2,385 and $993, respectively,
both jobs having been done under contract by the Mervy-Elwell Com-
pany; and the bridge over the Merced River above Kenneyville
(upper bridge) has been repaired by dav labor, the total expenditure
being $939.75.
HETCH HETCHY VALLEY.
The Hetch Hetchy has been brought more prominently to the
notice of visitors this year than ordinarily, with the result that a
larger number of people have visited it. It is one of the most inter-
esting features of the park and should be made easy of access by a
wagon road, which could be built at a very reasonable cost. From
this valley numerous side trips by easy trails are available. Lake
Eleanor, Lake Vernon, Rancheria Mountain, and Till Till Valley
are all within an easy day's ride and return from the valley. Tilden
Lake, Pleasant Valley, and Jack Mains Canyon are within an easy
day's ride, the return trip being made the following day,
CONCESSIONS.
The following concessions were held in Yosemite National Park
during the season extending from November 1, 1907, to October 31,
1908:
Concessions in Yosemite Park.
Name.
For what grantei
Expiration.
Animal
rental.
Leases.
Cook, J. B
Do
Coffman & Kenney
Jorgensen, Chris...
Permits.
Numbers.
Best, H. C 1
Boysen, J. T 2
Clark, Galen 3
Coffman & Kenney 4
Degnan, John . . . .* 5
Degnan, Mrs. John 6
Fiske, Geo 7
Folev, D.J -. 8
Leitch.B. M 9
Salter, Nelson L 10
Cook.J.B 11
Curry, David A 12
Yosemite Stage and Turnpike Co. 13
Sell, W. M M
Yosemite Transportation Co 15
Pillsbury, A. C 10
Total
Sentinel Hotel
Glacier Point Hotel
Livery
Studio .
Oct. 31,1908
do
do
Oct. 81.1914
Studio; sale of photographs Oct. 31,1908
do do
Residence do
Blacksmith shop do
Residence do
Sale of bread do
Photography do
Printing office and sale guide books do
Cabin in Mariposa Big Tree Grove do
and sale of photographsand curios.
Merchandise store and camping out- do
fits.
Public camp Oct, 31,1909
....do : Oct. 31,1908
Transportation and stables do
Publiccamp Oct. 31,1910
Transportation and stables : Oct. 31.1908
Photography do
$2, 000
200
1
250
250
1
•10
20
1
20
250
20
600
600
500
1,250
600
2. W0
250
9,603
428 YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK.
The Coffman & Kenney livery lease includes numerous buildings
forming what is locally known as " Kenneyville," also large tracts of
land on the floor of the valley. A new lease, running for a period of
two years, will be granted for the livery privilege, stables and dwell-
ings, together with a much smaller tract of land. Although this firm
had previously indicated that they would very much like to retain
the present acreage, but were willing to accept the lease as offered by
the department, they later made application through Congressmen
for retention of the same. This has been opposed for several reasons,
and it was also reported against by Mr. M. O. Leighton, special san-
itary expert, sent from the department to investigate the conditions
of the water supply and drainage in the Yosemite Valley.
The Jorgensen lease includes about 5 acres of land, two dwelling
houses, a stable and other outhouses, located in the immediate vicin-
ity of Sentinel Hotel — one of the finest sites in the valley; for this
lease, and the privilege of selling his paintings, he pays the absurdly
low price of $1 a year, having secured this concession for a long term
from the state commissioners, when it became apparent that the val-
ley would be receded to the Federal Government. This is recognized
as an unconscionable bargain, but the lease was so framed that its
revocation is practically impossible.
HOTELS AND CAMPS.
Attention is again invited to the lack of first-class hotel accommo-
dations. There is but one hotel on the floor of the valley, which was
built many years ago, when it was very difficult to bring in material,
and, as is to be expected, it is not a hotel supplied with modern con-
veniences. It is well managed and the best service given that can be
expected under the conditions, but a new hotel, equipped in a first-
class manner in every respect, is quite essential. This lease includes
considerable land not now occupied or used by Mr. Cook, which, as
has been recommended, should be omitted from any future concession.
A heating plant and other improvements to the hotels have been in-
stalled by the department, at a cost of $4,000.
As yet no conclusions have been reached by Mr. Frank A. Miller
in the selection of a site for the erection of a $500,000 modern hotel,
in pursuance of his approved application for such privilege, for which
a ten-year contract will be executed at the proper time. In the ab-
sence of definite action by Mr. Miller the department has signified its
willingness to extend the lease of the Sentinel and Glacier Point
hotels to Mr. J. B. Cook for the period of one year from November
1, 1908, in order that tourists may not be without the necessary
accommodations. Certain portions of the tract now leased, however,
which are valuable for other purposes, are likely to be eliminated
from such neAv lease.
" Camp Yosemite," located near Yosemite Falls, was enlarged and
newly equipped during the past season by Mr. Cook, the licensee;
" Camp Curry," immediately beneath Glacier Point, was newly
equipped and continued without increase in facilities; "Camp
Ahwahnee," W. M. Sell, licensee, situated near the foot of the Glacier
Point trail, was installed this year. The latter camp is practically
under the same management as the hotel at Fl Portal, just outside of
the park boundary. By the enlargement of the first-mentioned camp
YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK. 429
and the establishment of a new one all visitors have been comfortably
cared for and there has been no overcrowding during the season.
RIGHTS OF WAY.
By the acts of February 7, 1905, and June 11, 1906, certain por-
tions of the park were eliminated and included in the Sierra National
Forest (a part of which is now known as Stanislaus National Forest),
and for rights of way over such segregated portions the Secretary
of the Interior was authorized to exact a compensation, the proceeds
from such sources to be applied to the Yosemite National Park reve-
nue fund and used for the improvement thereof. The following
cases have been considered under the provisions of such legislation :
The Yosemite Valley Railroad Company, running from Merced,
Cal., was, under date of September 5, 1905, granted a right of way
up the Merced River Canyon to the park boundary, for which it pays
an annual rental of $1,000. On account of topography a wagon
road was necessary to get the passengers from the terminus, El Portal,
into the Yosemite Valley, and this the company constructed, with
the permission of the department, at a total cost of approximately
$80,000 for about 4J miles of road, and when completed the road was
turned over to the Government to be a public highway, subject only
to the control of the United States.
The Fresno Traction Company in 1906, during the pendency of
the joint resolution accepting the recession by the State of the Yo-
semite Valley and Mariposa Big Tree Grove, urged Members of
Congress to have the bill amended so as to eliminate from the park
a strip of land on the southwest, to enable it to secure a right of way
for an electric railroad to reach a point near Yosemite Valley via
Wawona, to carry only passengers, baggage, and incidental freight,
but not to include the conveyance of any timber, lumber, or like
materials cut at any point within the Yosemite National Park, or
nearer thereto than Wawona, without the permission of the Secretary
of the Interior, and stipulating that it would purchase not less than
$25,000 worth of patented timber lands along such route (in the
segregated portion), with a view to the better preservation of the
forests, subject to an option of the Government to purchase, and
that a wagon road would be constructed from its terminus to the
system of roads reaching Yosemite Valley. Although it was upon
these representations that the second segregation took place, the
Fresno Traction Company has as yet taken no action toward secur-
ing the right of way referred to.
An application was filed by Augustus H. Ward for a right of way
for conduit to convey water from the Merced River at a point lying
on patented lands alleged to be in his ownership to a power house
on other patented lands owned by him, all lying in the segregated
portion of Yosemite National Park, for the purpose of generating
electrical power for commercial purposes. He has, however, up to
the present time refused to consent to pay the compensation fixed by
the department and was not permitted to commence construction
work.
Application was made by H. C. Oakley et al. for rights of way for
dams, flumes, power houses, transmission lines, etc., within the Sierra
National Forest, a portion lying within T. 4 S., Rs. 26 and 27 E.,
430 YOSEMITE NATIONAL PAKK.
M. D. M., in the first segregation from the park, and permits were
issued last year by the Forest Service, providing, among other things,
that the permittees should " begin bona fide construction within
twelve months and complete within four years after notice from the
forester that construction may begin, unless the time is extended by
written consent of the forester." An extension of time was granted
to September 1, 1908, but no construction work was done, and a com-
pensation contract has not yet been executed with the Interior Depart-
ment.
The Sierra Ditch and Water Company (transferee of William Ham
Hall) was, under date of July 30, 1908, granted a right of way for
the Cherry Valley reservoir site, in sees. 16, 17, 20, 21, 27, 28, 32, and 33,
T. 2 N., E. 19 E., M. D. M., covering about 630 acres of land owned
by the United States, located entirely upon the segregated portion
now in the Stanislaus National Forest. The compensation was fixed
by the department at $945 per annum, the company to pay addi-
tional amounts for the timber cut or submerged.
Under date of May 20, 1908, the Pacific Telephone and Telegraph
Company was granted special-use permits to extend its line through
the Sierra National Forest to the Yosemite National Park boundary,
and from such point into Yosemite Valley, the consideration being
the free use of such facilities for government business to or from the
park, with a provision that a rental may be exacted when the circum-
stances warrant.
One H. M. Kuns secured a permit from the Forest Service during
the present year to construct a ditch to convey water from the Merced
River for the operation of a stamp mill for crushing ore taken from a
mine owned by him, the Interior Department consenting, in this and
other instances to make no charge where the exercise of the privilege
inures only to the benefit of the applicant. The right is reserved,
however, to exact compensation when commercial use is made of the
privileges granted.
SAN FRANCISCO WATER SUPPLY.
In 1907 the Secretary of the Interior granted a hearing at San
Francisco in regard to reopening the matter of granting reservoir
rights of way in the Hetch Hetchy Valley and at Lake Eleanor, in
the Yosemite National Park, for the furnishing of an adequate supply
of Sierra water for the city of San Francisco, under an application
of James D. Phelan, former mayor of the city, which had been filed
October 15, 1901, later assigned to the city, and denied by the de-
partment. Mr. Marsden Manson, C. E., city engineer, department of
public works, was given authority to act for the city, and after ex-
tended hearings, conferences, and the submission of briefs for and
against the proposition, the Secretary, in the exercise of the discre-
tion vested in him by the act of February 15, 1901, reinstated the
Phelan application on May 11, 1908, and granted the option which
the city of San Francisco desired, until the matter could be submitted
to the voters and definite action taken, upon the filing of certain
stipulations affording ample protection to the park lands and to the
rights of the Modesto and Turlock irrigation districts to the use of
the flow of the Tuolumne River, The stipulations also provide,
YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK. 431
among other things, that the Lake Eleanor site shall be developed to
its full capacity before beginning the development of the Hetch
Hetchy site.
EMPLOYEES.
There are 5 regular employees in the park administrative force ; a
supervisor, at $1,200 per annum; a chief electrician, at $1,200; a
plumber, at $1,000; one park ranger, at $1,000, and one at $900. The
$ ollowing are employed during the tourist season only : An assistant
electrician, at $90 per month, and a stenographer, at $75 per month.
BUILDINGS.
There are 46 buildings in the valley, all but 1 are frame, the excep-
tion being the Le Conte memorial lodge, which is constructed of stone.
These buildings constitute the residences, barns, stables, and out-
houses used by the concessioners and the department. The power
house is a frame building, in god condition, but the installing of
the machinery was very poorly done, and there is great need of re-
pairs. The barns and stables are all in good condition. The resi-
dences are, for the most part, unsightly and totally unsuited to the
valley. The building occupied by the supervisor is a log cabin, built
forty-odd years ago and is in imminent danger of collapsing. The
house occupied by Mr. Degnan is rather an attractive cottage and is in
good condition. The hotel buildings in the main are very old and
rather dilapidated, and are not in keeping with the valley itself.
The superintendent's office is a frame building, the most recently
constructed of any; this was simply a patched-over building moved
from another locality, but it is still serviceable. The village, so
called, has grown up since 1900, and resembles the temporary houses
built for a county fair more than the residences and offices of a
government institution.
POWER PLANT, WATER DISTRIBUTION, AND SANITATION.
The power plant is at present in a precarious condition, due to the
fact that the pipe furnishing the water runs through a tunnel of
loose earth and rock, which tunnel has already caved in, and there is
imminent danger of the plant being put out of commission at any
moment. The reports submitted to the department by Mr. Leighton
on September 22 and December 4, 1907 (Appendix B), are respect-
fully referred to as showing the urgency of this matter. The pipe
of this line is of very thin material, being of the riveted form made
in sections with slip joints similar to ordinary stove pipe. The in-
stallation of the machinery was also very defective, as is shown by the
report of the chief electrician herewith (Appendix C). The capacity
of the plant should be increased. All the power that it can supply is
now disposed of, and as it is highly probable that there will be an
increased demand for both power and light it would also be a good
business proposition. The matter of increasing the water supply for
the power house is closely connected with the installation of a proper
water distribution system throughout the valley. At present the sys-
tem is very imperfect; the water supply itself is excellent, coming
from a spring at the head of one of the small canyons, but the dis-
432 YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK.
tributing system is in a deplorable condition. It consists of the
cheapest form of riveted pipe, which has been laid for some time, and
is constantly breaking and causing an infinite amount of trouble and
annoyance. As shown by Mr. Leighton's estimate, it would cost
about $40,000 to put in the proper pipe for supplying the power
house and the water for the distributing system as far as the power
house. The distributing system for the valley proper would cost
$122,370 more. It is earnestly requested that at least $40,000 be
secured during the next fiscal year. Early in the season certain sug-
gestions of Mr. Leighton relative to sewage disposal at Camp Ahwah-
nee, Camp Curry, and Kenneyville, the collection of garbage from
hotels, etc., were carried out.
UNDERBRUSH.
Attention is again invited to the necessity for removing the under-
brush and young trees that have taken complete possession of the
floor of the valley during the last fifteen years. As it is at present,
the floor of the valley resembles a jungle. The views from nearly all
points along the road have been cut off, and the trees are so thick
that none of them can possibly amount to anything. If the trees
were thinned out, careful selection being made to leave the best, a
beautiful forest could be secured instead of the thicket which now
exists.
VISITORS.
The total number of visitors to the valley during the past season of
1908 Avas about 8,850, an increase of 1,748 over the previous year. Of
this number, about 7,381 came in over the Yosemite Valley Railroad,
and were transported from El Portal to the valley by the Yosemite
Transportation Company. This number was, however, largely made
up of excursions for which reduced rates were paid. One thousand
four hundred and sixty-nine people came in by private conveyance,
either in wagons or on horseback. Of the 7,381 tourists, 3,012 took
the trip from the valley to the Mariposa Big Tree Grove with the
Yosemite Stage and Turnpike Company. Many of the people who
came in by private conveyance also drove through to the Mariposa
Big Tree Grove, though the percentage was probably not very great.
The 7,381 tourists were distributed among the camps and hotels
approximately as follows: Sentinel Hotel, 2,777; Camp Yosemite,
2,004; Camp Curry, 1,350; and Camp Ahwahnee, 1,250. About
2,000 of these also spent one night at Glacier Point Hotel or camp.
YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK. 433
ESTIMATES.
The following are the estimates for the expenditures required dur-
ing the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910 :
Estimates for fiscal year 1910.
FOR THE PROTECTION AND IMPROVEMENT OF YOSEMITE VALLEY.
1. Day labor in repairing existing trails, roads, culverts, etc $4,000
2. Care of camps, policing, sanitation, etc 3,000
3. Pay of chief electrician 1,200
4. Pay of assistant electrician, seven months 630
5. Pay of supervisor 1,200
6. Pay of plumber 1,000
7. Pay of stenographer, ten months 750
8. Pay of stenographer, two months 100
9. Purchase of draft animals 600
10. Purchase of three water carts to be used in the watering of roads__ 2, 100
11. Purchase of three teams for water carts 2, 400
12. Purchase of forage for three teams to be used on water carts 1, 500
13. Purchase of forage for draft teams 500
14. Purchase of material and installation of water system as far as the
power house 40, 000
15. Purchase of material and installation of water distribution system.- 123, 000
16. For construction of macadamized roads 150,000
17. For the removal of underbrush, dead timber, etc 20, 000
18. Building of quarters for the supervisor to replace present unservice-
able building 2, 500
19. For the purchase of the necessary pipe and water tanks to provide
for road sprinkling 18,000
Total 372,480
FOR THE PROTECTION AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK PROPER.
1. For the necessary wire, brackets, insulators, and nails to construct a
telephone system connecting Yosemite Valley with outposts, 200
miles $2, 000
2. Pay of two park rangers 2,000
3. For the construction of a barbed-wire fence with international steel
posts along the western boundary of the park, about 60 miles 10,000
4. For the construction of a trail from Mirror Lake via Mount Wat-
kins to Lake Tenaya, 15 miles, more or less 3,500
5. Construction of a trail from Merced Lake up the Merced River
Canyon to the head of the Merced near Isberg Pass, 25 miles,
more or less 5,000
6. Construction of trail from the head of Lyell Fork meadows to the
foot of the glacier on Lyell, 8 miles, more or less 1,000
Total 23,500
RECOMMENDATIONS.
1. It is urgently recommended that an appropriation of not less
than $150,000 be secured for the widening, macadamizing, and
watering of the main road leading from El Portal to the Sentinel
Hotel. This is of first importance.
2. That the water system be enlarged and the power plant increased.
3. That ample hotel accommodations be provided.
4. That all patented lands lying within the present limits of the
park be condemned and purchased by the Government, especially
the timber claims, on which the timber is likely to be soon destroyed
if not purchased.
58920— int 1908— vol 1 28
434
YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK,
5. That the western boundary be fenced.
6. That a permanent military post be established.
7. That Congress enact a law defining what is prohibited in the
Yosemite National Park and fixing a penalty for the violation of the
same. Every acting superintendent of the park has felt the necessity
for and has recommended the enactment of laws prescribing penal-
ties for violations of the rules and regulations. Even when laws or
regulations are violated, no way is provided for bringing the offend-
ers to trial, there being no United States commissioner or district
court within 100 miles of the park. I strongly recommend that the
Yosemite National Park be made a United States court district and
a resident commissioner be appointed. The rangers could serve as
deputy marshals without interfering with their other duties. If
appropriate legislation is enacted and a commissioner appointed,
trespassing upon the park could more readily be brought to an end
and without causing the friction which sometimes arises from en-
forcing the rules and regulations with the means at hand. The rigor-
ous enforcement thereof with the present facilities puts a stop to
trespassing, but causes complaint.
Very respectfully,
H. C. Benson,
Major Fourteenth Cavalry,
Acting Superintendent Yosemite National Park.
The Secretary or the Interior.
APPENDIXES.
APPENDIX A.
ROADS IN YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK.
Department of the Interior
United States Reclamation Service,
Phoenix, Ariz., December 10, 1907.
Dear Sir: In accordance with your orders I visited the Yosemite Park and
consulted with Major Benson concerning roads already built and to be built in
and about the park.
Since you were there Major Benson has built about a mile of road on the
left-hand side of the river and has very greatly improved a section of the road
on the right-hand side of the river just above the entrance to the park. The
first roads to be constructed and made into first-class highways are as follows :
First. The main road leading from the entrance of the park just above El
Portal to the Yosemite Valley. This road as now constructed is too narrow in
most places, too irregular in its grades, and improperly surfaced. It will be
necessary to widen it, so as to have a total width of from 14 to 20 feet, depend-
ing upon the topography. It will probably be cheapest to surface the lower end
of this road with material to be found along the line of the railroad a compara-
tively short distance below El Portal. The material above El Portal is nearly
all a very fine-grained granite, which under traffic will crush into dust. This
road should be kept watered, as over it will pass practically all the traffic that
enters the park. This can readily be done by building water tanks at frequent
intervals and supplying these tanks from the springs and small waterfalls along
the line. It will require quite a large amount of pipe and a number of tanks, but
with the material at present in the park it will be impossible to maintain
this road in any shape unless it is kept well watered.
Second. The roads within the boundaries of the valley leading to the various
points of interest. These roads now exist as simple driveways cut out through
the undergrowth and with the least amount of work done on them that was
possible. By careful location and construction they can be made into first-class
roads 20 feet wide without serious expense per mile.
Third. Roads leading from the valley to points of interest at the top of the
cliffs surrounding the valley. One of these roads will start near the Sentinel
Hotel, follow up, in a general way, the Merced River above the present power
house, thence winding upward past Vernal and Nevada falls, turning west-
ward until it crosses Illilouette Creek, will finally reach Glacier Point. This
road, if properly located, could be built so as to give along almost its entire
course a magnificent view of the Yosemite Valley.
Fourth. Another road joining this road at Glacier Point can be built follow-
ing along the top and as near the edge of the cliffs as possible, in a general
westerly direction until it finally joins the present Wawona road, winding back
down this road, or better, over a new road built later to take its place, back into
the Yosemite Valley.
Later on other roads can be laid out along the same general lines on the
north side of the valley.
About $150,000 can be most advantageously spent next year upon the roads
already existing in the valley and the road from El Portal to Yosemite. If a
regular appropriation of about $150,000 a year can be secured after this, the
roads and trails in and around this valley will after a few years compare
favorably with those in the Yellowstone Park. An appropriation of a much
435
436 YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK.
less amount would necessitate an organization which would increase the price
per mile of the road materially.
In the future I would suggest that all bridges be made arch bridges of either
reenforced concrete or granite. The cost of a first-class reenforced concrete
bridge, including its abutments and approaches, is really not so very much
greater than that of a steel bridge when its abutments and approaches are
taken into consideration. The concrete bridge is much more satisfactory from
a maintenance as well as from an artistic point of view.
I would also recommend that all structures of whatever kind forming parts
of these roads be of the most permanent character, as experience on the roads
constructed in Arizona has proved that first-class construction is more econom-
ical in the end. In four years we have practically replaced every wooden
structure we had on our road, except some of the main bridges which are
located in places where they can readily be inspected and painted. We would
not have used wooden bridges at all on our roads if the roads had been
designed for permanent use.
Appropriations for building and repair of roads in the Yosemite National Park
should be in such form that the details of its expenditure should be left to the
judgment of the man in charge. It is almost impossible to foresee how much
of the money available must be spent on bridges, on equipment, and on labor.
If possible, the appropriation should be obtained in such form as not to hamper
Major Benson in any way.
Very respectfully, Louis C. Hill,
Supervising Engineer,
Hon. James R. Garfield,
Secretary Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C.
Department of the Interior,
United States Reclamation Service,
Dear Sir : Your letter of December 16 was received upon my return from Roose-
velt. Some of the information desired by you can only be obtained after careful
surveys have been made over the lines of the proposed roads. The following,
however, is an approximate statement as to the length and average cost of these
roads. Excepting that portion of the road in the canyon just above El Portal,
all the roads in the bottom of the park proper should average $12,000 to $15,000
per mile. The road from Yosemite to Glacier Point, which will pass Vernal and
Nevada Falls and swing along the edges of the bluff, will have a length of
about 14 miles, 5 miles of which might cost as high as $40,000 per mile and the
remaining 9 miles with surfacing will probably average about $25,000 per
mile. The road from Glacier Point running generally in a westerly direction
along the tops of the cliffs joining the Wawona road and following it part of
the way down into the valley, will have a length of about 18 miles and will
probably ultimately cost $20,000 a mile, including surfacing.
I did not investigate, and can not very well do so from the maps, the roads
on the north side of the Yosemite River which should, some time in the far
future, be built to the top of El Capitan and to the top of Yosemite Falls. These
roads will probably cost somewhat less per mile than those on the south side
of the river.
Of course, the costs stated here are estimates based simply on the knowledge
of the cost of building roads in a somewhat similar country. An accurate
estimate could only be made after careful surveys of the proposed roads had
been made.
The road from Yosemite via Vernal and Nevada Falls to the top of Glacier
Point would make the road down at Fish Creek appear rather insignificant.
The highest point at Fish Creek is about 800 feet above the bottom, while at
Glacier Point the highest point is about 3,500 feet above the valley.
I recommended that a sum of money be appropriated to have surveys made of
the proposed roads in order that the appropriation for the roads can be ex-
pended to the best advantage by Major Benson, as it can be when he has the
whole scheme mapped out beforehand.
Wry respectfully, Louis C. Hill,
Supervising Engineer.
Hon. James R. Gabpield,
Secretary Department of the Interior,
Washington, D. C.
YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK. 437
APPENDIX B.
SANITARY CONDITIONS AND WATER SUPPLY.
En Route from Duluth, Minn.,
September 27, 1907.
My Dear Mr. Secretary: In compliance with your request, made during the
visit of the Inland Waterways Commission to Cleveland, that I prepare a state-
ment concerning the conditions in Yosemite Valley, I respectfully present the
following :
Shortly after leaving Yosemite Valley I forwarded, through the Director of
the Geological Survey, a recommendation that no further concession be granted
for Camp Curry on its present site, and setting forth briefly my reasons therefor.
Since that time the proprietor of Camp Curry has forwarded to you a protest
against the enforcement of any change in his camp site, a copy of which he
kindly sent to me. I am of the opinion that if he desires to confine the capacity
of his camp to 200 guests, there will be no difficulty in making sanitary the sur-
roundings at the present site. The principal reason for my original recommen-
dation was that it was Mr. Curry's professed intention to increase his capacity
to 500 guests. In view of his statement that he would prefer to reduce his
capacity, rather than be compelled to move his camp, I recommend that a con-
cession be granted for the present site, on condition that he confine the capacity
of his camp to 200 guests, and upon the further condition that he immediately
construct a sewerage and a sewage-disposal system, according to plans approved
by the Secretary of the Interior.
The most important consideration in connection with the maintenance of
Yosemite Valley as a tourist resort is the water supply. The present supply is
entirely inadequate, although of superior quality. It is derived from a spring
at the foot of Glacier Point. Occasionally it is necessary to draw upon the
power pipe line running from an intake on Merced River, about one-half a mile
above the power house, to the site of the present power plant. It may confi-
dently be expected that with the increase of travel into the valley the capacity
of the spring will be overtaxed within a short time. Indeed, if proper distri-
bution equipment were installed in the valley it would have been insufficient
during the last season. I am therefore of the opinion that it will be necessary
to abandon the spring as a source of supply for the valley, and draw the entire
supply from the upper Merced River. This change should be made as soon as
possible, and there is involved the expenditure of a considerable sum of money.
The present pipe line, power plant, water-distribution service, etc., were
installed when the valley was in state ownership. The pipe line conducting
the water to the power house is constructed of the cheapest possible material,
a thin riveted pipe, made in sections with slip joints, somewhat similar to tbose
of the ordinary stovepipe. No riveting was done at these joints, and the pipe
along its entire length is constantly in a leaky condition. In addition to this, the
material is so thin that it has rusted through in several places. Furthermore,
through a part of the distance the pipe was laid in a sort of tunnel, constructed
through an accumulation of loose bowlders, sand, etc. The tunnel is entirely
without reenforcement and is constantly caving, so that at the present time
it is impossible to inspect the pipe line for a considerable distance, and there
is imminent danger that the caving tunnel will release a bowlder of sufficient
weight to collapse the thin pipe and shut off the power plant entirely. The
whole construction, so far as the pipe line is concerned, is an engineering botch,
suggesting an entire lack of responsibility on the part of former authorities in
charge of the valley, or worse. It is absolutely necessary that some steps be
taken at the earliest moment to replace the pipe line; otherwise the valley
may be in darkness during the next tourist season.
Inasmuch as it will be necessary to replace the pipe line, I recommend that
it be made of a size sufficient to supply all the power that may reasonably be
needed in the valley and also to supply at least 1,000.000 gallons a day for
consumption by settlers and campers. It is probable that there are only a few
days in any tourist season that the consumption of 1.000,000 gallons per day
would be required, nevertheless I believe it wise to install up to that capacity,
principally by reason of the fact that it would insure an excellent fire protec-
tion, and again because no one can tell how heavy the traffic into the valley
will become under the new management and increased transportation facilities.
438 YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK.
I will present later, in a detailed report, specifications and estimates of cost for
such a pipe line.
The water-distribution service in the valley is worse, if it is possible, than
the pipe line above described. It is built largely of the same material, has an
enormous leakage, and is a constant source of annoyance and expense for
repairs. It is my purpose to recommend a new distribution system, consisting
of two 6-inch mains running down the valley along the two main roads on
each side of the river, and after being reduced to 3 inches in diameter a short
distance below the Sentinel Hotel to be carried down to a junction at El Capi-
tan Bridge. Proper taps should be made from this water main, and especially
should there be hydrants located along the roads for tire protection. Smaller
hydrants should also be installed at the camp sites. I will present specifica-
tions and estimates for this in a later communication.
At the present time the public camp sites in the valley are all above Yosemite
Hotel, the reason being that the water in Merced River below is polluted, and,
with the exception of Bridal Veil Creek, there is no other water supply in the
lower part of the valley. It is for this reason that I propose to recommend a
somewhat extended water distribution system as far as El Capitan Bridge.
With proper hydrant facilities, campers will not be forced to use the polluted
Merced water. After considerable thought I am forced to the belief that it will
be impossible to maintain the waters of Merced River in a condition fit for
domestic consumption in the raw state. It would, of course, be possible to
purify the sewage matter now discharged into the river from the Sentinel
Hotel and other places similarly situated, but this will in no wise guarantee a
sufficiently pure water supply from the Merced River. Wherever people are
closely gathered in camps, hotels, etc., it may be expected as a certainty that the
natural drainage of this occupied land will be sufficiently contaminated to be
dangerous. In fact, the surreptitious pollutions from camp sites may always
prevail, unless a battalion of troops be placed in charge of the valley, and I
doubt whether this number of guardians would be effectual. Therefore it is my
belief that the Government should accept the position that the pollution of
Merced River is unavoidable and prepare its policy and its improvement in
Yosemite Valley with that in view. The distribution of water through the pipe
lines above noted will obviate the necessity for using the river water, and I will
present in a later communication detailed plans and estimates for such pro-
tective works as appear to be necessary to install at such places as Yosemite
Hotel, Camp Curry, etc.
The present pasturage concession of Coffman and Kenney should be revoked
as soon as the legal requirements and proprieties in the matter will permit.
This concession is a large one and contains several first-class camp sites, to
which visitors in the valley should have free admission.
It is my purpose to recommend further a daily collection of garbage through-
out the entire valley during the tourist season. This work should be placed in
the hands of a superintendent, and not left to the individual concessioners.
Very respectfully, yours,
M. O. Leighton,
Chief Hydrographer, U. Sf. Geological Surrey.
The Honorable Secretary of the Interior.
Department of the Interior,
United States Geological Survey,
Water Resources Branch,
Washington, D. C, December Jh 1901.
Sir : I have the honor to submit herewith a report of my investigation of the
sanitary conditions in Yosemite Valley, California, together with certain recom-
mendations designed for the improvement of these conditions.
Yosemite Valley may be divided into two parts with reference to its sanitary
condition — that above Sentinel Hotel and that below. This condition is largely
controlled by the quality of water In Merced River. Above Sentinel Hotel the
river is regarded as unpolluted and the campers are accustomed to use the
water for drinking purposes. Below this hotel the water is grossly polluted and
the superintendent of the park very properly refused to permit campers to
occupy any of the sites along the lower portion of the valley. There is little
YOSEMTTE NATIONAL PARK. 439
water during the camping season except that from the Merced. There are many
excellent camp sites in the lower end of the valley, fully as attractive as those
in the upper end; yet, under the present conditions, they will continue to be
unavailable.
It will be impossible to exclude polluting substances from Merced River after
it reaches the valley camps. This is especially true of that part below Sentinel
Hotel and the surrounding village. A large amount of sewage must be dis-
charged from these buildings, and, although it is possible to introduce sewage-
purification systems which will render the effluent nonputrescible and
chemically satisfactory, these systems furnish no absolute safeguard against
the escape into the river of disease germs that may be in the sewage. Such
escape would surely occur occasionally and it is these occasional pollutions of,
water supplies that have caused the greatest and most explosive outbreaks of
typhoid fever that have occurred in the United States.
Above Sentinel Hotel there is no direct pollution ; nevertheless, the water
can not be regarded as fit for human consumption at all times. Wherever people
congregate in large or small numbers it may be regarded as certain that there
will be incidental and sometimes surreptitious pollutions that can not be
guarded against and that are the result of thoughtlessness or intent. In ad-
dition to this, the drainage from occupied land into the river can not be regarded
as at all times safe. Therefore, my first recommendation is that no attempt be
made to retain Merced River in its pristine purity, and that, while sewage-
purification systems should be installed so that the river will not become foul,
no dependence should be placed on this part of the river as a source of water
supply. It is therefore recommended that a new water supply system be
installed, the specifications concerning which are given in the following
paragraphs :
SEWAGE DISPOSAL.
The present methods of sewage disposal in the public camps seem to be
fairly satisfactory. This is largely due to the diligence of the superintendent.
With the increase of travel in the valley and the occupation of new camp sites,
and especially if water supplies are conducted to these sites, special provisions
should be made for taking care of the sewage. Each site should be provided
with an improved form of sink and drain, the proper use of which should be
enforced.
The sewage-disposal system at Camp Yosemite is sufficient for the present
needs. It is a broad irrigation system which will probably give satisfaction
for a few years. The ground upon which the sewage is now turned is not the
best that could be desired, but, so long as it works with the present satisfaction,
I recommend that no change be made.
The sewage-disposal system at Camp Curry is quite unsatisfactory. Certain
references were made to this in a preliminary report, and a recommendation
was made that the proprietor of this camp be allowed to retain his concession
provided he limits the capacity of his camp to 200 guests and installs a sew-
erage system in accordance with instructions. I recommend in this case that
a line of pipe be laid from the various receptacles in the camp across the road
and terminate in the orchard which is now a part of the Coffman and Kenney
concession. This ground is well suited for subirrigation, and a series of distri-
bution pipes should be laid so that the effluent from the camp will be distributed
over a wide area. The pipe from the camp should lead into a small, tightly
cemented cesspool, from near the top of which the distribution system should
run. This will provide retention for the solid matter in the sewage and only
the overflow or liquid matter will be distributed into the ground.
A similar arrangement should be made for the group of buildings in the sec-
tion known as Kenneyville and for such other sections as from time to time
grow up in the valley.
The main village, the nucleus of which is Sentinel Hotel, should be provided
with a main intercepting sewer of a diameter of 8 inches, which shall conduct
all the sewage down along the river bank to a point at which there is a suit-
able area for the construction of a septic tank in which the sewage can be par-
tially purified before it is discharged into the river.
No special directions can be given concerning the details of the various
sewerage systems above recommended. The construction should be in charge
of a competent person, and the work should be done at the expense of the
concessioners. The adaptability of any particular system of sewage disposal
depends on local conditions, and wherever small systems are installed, like
440 YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK.
those above recommended, the details of construction must be varied according
to these conditions. I respectfully submit as an appendix to this report some
detailed specifications concerning the sewage-disposal system proposed at Curry
Camp, which is the most urgent at the present time. In view of the expense
and the uncertainties attached to the sewage-disposal system at the main vil-
lage and the present fairly satisfactory conditions there, I recommended that
the consideration of this matter be postponed for another year. Other improve-
ments hereinafter recommended will occupy the entire attention of the Yosemite
Valley administration and will consume all the money that Congress can be
expected to provide.
WATER-SUPPLY SYSTEM.
The main water supply of The valley has been discussed above and it has
been suggested that an artificial system be installed and so extended that it can
be used at the various public camps in the valley as well as by the conces-
sioners.
The water supply now delivered in pipes to certain concessioners in Yosemite
Valley is derived from a spring at the foot of Glacier Point. The distribution
system is inadequate in every way, and the pipe materal is of the cheapest sort
and is rapidly deteriorating. The system requires constant supervision and
numerous repairs. The quality of this water is above reproach, but even now
it is taxed beyond the limit of capacity. It has been found necessary to pro-
vide an auxiliary by tapping the power pipe line running to the electric light
station. With the great increase of camping in the valley and the consequent
extension of the distribution system this supply will be quite insufficient. I
recommend that a new supply be installed, the source of which shall be Merced
River up above the valley and near the point of the present intake of the
power house. The river above this point, and in fact the entire drainage area,
can be maintained in sanitary condition. Campers can be excluded and the
whole situation will be ideal for the conservation of purity.
The proposal to install a new water supply involves other considerations
immediately related thereto, and which can not well be considered separately.
These matters relate to the present power plant and appurtenances, together
with the water-distribution system in the valley. The condition of the pipe line
leading from the intakes to the power plant has been described in a preliminary
report. It is in a precarious condition and liable to be totally disabled at any
time. It will be necessary to install a new pipe line if the electric light plant is
to be maintained. In installing this new pipe line it will be advisable to make
it of a capacity sufficient to produce twice the amount of power now afforded at
the station. This additional power will be needed in a short time, as the
capacity of the generators does not greatly exceed present demands. In addi-
tion to this, the new pipe should be made large enough to supply to the valley
a maximum of 1,000,000 gallons of water per day. This is a considerably greater
amount of water than is needed for domestic consumption in the valley except
during the heaviest tourist season, which obviously covers only a few weeks of
each year. Nevertheless the heaviest demands should be satisfied. The main
purpose, however, of so large a supply is fire protection. This is especially
necessary. Its usefulness would not be confined merely to subduing fires in
buildings now erected in the valley, but, if the system were properly installed,
it would be extremely useful in quenching incipient forest fires, which, as you
are well aware, are exceedingly serious in that part of the country. This would
involve the purchase and maintenance of several hose reels equipped with long
lines of fire hose.
Pipe lines. — No instrumental surveys were made at the time of my visit to the
valley, and therefore the estimates hereinafter given are not based on precise
measurements. Distances were measured principally by foot traverse and by
sealing the new Yosemite Valley topographic sheet recently made by the Geo-
logical Survey. Liberal factors of safety have been allowed. It is recommended
that, the new pipe line be taken out of tiie river about 400 feet south of the pres-
ent intake, that is. farther up the river, and be conducted to the power house by
a new route, which is for many reasons far better than that now used by the
present pipe line. The approximate distance along this route to the power house
is 3,000 feet. The construction of a new road from the power house to the intake
point is involved in (his project. Along this route could be provided a suitable
grade for the now pipe line. Such an Improvement would cost not over $4,500.
It will ho necessary in any event to construct a road over which to transport
materials of construction, and the additional expense involved in making a per-
manent highway will be small.
YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK. 441
If a single pipe line is laid it should be 30 inches in diameter. In many re-
spects it would be better to install two pipe lines 21 inches in diameter. The
first cost would be greater if the smaller pipes were laid, but they would be far
easier and less expensive to transport and handle, and there would be the addi-
tional advantage that if one of the lines were disabled the water supply would
not be completely cut off. It may be stated in passing that the transportation
charges constitute an unusually heavy proportion of the expense, the prevailing
rate from San Francisco to the valley being $0,015 per pound. The pipe should
be of wrought iron or steel, coated with tar, asphaltum, or similar material to
provide against corrosion. The weight of 30 inches of spiral riveted pipe would
be 79 pounds per linear foot, or about 120 tons; and if provided in 15-foot
lengths, would consist of about 200 pieces. I estimate the cost of this pipe, in-
cluding transportation charges and laying, as follows:
3,000 feet wrought-iron pipe, 30-inch, at $7.56 f. o. b. San Francisco,
Cal $22,600
Freight on 240,000 pounds above pipe, from San Francisco to Yosemite
Valley, at $0.015° 3,600
Excavation and laying, at $2 per foot6 6,000
Four 15-inch valves, two low-pressure for head of lines, and two high-
pressure for foot of lines, including transportation and installation 800
Engineering, contingencies, etc., 15 per cent 5, 000
Total 38,000
In addition to the above, there should be constructed a low dam, consisting
of very heavy stone laid across the narrow part of the channel just below the
proposed intake, so that a sufficient head may be retained on the intake during
seasons of low water. This need not be a tight dam, but may be constructed
by placing heavy bowlders in the river to provide a partial obstruction of the
channel and thereby increase the stage. This would cost about $1,500.
About 15 yards of concrete construction would be necessary for retaining
walls and forebay, which, at $8 per cubic yard, would cost $1,200.
The total estimate for the pipe line is therefore about $40,000.
Whether or not the remainder of the improvements herein proposed are pro-
vided for during the next season, this pipe-line improvement should be insisted
upon. The conditions there at the present time are grave.
Distribution system. — There is recommended a distribution system consist-
ing of 6-inch and 3-inch mains laid along the route shown on accompanying
map. The route marked in black indicates 6-inch pipe, while that marked in
red indicates 3-inch pipe. There is proposed in all about 33,700 feet of 6-inch
pipe, the total cost of which, including materials and laying and exclusive of
freight and transportation charges, would be $30,330. There would also be
necessary 54,800 feet of 3-inch pipe, the total cost of which, on the same basis,
would be $43,840. The distribution system would have to be supplied with
gates, as marked on the map. Those proposed consist of twenty 6-inch gates,
which, at $15 each, would cost $300; and twenty 3-inch gates, which, at $5 each,
would cost $100. The total charge for pipe, laying, gates, including transporta-
tion, is estimated as follows:
Pipe system c $74, 170
Fire hydrants 8, 500
Gates 400
Engineering, contingencies, etc 12,500
Freight from San Francisco d 26,800
Total 122, 370
a Could be greatly decreased by using United States teams from El Portal.
6 Based on costs at Philadelphia, which involved deep trenches and back fill-
ing. Pipe now under consideration would lie mostly on surface of ground, with
very little trenching. No deduction made from rates (Philadelphia) on this
account, and factor of safety is thereby afforded.
cThis does not include cost of fittings, such as bends, Y's, elbows, etc., but
the cost of laying here included is based on experience at ^Washington, D. C,
where there is deep trenching. The system, at Yosemite would lie close to the
surface and, therefore, the cost of trenching would be nominal; the balance
would more than provide for cost of fittings.
d Could be greatly decreased by using United States teams from El Portal.
442 YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK.
It will be noted from the above that no provision is made for taps and local
connections. This has purposely been omitted from the present estimate for
two reasons: First, it will not be possible to put the new water-supply system
into commission during the next season, and therefore an estimate of the tap
and connections is not an immediate necessity ; second, before making such an
estimate it would be necessary to consider all the local conditions in connection
with the needs for taps, etc. This largely depends upon the future policy with
reference to the maintenance of camps and permanent improvements now
erected or to be erected in the valley.
If it- is proposed to open up the camp sites below Sentinel Hotel for occupancy,
the entire system above proposed will be necessary. If, however, it is believed
unwise to make a request for the total appropriation at the present time, cer-
tain portions of the system can be judiciously omitted and the cost thereby
reduced. It will be noted upon examintion of the map that the proposed
distribution system provides for cross-distribution, so that if any particular
length of line is ever disabled the supply will not be cut off, but will be con-
tinued through the several by-passes. It would be possible, for example, to
omit the 3-inch main running along the north side of the river from the present
military post to El Capitan Bridge, and provide for the development of the
camp sites only on the south side of the river at the present time. The 6-inch
main, running on the south side of the river from the power house to Sentinel
Hotel, could be omitted and the local usage on that side could be supplied with
branches running across the river to such places as Curry Camp, Le Conte
Memorial, etc. If it is believed wise to develop the system in this way, I shall
be pleased to submit estimates of the proposed cost.
It is respectfully suggested that, in the event that it shall be deemed unwise
to request an appropriation covering the entire improvement, an estimate be
made of the cost of a new pipe line and a small additional sum to provide for
proper instrumental surveys, and a minute consideration of the distribution
system. This would involve a request for an appropriation of $42,000. In
addition to this, it is recommended that the sum of $3,000 be included for survey
of reservoir sites on Yosemite and Bridal Veil creeks, and for estimate of cost
of building reservoirs to supply water for Yosemite and Bridal Veil falls dur-
ing the summer season, when said falls are usually dry. It is strongly recom-
mended that no camping be allowed in the vicinity of or above Mirror Lake.
This body of water should be kept free from pollution, as it provides an excel-
lent source of ice supply for the valley.
A system of garbage removal is recommended, the same to be conducted by
the federal authorities during the camping seasons, with strict regulations
concerning the administration of the same, and, if possible, proper charges
should be made to the campers for maintenance thereof.
Very respectfully,
M. O. Leighton,
Chief Hydrngrapher.
Approved :
H. C. Rizer,
Acting Director.
To the Honorable the Secretary oe the Interior.
APPENDIX C.
POWER PLANT.
Yosemite, September 2//, 1908.
Sir: By the consent of Maj. H. C. Benson, superintendent in charge, I re-
spectfully submit this report regarding the condition of our electric plant and
water-power system. The feed pipe is 2,250 feet long, 22 inches in diameter, of
about No. 16 sheet-iron pipe, riveted together on seams, and pressed together at
joints. The gauge pressure at nozzles is G5 to 70 pounds per square inch. The
headgate consists of a flimsy wooden affair, raised and lowered by crowbars.
This headgate is set at tire lower end of an open forebay, which is about 75
feel in length, which is a regular trap for snow and ice in winter, and for drift,
sand, and leaves in summer.
YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK. 443
The feed pipe enters a tunnel 200 feet in length just below the headgate.
The tunnel was cut through broken up surface formation consisting of bowlders
and earth, liable to shift at any time; in fact, a part of the tunnel is now caved
in on the pipe. This took place while the State still had charge here. After
the department took charge, we entered the tunnel and retimbered where it was
badly needed and drove lagging between the pipe and ground at the cave, finding
iT impossible on account of the condition of the surrounding ground to remove
the earth resting on the pipe and to retimber. In the electric plant we have two
generators connected with two water wheels. The foundations are very poor,
being all of wood set on the ground, then filled in around with concrete, which
extends down only about 2 inches from the top of mud sills. This allows a
great deal of vibration, although we have braced every way we could to prevent
it, yet as long as the foundations are in their present condition it will continue
and cause unsatisfactory operation. The high tension wiring in the station is
laid in shallow wooden gutters resting on the ground under the floor and is
supported on porcelain knobs. In fact, the wiring of buildings throughout the
valley was originally done in a dangerous and unworkmanlike manner ; we
are overcoming this danger, however, by rewiring the buildings, more than half
of which was completed last winter, and the balance can probably be done this
fall and winter.
I would respectfully recommend a new electric plant and water-power
system for the Yosemite Valley, with a capacity of 250 or 300 horsepower, as
all future wants would thus be provided for. The capacity of the present
plant will soon be taxed should we have a call for more lights, which we no
doubt will, even if every part of the system were in first-class condition. As
the load increases the strain on the plant also increases, and sooner or later,
under the present conditions, there will be a breakdown.
With a new plant of larger capacity we could run twenty-four-hour service,
thus providing electric power to consumers for heating, culinary purposes, and
in any place where heat or power is used. This would greatly increase the
income from the plant. The water power could be obtained without detracting
from the beauty of the waterfalls, etc., and the tunnel mentioned could be
eliminated from the new line, as it would be less expensive to run around the
hill than to fix up the tunnel. I would also recommend that the supply cables
be run in an underground conduit. The poles the State put in will soon have
to be renewed ; some of them are pretty badly decayed now. With the under-
ground system this expense would be overcome, as from time to time the poles
will all have to be renewed, since this locality causes poles to decay quite
rapidly. Also we would thus do away with unsightly pole lines running
through the park.
Very respectfully, C. W. Tucker,
Secretary of the Interior,
Washington, D. C.
Chief Electrician.
APPENDIX B.
RULES AND REGULATIONS.
Regulations of February 29, 1908.
The following rules and regulations for the government of the Yosemite
National Park, including the Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Big Tree Grove,
are hereby established and made public, pursuant to authority conferred by the
acts of Congress approved October 1, 1890, February 7, 1905, and June 11, 1906 :
1. It is forbidden to injure or disturb in any manner any of the mineral
deposits, national curiosities, or wonders on the government lands within the
park.
2. It is forbidden to cut or injure any timber growing on the park lands, or
to deface or injure any government property. Camping parties will bo allowed
to use dead or fallen timber for fuel.
444 YOSEMTTE NATIONAL PARK.
3. Fires should be lighted only when necessary and completely extinguished
when not longer required. The utmost care must be exercised at all times to
avoid setting fire to the timber and grass.
4. Hunting or killing, wounding or capturing any bird or wild animal on the
park lands, except dangerous animals when necessary to prevent them from
destroying life or inflicting an injury, is prohibited. The outfits, including
guns, traps, teams, horses, or means of transportation used by persons engaged
in hunting, killing, trapping, ensnaring, or capturing such birds or wild ani-
mals, or in possession of game killed on the park lands under other circum-
stances than prescribed above, will be taken up by the superintendent and held
subject to the order of the Secretary of the Interior, except in cases where it is
shown by satisfactory evidence that the outfit is not the property of the person
or persons violating this regulation and the actual owner thereof was not a
party to such violation. Firearms will only be permitted in the park on written
permission from the superintendent thereof.
5. Fishing with nets, seines, traps, or by the use of drugs or explosives, or in
any other way than with hook and line is prohibited. Fishing for purposes of
merchandise or profit is forbidden. Fishing may be prohibited by order of the
superintendent in any of the waters of the park, or limited therein to any speci-
fied season of the year, until otherwise ordered by the Secretary of the Interior.
6. No person will be permitted to reside permanently, engage in any business,
or erect buildings, etc., upon the government lands in the park, without permis-
sion, in writing, from the Secretary of the Interior. The superintendent may
grant authority to competent persons to act as guides and revoke the same in
his discretion. No pack trains will be allowed in the park unless in charge of a
duly registered guide.
7. Owners of patented lands within the park limits are entitled to the full
use and enjoyment thereof; such lands, however, shall have the metes and
bounds thereof so marked and defined that they may be readily distinguished
from the park lands. Stock may be taken over the park lands to patented
lands with the written permission and under the supervision of the superin-
tendent.
8. The herding or grazing of loose stock or cattle of any kind on the govern-
ment lands in the park, as well as the driving of such stock over the same, is
strictly forbidden, except in such cases where authority therefor is granted by
the superintendent.
9. No drinking saloon or barroom will be permitted upon government lands
in the park.
10. Private notices or advertisements shall not be posted or displayed on
the government lands within the reservation, except such as may be necessary
for the convenience and guidance of the public.
11. Persons who render themselves obnoxious by disorderly conduct or bad
behavior, or who may violate any of the foregoing rules, will be summarily
removed from the park and will not be allowed to return without permission,
in writing, from the Secretary of the Interior or the superintendent of the park.
No lessee or licensee shall retain in his employ any person whose presence in
the park shall be deemed and declared by the superintendent to be subversive
of the good order and management of the reservation.
12. The superintendent designated by the Secretary is hereby authorized and
directed to remove all trespassers from the government lands in the park and
enforce these rules and regulations and all the provisions of the acts of Con-
gress aforesaid.
INSTRUCTIONS OF FEBRUARY 29, 1908.
1. Interference with or molestation of any bear or other wild animal in the
park in any way by any person not authorized by the superintendent is pro-
hibited.
2. Fires. — The greatest care must be exercised to insure the complete extinc-
tion of all camp fires before they are abandoned. All ashes and unbnrned bits
of wood must, when practicable, be thoroughly soaked with water. Where fires
are buill in the neighborhood of decayed logs, particular attention must be
directed t<» the extinguishment of tires in the decaying mold. Fire may be
extinguished where water is not available by a complete covering of earth
YOSEMITE NATIONAL PAKK. 445
well packed clown. Care should be taken that no lighted match, cigar, or
cigarette is dropped in any grass, twigs, leaves, or tree mold.
3. Camps. — No camp will be made except at designated localities. All camp-
ers in Yosemite Valley shall first report at the office of the superintendent for
assignment to camping sites, and will not change camps without permission,
nor shall fires be lighted in Yosemite Valley or Mariposa Big Tree Grove with-
out the express permission of the superintendent. Blankets, clothing, ham-
mocks, or any other article liable to frighten teams must not be hung near the
road. The same rule applies to temporary stops, such as for feeding horses or
for taking luncheon.
Many successive parties camp on the same sites during the season, and camp
grounds must be thoroughly cleaned before they are abandoned. Tin cans
must be flattened, and with bottles, cast-off clothing, and all other debris must
be deposited in a pit provided for the purpose. When camps are made in
unusual places where pits may not be provided, all refuse must be hidden where
it will not be offensive to the eye.
4. Bicycles. — The greatest care must be exercised by persons using bicycles.
On meeting a team the rider must stop and stand at side of road between the
bicycle and the team — the outer side of the road if on a grade or curve. In
passing a team from the rear the rider should learn from the driver if his
horses are liable to frighten, in which case the driver should halt and the
rider dismount and walk past, keeping between the bicycle and the team.
5. Fishing. — All fish less than 6 inches in length should at once be returned
to the water with the least damage possible to the fish. No one person shall
catch more than 50 fish in one day.
6. Dogs. — Dogs are not permitted in the park.
7. Stages. — Stages entering Yosemite Valley shall stop at each hotel or per-
manent camp in the order of location, so that passengers may exercise the right
of selection.
8. Driving on roads of park. — (a) Drivers of vehicles of any description
when overtaken by other vehicles traveling at a faster rate of speed shall, if
requested to do so, turn out and give the latter free and unobstructed passage-
way.
(&) Vehicles, in passing each other, must give full half of the roadway.
This applies to freight outfits as well as any other.
(c) Freight, baggage, and heavy camping outfits on sidehill grades through-
out the park will take the outer side of the road while being passed by
passenger vehicles in either direction.
(d) Transportation companies, freight and wood contractors, and all other
parties and persons using the park roads will be held liable for violations of
these instructions.
(e) Mounted men on meeting a passenger team on a grade will halt on the
outer side until the team passes. When approaching a passenger team from
the rear warning must be given, and no faster gait will be taken than is neces-
sary to make the passage, and if on a grade the passage will be on the outer
side. A passenger team must not be passed on a dangerous grade.
(/) All wagons used in hauling heavy freight over the park roads must have
tires not less than 4 inches in width. This order does not apply to express
freight hauled in light spring wagons with single teams.
9. Miscellaneous. — Automobiles are not permitted in the park.
No person shall drive or ride faster than a walk over any of the government
bridges within the park.
Persons with animals using trails must keep therein; leaving the trails for
the purpose of making short cuts will not be permitted.
Persons are not allowed to bathe near any of the regularly traveled roads in
the park without suitable bathing clothes.
Campers and all others, save those holding license from the Secretary of the
Interior, are prohibited from hiring their horses, trappings, or vehicles to
tourists or visitors in the park.
All complaints by tourists and others as to service, etc., rendered in the
reservation should be made to the superintendent in writing before the com-
plainant leaves the park.
10. The penalty for disregard of these instructions is summary ejection from
the park.
446 YOSEMITE NATIONAL PAKK.
ItEGULATIONS OF FEBRUARY 29, 1908, GOVERNING THE IMPOUNDING AND DISPOSI-
TION of Loose Live Stock.
Horses, cattle, or other domestic live stock running at large or being herded
or grazed in the Yosemite National Park without authority from the Secretary
of the Interior will be taken up and impounded by the superintendent, who will
at once give notice thereof to the owner, if known. If the owner is not known,
notice of such impounding, giving a description of the animal or animals, with
the brands thereon, will be posted in six public places inside the park and in
two public places outside the park. Any owner of an animal thus impounded
may, at any time before the sale thereof, reclaim the same upon proving owner-
ship and paying the cost of notice and all expenses incident to the taking up
and detention of such animal, including the cost of feeding and caring for the
same. If any animal thus impounded shall not be reclaimed within thirty days
from notice to the owner or from the date of posting notices, it shall be sold at
public auction at such time and place as may be fixed by the superintendent
after ten days' notice, to be given by posting notices in six public places in the
park and two public places outside the park, and by mailing to the owner, if
known, a copy thereof.
All money received from the sale of such animals and remaining after the
payment of all expenses incident to the taki::g up, impounding, and selling
thereof, shall be carefully retained by the superintendent in a separate fund
for a period of six months, during which time the net proceeds from the sale
of any animal may be claimed by and paid to the owner upon the presentation
of satisfactory proof of ownership, and if not so claimed within six months
from the date of sale such proceeds shall be turned into the Yosemite National
Park fund.
The superintendent shall keep a record in which shall be set down a descrip-
tion of all animals impounded, giving the brands found on them, the date and
locality of the taking up, the date of all notices and manner in which they
were given, the date of sale, the name and address of the purchaser, the amount
for which each animal was sold and the cost incurred in connection therewith,
and the disposition of the proceeds.
The superintendent will, in each instance, make every reasonable effort to
ascertain the owner of animals impounded and to give actual notice thereof to
such owner.
T.4N
T. 3 1ST
T.2N/
yo Semite mnomL PARK
SHOWING BOUNDARIES
E STABLISHED BY ACT OF C ON GRE S S
APPROVED JUNE 11,1906
Legend
■■ New Boundaries.
fed Existing /
f^\ Roads suggested for adequate system.
fcd Ex/sting trails.
L- i Trails suggested for adequate system
Recommended in Report of
Yosemite Park Comn
dated Aug.3/,1304
i Permanent patro/ stations suggested.
lyj Permanent patrol sub-stations suggested
I □ ! Permanent military post suggested.
R.22E. Sierra R.23E. Forest R.24E. Reserve R25E.
K.26E.
REPORT OF THE ACTING SUPERINTENDENT OF THE
SEQUOIA AND GENERAL GRANT
NATIONAL PARKS.
447
REPORT OF THE ACTING SUPERINTENDENT OF THE SEQUOIA
AND GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARKS.
Office of the Acting Superintendent,
Camp Sequoia, Cal.,
September 15, 1908.
Sir : I have the honor to submit a report relative to the condition
of affairs in and the management of the Sequoia and General Grant
National Parks during the season of 1908.
SEQUOIA NATIONAL PARK.
Sequoia Park is located in Tulare County, Cal., and has an area of
about 250 square miles, or 160,000 acres; it lies 300 miles southeast
of San Francisco, and may be reached via the Southern Pacific Rail-
road to Visalia; thence via the Visalia Electric Railway Company to
Lemon Cove, and by stage from that point to the Giant Forest, the
Mecca of all visitors who come to see the "big trees." The park was
set aside by the act of September 25, 1890 (26 Stat., 478), supple-
mented by the act of October 1, 1890 (26 Stat., 650), and placed
under the control of the Secretary of the Interior.
The above area comprises approximately 87,160 acres of magnifi-
cent merchantable timber, 57,768 acres of woodland (firewood),
5,760 acres of grass land, and 9,312 acres of desert land. The local
names of lumber trees in the order of predominance are white fir,
sugar pine, yellow pine, sequoia, Jeffry pine, red fir, cedar, foxtail
pine, silver pine, white pine, and juniper; of firewood trees, oak,
juniper, willow, cottonwood, red alder, sycamore, maple, ash, white
pine, mahogany, red bud, false elm, nutmeg, laurel, and buckeye.
The average number of board feet per acre in the merchantable tim-
ber is 32,000, and each acre of woodland is estimated to produce 22
cords of wood.
In addition to the interesting points shown on the tabulated state-
ment with this report there are many places of note outside the park,
among which may be mentioned the Kern and Kings River canyons,
Farewell Gap, Mount Vanderver, Mineral King, Sawtooth Peak, and
Moose Lake. Inside the park, but not yet accessible by either road
or trail, are many places which one given to exploring would be glad
to visit, such as Big Baldy, Little Baldy, Castle Rocks, Mount Silli-
man, Marble Cave, Panther Creek, Dennison Mountain, Homers
Nose, and others.
GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARK.
This park, which lies northwest of Sequoia Park, one-half in Tulare
County and the other half in Fresno County, Cal., has an area of 4
square miles. The distance from Camp Sequoia, in Sequoia Na-
tional Park, to the ranger's cabin, in the center of General Grant Na-
tional Park, is 35 miles, but the distance between the boundaries of
58920— int 1908— vol 1 29 449
450 SEQUOIA AND GENERAL, GRANT NATIONAL PARKS.
the two reservations is probably not more than 8 miles by trail. The
park is 60 miles from Visalia, on both the Southern Pacific and Santa
Fe lines, and is best reached by wagon road from Sanger, on the
Southern Pacific Railroad. The main attraction is the grove of
great sequoia trees, including the "General Grant," which is sur-
passed in size only by the " General Sherman" tree, in Sequoia Park,
and on account of its accessibility has become the favorite camping
place, in summer, of many people of the San Joaquin Valley.
The park was set aside by the act of October 1, 1890 (26 Stat., 650),
and placed under the control of the Secretary of the Interior, in the
same manner as Sequoia Park.
GUARDING THE PARKS.
Upon the request of the Secretary of the Interior to the War De-
partment, and pursuant to G. O., No. 56, Headquarters Department
of California, Troop G, Fourteenth Cavalry, with medical officer and
hospital corps detachment (3 officers and 57 enlisted men), left the
Presidio of San Francisco, on May 12, 1908, en route for the Sequoia
National Park, reached Kaweah on the 25th of the month, and the
march was resumed again on May 30 to this camp. I was compelled
to leave the troop at Fresno while en route, and Second Lieut. N. H.
Davis took command until my return to the parks June 26, and per-
formed the duties of acting superintendent during such period.
On May 1, 1908, prior to leaving the Presidio, a long and compre-
hensive troop order was issued. This is mentioned, as that order,
among other things, designated the camp site of the troops, as in
previous years, at Camp Sequoia, on Sequoia Creek, 2 miles west of
the Giant Forest. The outposts were designated as follows: No. 1,
at Pocky Gulch; No. 2, Cloughs Cave; No. 3, Cold Springs; No. 4,
Atwells Mill; No. 5, Buck Canyon, and No. 6, General Grant Park.
They were the same as those heretofore occupied, and guarded all
the main entrances to the parks. The outposts were changed once
a month, in order to give the men a knowledge of the country and to
eliminate, as much as possible, the element of sameness from the work.
The duty of the troops is to preserve and protect the trees, plants,
birds, animals, fishes, mineral deposits, and natural curiosities, to
prevent forest fires and the unauthorized use of government lands
by trespassers and by cattle and sheep. Firearms are permitted
in the reservations only by written permission of the superintendent,
and must be sealed, except those of the troops and rangers. Par-
ticular attention is paid to seeing that fires of camping parties are
completely extinguished when camps are vacated. Trespassers
and persons who misbehave, or who fail to observe the rules and regu-
lations, are summarily ejected from the parks.
Some member of each of the detachments posted as above stated
made a daily patrol of from 12 to 15 miles, and from questioning
tourists, the park rangers, and making frequent inspections I am
convinced that these patrols were actually and conscientiously per-
formed. The following is the mileage covered by the different out-
post detachments during the season: General Grant Park, 1,128
miles; Buck Canyon, 1,132 miles; Pocky Gulch, 1,200 miles; Cold
vSprings, 1,236 miles; Atwells Mill, 1,236 miles, and Cloughs Cave,
1,224 miles. The total of 7,156 miles covers routine work and not
messenger service and unforeseen rides.
SEQUOIA AND GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARKS. 451
GENERAL CONDITIONS.
Tourists begin to come into the parks about June 15, subsequent
to the repair work on roads and trails. This gives ample time for a
thorough inspection by the officer in charge of mail coaches, pleasure
vehicles, etc., used by Messrs. Broder & Hopping in the transporta-
tion of passengers, under the provisions of their contract with the
department. The camp site of Broder & Hopping should also be
inspected at this stage and put into shape for incoming visitors. A
like inspection, and cleaning up, if need be, should be made of all
camping places along the Giant Forest road and prominent trails. It
is recommended that parties repairing the roads and trails next
season be required, as they reach the old camp sites above mentioned,
to dig pits and bury all refuse found, and at the same time post
sanitary notices. A contingent fund in the hands of the acting
superintendent, for the temporary employment of men to clean up
paper, lunch boxes, bottles, etc., of picnicking parties along roads and
trails, would greatly improve conditions.
PARK REGULATIONS.
The tourists m general are inclined to observe the park rules and
regulations, but now and then there are some exceptions. During the
present season there have been 3 ejectments — two of individuals and
one of a family, and 2 rifles were taken up for retention till the end of
the season, the owners having tampered with the seals. It is hoped
the sealing of firearms will not be discontinued in these reservations.
The present practice of sealing arms and permitting the owners to
carry them into or through the parks without other hindrance, as long
as the seals are not tampered with, seems to work very satisfactorily.
FOREST FIRES.
Several fires occurred during the season, all small and doing little
damage, save one near the Mount* Whitney Power Company's plant.
This was outside of the park boundaries, but so close that men of this
command were sent to assist in fighting it; the fire lasted four days —
from July 18 to 21, inclusive — burned over 2,500 acres, and the loss to
the company was about $1,000. Damage to the parks from forest fires
has been but $150 since their creation — a remarkable showing.
GAME.
Mountain lions, wildcats, wolves, and coyotes are troublesome, and
rangers and soldiers have orders to exterminate them wherever
found. Rattlesnakes, the wolverine, porcupine, skunk, and hawk
should be added to the above list.
Deer are numerous and very gentle; small bands of 4 and 5 (and
once 7) were frequently seen in camp during the season. Park
rangers and old timers who live in the vicinity state that it takes, on
an average, 2 deer a week for a mountain lion's larder, and a pack
of hounds would materially assist in the extermination of the latter.
Bear are numerous in Sequoia Park, and their tracks along the Giant
Forest road — big, little, and middle sized — would indicate an in-
crease in this interesting family. Quail are numerous, but grouse
scarce. Squirrels, both of the gray and Douglas varieties, as well as
foxes, chipmunks, and woodchucks, are plentiful.
452 SEQUOIA AND GENEKAL GRANT NATIONAL PARKS.
In 1905 a small herd of elk, 16 in number, was put in what is called
the "elk park/' near the center of the Sequoia Park, and are said to be
increasing. This inclosure is a fine grazing tract, and could easily
support, both as to feed and running area, many more animals of the
ruminant tribe. It contains 40 square miles, and varies in elevation
from 1,000 to 7,000 feet, with ideal climatic conditions. It is therefore
recommended that Congress be asked for an appropriation of $10,000
for the purchase and installation of a herd of buffalo. Salt should be
provided for deer and elk.
The park rangers are deputy game wardens of the State of Cali-
fornia, and as such are in a position to bring offenders against the
state game laws to justice in nearly every instance.
FISH AND FISHING.
Although no fish have been planted this season by the troops, I
understand that the California state fish commission has, upon
requisition of the Visalia Sportsman Club, supplied 80,000 rainbow and
20,000 eastern brook trout, which were successfully liberated in the
parks by the rangers. There are myriads of tiny trout in several of the
streams, largely due to the number planted by my predecessor, Capt.
Kirby Walker, last year, and fishing is excellent. It is particularly
good around Hocketts Meadow, Quinn's Horse camp and Cabin
Meadow country; five gentlemen and one lady personally known to
me caught, on August 20, 22, and 24, a total of 242 trout, some of
which were 14 inches long and the majority about 10 inches.
DRIVING LIVE STOCK THROUGH PARKS.
During the present season two herds of cattle have, with permission
of the acting superintendent, passed through the Sequoia Park, and
none through General Grant Park. The first herd passed over the
Mineral King road from west to east July 6 and 7 ; the second, early in
September, passed through the southeastern township from east to
west. No sheep have been in the reservations this year.
BIG TREES AND OTHER NATURAL FEATURES.
The big trees rank first among the natural features of the parks;
they are found only in the south central portion of California, and
grow in a peculiar red soil at an altitude of from 5,000 to 7,500 feet,
varying in size, according to age, from saplings to trees with a dia-
meter of 36 feet, and sometimes 300 feet in height. They are fitted by
nature for almost everlasting life and are remarkably tenacious of
existence; many may be seen burned almost through at the base and
still flourishing at the top.
The " General Sherman" tree, in Sequoia National Park, has the
reputation of being the largest tree in the world ; the second in size be-
ing the " General Grant" tree, 34 feet in diameter and 107 feet in
circumference. I have seen 10 groves of sequoias, of which 7 are in
these reservations. The Giant Forest grove contains a half million of
trees, of which 5,000 or more are over 15 feet in diameter. The next
grove, in order of importance, is the one on the South Fork of the
Kawoah River, the third at Atwell's Mill. Other groves are somewhat
smaller.
SEQUOIA AND GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARKS.
453
There are many interesting mountain peaks, the most popular and
accessible crag being Moro Kock. A trail this year completed to Twin
Lakes has opened up travel to many beautiful lakes; Twin Lakes are
9,200 feet above sea level, with areas of 20 and 3 acres. Lake Evelyn
has an elevation of 10,000 feet and Hockett's Lake 8,500 feet. I
recommend the extension of the boundaries of the parks by Congress
to include Sequoia Lake, just outside of General Grant Park, and
picturesque mountain peaks and waterfalls surrounding Sequoia
Park. Farewell Gap is a typical pass, at an elevation of 10,000 feet.
On August 28 the writer and a detachment went through 10 feet of
snow at this pass. The meadows, which are numerous and extensive,
are considered ideal as camping spots, although they are little used at
the present time.
The caves in order of importance are Paradise, dough's, Marble,
and Palmer's, all in the limestone belt of Sequoia Park. Paradise
Cave was discovered in 1901, and on account of the difficulty of access
(by a long, tortuous, steep and makeshift road and trail), much ex-
ploration has yet to be undertaken. It is very large and has great
possibilities for development. Money should be furnished next
season for the development of this cave, for making a proper road and
trail to it, and for an iron gate to keep out vandals, who are already
working on its stalactites, stalagmites, and other beautiful features.
Clough's Cave is readily accessible to the public, and has been visited
by a number of persons the past season. Vandals are also at work
here, and an iron gate is required.
In the following table are given the principal points of interest,
including distances, directions, and manner of reaching from the
Giant Forest:
Showing points of interest in Sequoia and General Grant national parks.
Name.
Dis-
tance.
Direc-
tion.
Road or
trail.
Alti-
tude.
Best
means of
reaching.
Remarks.
Miles.
Feet.
Camp Sequoia
2
SW.
Road
5,500
Horse or
Camp of United States troops.
Moro Rock
2
SE.
...do
0,710
WtlgOD.
...do
Magnificent view.
Crescent Meadow. . .
1|
SE.
Trail
6,500
Horse
Pretty mountain meadow; good camp-
ing place.
Huge log once used as hunter's cabin,
Log Meadow
u
SE.
...do
7,1113
...do
also chimney tree; good camping
place.
Huge hollow fallen log, 174 feet long,
Circle Meadow
1
E.
...do
6,700
...do
which can be walked through, also
Wolverton's house tree; good camp-
ing place.
Pretty mountain meadow; good camp-
ing place.
Largest tree in the world, 118 feet in
Long Meadow
3
NE.
...do
8,000
...do
Sherman Tree
2
NE.
...do
7,210
...do
circumference and 36 feet in diam-
eter. 2S0 feet high.
Admiration Point. .
8
W.
Road and
trail.
4,600
...do
Beautiful scenery. Precipitous clin*.
2, 029 feet, can be looked over.
Marble Fork
4
\Y.
Road
5,000
Wagon
Fine mountain stream and bridge.
Bridge.
Good place for picnicking and bath-
ing; fair fishing; good camping place.
Marble Fork (Twin
6
NE.
Trail
6,719
Trail
Beautiful scenery. Good place for
Lakes Trail
picnicking; fair fishing; good camp-
Crossing).
ing place.
Bowlder and log cabin used by old
Wolverton's Cabin.
8
NE.
...do
7,500
Horse
trapper and hunter named Wolver-
ton prior to creation of park 1 y Con-
gress; fair fishing; good cainping
plaoe.
454 SEQUOIA AND GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARKS.
Showing points of interest in Sequoia and General Grant national parks — Continued.
Name.
Dis-
tance.
Direc-
tion.
Road or
trail.
Alti-
tude.
Best
means of
reaching.
Remarks.
Cahoon Meadow
Twin Lakes
Alta Peak
Alta Meadow
Buck Canyon
Halstead Meadow..
Dorst Creek.
Stony Creek.
Bear Trap Meadow.
General Grant
Park.
Paradise Cave
Oriole Lake
Clough'sCave
Hookett's Meadow .
Lake Evelyn
Miles,
10
10
Cabin Meadow.
Quinn's Horse
Camp.
Elk Park
Hospital Rock
Atwell'sMill..
NE.
NE.
Trail.
..do..
Feet.
8,200
9,000
E. ...do 11,211
E.
SE.
...do 9,000
...do 4,200
NW. ...do : 8,400
NW.
NW.
NW.
NW.
sw.
s.
s.
SE.
SE.
SE.
SE.
SE.
.do...
.do...
Road and
trail.
..do
..do.
Trail.
...do
.do.
..do.
...do
Trail.
Horse.
...do...
6,500
6,500
7,000
6,600
5,800
5,700
4,300
5,500
8,000
Horse and
foot.
Horse.
...do...
Road and 8, 750
trail.
,500
2,000
3,000
6,500
..do
..do
..do
..do
..do
Horse or
wagon.
..do
Horse
..do
..do
.do
.do
..do
..do
..do
Fine mountain meadow. Excellent
place for outing, as wood, grass, etc.,
is abundant; good camping place.
Deep mountain lake situated in gran-
ite pocket; one of the most interest-
ing and beautiful sights in Sequoia
Park; good camping place.
From this peak a better panoramic
view may be obtained of the terrain
of the Sequoia Park than from any
other height.
Fine scenery and good picnic ground;
good camping place.
Deep mountain gorge— a fit place for
mountaineers only to visit, as it is
in extremely rough country.
Fine mountain meadow. Good place
for outing. Is on the route between
Giant Forest road and General
Grant Park; fair fishing; good camp-
ing place.
Fine mountain stream, 3 miies from
magnificent Sequoia grove; good
camping place.
Pretty mountain stream, with good,
though small, grazing meadows in
vicinity; good fishing; good camping
place.
Fine meadow named from old log bear
trap, which is still standing; good
fishing; good camping place.
Contains the General Grant tree, one
of the largest in the world, also the
Fallen Monarch and others of inter-
est; good camping place.
Large cave not yet fully explored.
Contains many features full of inter-
est, and very beautiful.
Small, deep mountain lake surrounded
by beautiful forest; fair fishing; good
camping place.
Interesting cave near camp of detach-
. ment of United States troops. Fine
large spring of water at the camp;
fair fishing; good camping place.
Fine mountain meadow, headquar-
ters of park ranger. Hockett's Lake,
Sand Meadow, and Mitchell's
Meadow in immediate vicinity; ex-
cellent fishing; good camping place.
Deep mountain lake, 3 miles from
Hockett's Meadow. Contains some
very large trout; fair fishing; good
camping place.
Beautiful meadow, halfway between
Hockett's Meadow and Quinn's
Horse Camp; excellent fishing; good
camping place.
Headquarters of park ranger. Fine
soda springs 1 mile from cabin.
Lemonade of water from these
springs tastes as though made of
Apollinaris water; excellent fish-
ing; good camping place.
Section of Sequoia Park set aside for
herd of elk, where these animals
wander about undisturbed; excel-
lent fishing; good camping place.
Huge rock supposed to have been oc-
cupied by a prehistoric race. Nu-
merous hieroglyphics painted on it;
good fishing; good camping place.
Small settlement and mill near camp
of detachment of United States
troops. Some huge Sequoia stumps
may be seen here where trees were
cut prior to creation of park; fair fish-
ing; good camping place.
SEQUOIA AND GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARKS. 455
PATENTED LANDS.
The question of the Government's acquiring all private holdings in
these parks to avoid troublesome questions of administration, which
now arise frequently through the presence of this class of lands and
as a means of protecting the big trees which may be located thereon,
I notice from former reports has received the attention of the Depart-
ment year after year. II. R. bill 11777 and Senate bill 7257, Sixtieth
Congress, first session, brought the subject before Congress in substan-
tially the same manner as in previous years, to provide a means of
acquiring title and making appropriation to carry the same into effect,
but the bills are still pending, although favorable reports have been
made thereon several successive years by the department and the
Public Lands Committee in one branch of Congress.
In the Sequoia National Park there are 3,716.96 acres of patented
land, valued in 1903 at $70,734, and in the General Grant Park 160
acres, valued at $1,100. There is always the possibility of a strong
corporation securing rights on these lands and seriously embarrassing
the Government in its administration of the parks.
HEADQUARTERS CAMP.
With respect to a camping place for the troop doing duty in the
Earks, my choice would not be Camp Sequoia, although this camp
as been occupied the entire season. Never having been in Sequoia
Park before, the main camp was naturally selected in accordance
with the ideas of my predecessors, and after selection it was not prac-
ticable to break up and move. The following reasons may be stated
as to the advantages of Marble Fork over Sequoia Creek as a camp
site: First, water supply never failing and bathing facilities good; at
Camp Sequoia the water was very low this season, the stream used
by officers dried up, and bathing facilities limited. Second, the water
at Marble Fork and the small streams flowing into it at bridge come
from high up in the mountains, running over huge rocks and bowlders,
and is quite cold and pure; that at the present camp runs, in some
E laces, through decaying vegetation, and is not as pure as it should
e. Third, the terrain in the vicinity of the proposed camp is of such
a nature as to prevent camping parties from getting above it on either
of the streams, -which is not the case at Camp Sequoia. Fourth, the
proposed site would cut the hauling distance of supplies by 2 miles.
Fifth, the latter is more open and exposed to the sunlight. Sixth,
the character of the soil is such as to do away with the great amount
of dust which now prevails at Camp Sequoia.
MILITARY POST.
For the sake of health, economy, administrative purposes, and
comfort, neat, inexpensive frame buildings (log-cabin style would be
better, as the material could be cut close at hand) should be built for
the troops on the Marble Fork of the Kaweah River, at the point
which I have favored for the new headquarters camp. These build-
ings should include quarters for officers and men, latrines, stables
(sheds) for troop and quartermasters stock, storehouses, bath
houses, and administration, bakery, and post-exchange buildings.
456 SEQUOIA AND GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARKS.
Although a storehouse and incinerator were put up this year at
Camp Sequoia, the location is not the choice of the writer. The
authority for their erection at the present site had been obtained
theretofore, and as they were necessary and the advantages of the pro-
posed headquarters camp on the Marble Fork were not then so appar-
ent, no objection was made at the time. The view was also taken
that such structures could later be moved without any great expense.
POST-OFFICE.
At the present time there is a post-ofhce established at Broder &
Hopping's camp during the summer months. For the convenience
of the government (Interior and War Departments), troops on duty,
employees, and tourists in the park, it is thought the post-office
should be moved to the troop headquarters and made a money-order
office, so that public business could be expedited at all times.
ACCOMMODATIONS.
There are no hotels in either park. In Sequoia National Park the
firm of Broder & Hopping maintains, under contract with the de-
{)artment, a transportation and permanent camp service. The estab-
ishment is, in my opinion, very remote from first class. I believe
the members of the firm are thoroughly honest and good people, but
they do not seem to understand the proper running of a concern like
a summer or mountain resort, as this is. They have a few cheap tents,
a cook house, and dining cabin, and a small store, the group being
called "Camp Sierra." A good many people from the country and
the small towns of the San Joaquin Valley camp, on their own account,
all about Camp Sierra, and make the sanitary conditions very bad.
It must be understood that the establishment of Broder & Hopping
is on patented land, the owner of which is not in sympathy with the
rules and regulations of the Interior Department, thus making en-
forcement of sanitary rules difficult and embarrassing.
The magnificence of the Giant Forest, and the grandeur of the
parks in general, makes it imperative that a hotel of the first class
should be established at or near the place now occupied by Broder &
Hopping.
TOURISTS.
Broder & Hopping this year carried through the Sequoia National
Park 318 tourists; besides these, they accommodated at Camp Sierra
224; 300 more came in their own conveyances and camped in the
Giant Forest independently of Broder & Hopping's establishment.
The above total, 842, visited the big trees this season, and 409 visited
other points in the park; grand total for Sequoia National Park, 1,251.
Ranger L. L. Davis reports 1,773 persons as having visited the Gen-
eral Grant National Park during the season. These figures for the
two parks compare favorably with the totals for 1907, which were 900
and 1,100, respectively.
ROADS AND TRAILS.
The Giant Forest and Mineral King roads admit of improvement
by widening throughout, or at stated distances, for the safe passing
teams, and some treatment for minimizing the dust. If the
y
ANN. REPT. DEPT. OF INTERIOR, M
A. ATWELL'S MILL ON PATENTED LAND, SEQUOIA PARK.
B. MARBLE FORK BRIDGE ON GIANT FOREST ROAD.
ANN. REPT. DEPT. OF INTERIOR,
BUENA VISTA POINT, GIANT FOREST ROAD.
SEQUOIA AND GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARKS. 457
widening is found impracticable, a system of colored streamers
should be devised for the purpose of signaling teams at dangerous
curves and grades, which arrangement would of course involve
careful observance of instructions by all travelers. Dust on the
mountain thoroughfares is something frightful, and I believe that the
use of oil thereon, as in other parts of California, would be a great
improvement.
In the spring of 1908 existing trails were improved, at a cost of
$2,300, to make them ready for the tourist travel. The trail mileage
completed this season in Sequoia National Park and the cost thereof
were as follows: Twin Lakes trail, 2 miles, 81,199; Buck Canvon trail,
8J miles, $2,511.43; Cold Springs trail, 3| miles. $1,783.35; Marble
Falls trail, three-fourths of a mile, $301.24. A little over a mile of
new road was constructed in General Grant Park, extending from
headquarters camp via Hound Meadows, in the northeastern portion,
at a total cost of $949.41. Trails in the park are good, but those in
the surrounding forest reserve not so good.
It is recommended that extension work on roads and trails be com-
menced in the spring of each year, rather than in July or August. as
this is the time when the ground is in the best condition for working.
Road and trail work should be under the direct supervision of the
chief ranger, Mr. Walter Fiy, as he is in the park permanently,
whereas the army officer who is acting superintendent for the season
is there only a few months. Mr. Fry understands the work and is
competent in every respect.
TELEPHONE LINES.
The telephone system is not complete, and considerable construc-
tion work is still to be done, but the present facilities have greatly
aided in securing quick information as to forest fires in and about the
parks. A line is needed to connect the Sequoia headquarters camp
with General Grant Park and the outposts at Cold Springs. At wells
Mill, and Buck Canyon. It was planned this season to bring the out-
ysts named within the system, but as there have been several tires in
another section the acting superintendent decided to run the line
from Three Rivers to Quinns Horsecamp, via Cloughs Cave and the
ranger's cabin at Hocketts Meadow. At the end of the season
miles had been completed and added to the line, at an approximate
cost of $3,418.75, and communication established with Hocketts
Meadow.
PARK RANGERS.
The park rangers, Messrs. Walter Fry. C. W. Blossom. H. T.
Britten, and L. L. Davis, are intelligent, loyal, and faithful men,
performing well the duties required of them. They have been
serving the Government for some years, and. in my opinion, should
receive increased compensation. When the pay rate was estahlis
travel to these parks was less and the duties of rangers n<
important as at the present time.
The qualifications required of an applicant for this class of posit
are somewhat as follows: That he must be an experienced moun-
taineer and woodsman, familiar with camp life, a good horseman and
packer, capable of dealing with all classes of people; should know the
458 SEQUOIA AND GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARKS.
history of the parks and their topograpgy, something of forestry,
zoology, and ornithology, and be capable of handling laboring parties
on road, trail, telephone, bridge, and building construction. These
men, in the performance of their duties, travel on horseback from
3,000 to 6,000 miles a year, must face dangers, exposure, and the risk
of being sworn into the penitentiary through the evil designs of
others.
Mr. Fry, the chief ranger, who is also in charge of the parks most
of the year, uses a typewriter, and does considerable clerical work for
the Interior Department. Expenses of living are increasing, and
men with similar qualifications in the Forest Service receive much
higher compensation.
The cabins occupied by the rangers require painting outside, and
should be made more homelike and comfortable inside. The erection
of a stable or barn for each ranger would also be an improvement,
and it is recommended that 4 or 5 acres of meadow land be fenced
around cabins as pastures for their horses.
ACTING SUPERINTENDENT.
The acting superintendent has ample work to perform in the way
of administration and the enforcement of the rules and regulations,
which could be made a little more forceful than at present, and the
supervision of road, trail, and other improvement work can very
properly be delegated to the chief ranger, who has charge of such
work when the troops are not in the parks. The latter, of course,
should be accountable to the officer in charge during the tourist
months. As a matter of information, it may be stated that the
writer traveled a distance of 800 miles during the period of eighty
days spent in the reservations. A clerk for the acting superintendent
is required to properly handle the business of the office. A capable
sergeant of my troop performed this work during the past season and
was allowed pay by the department upon my recommendation.
MOUNT WHITNEY POWER COMPANY.
The Mount Whitney Power Company was granted a right of way,
by contract with the department dated February 25, 1907, for the
construction of flumes, ditches, etc., in the Sequoia National Park,
to divert water from the middle fork of the Kaweah River, and convey
it to a power house outside the reservation, for the purpose of generat-
ing electrical power for commercial purposes, in accordance with
approved maps and field notes, a rental of 2 J per cent of the gross
receipts to be exacted after the plant is completed and put in opera-
tion. The company, as part compensation, offered to build a $25,000
wagon road along the said right of way, and the portion heretofore
constructed is good, although the work is progressing very slowly.
SANITATION.
This was one of the most important subjects that came to light
this season, and the matter was at once taken up with the depart-
ment. It was found that the two principal points frequented by
tourists, Camp Sierra in the Giant Forest and the camp site at Gen-
eral Grant Park, were not only insanitary, but, on account of refuse
lying about, most unpleasing to the eye.
SEQUOIA AND GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARKS. 459
Doctor Lincoln, the surgeon at headquarters, was ordered to make
a sanitary inspection of these camps and report. These reports
were forwarded to the department, and by order of the Secretary of
the Interior a set of rules was formulated and issued by the acting
superintendent. The sanitary rules formulated and posted at
appropriate places were as follows:
CAMP SITES.
In selecting a camping ground it should be at a sufficient distance from the water
source, stream, or spring not to be objectionable to those who may wish to camp in
the neighborhood and use the same water source at the same time.
DISPOSAL OF KITCHEN REFUSE AND OTHER WASTE.
Kitchen refuse, cans, vegetable parings, and tops, bones, soiled and cast-off wearing
apparel, boxes, paper, etc., should be buried or burned.
A pit at least 3 feet deep and of sufficient size to accommodate all such waste
material must be dug and the daily quantity of material kept covered with earth in
order that flies and an odor may not be present. The pit must be covered with earth
to the surface level on the abandonment of the camping ground.
WATER SOURCE.
The washing of linen, bathing, or the casting of any objectionable material, such
as cans, linen, soap, vegetables, or fruit coverings, etc., into a sp>ring or water source
or about its margins, which is used either in the immediate vicinity or below for
human consumption, as well as the watering of animals above any camping site, is
strictly prohibited.
ANIMALS.
All animals should be kept a sufficient distance from camping grounds not to litter
the ground and make unfit for use the area which may be later used as tent sites.
Animals should not be tethered near to or in the bed of any stream or spring, whether
the same is running or dry. All animals must be watered below all camps adjacent
to such stream or spring. Dogs must be kept tied and not allowed to swim in or other-
wise soil the stream along which campers may be living. The placing of animal
refuse or manure on camping or possible camping sites adjacent to streams or springs,
or their dry runs, or on roads, is strictly forbidden. Dead animals must be buried
at least one-fourth of a mile from the camping sites and at a sufficient depth not to be
uncovered by bears and other animals.
LATRINES, SINKS, PRIVIES.
It is forbidden for anyone to soil or in any way write upon or mutilate any of the
structures erected for public convenience. In places where such structures are not
provided campers must make pits or sinks, in size 2 feet by 3 feet by 3 feet deep
(larger and deeper if the number of individuals requires) and keep same covered
daily with dry earth to prevent odor and presence of flies. These sinks must be well
outside of individual and camp sites and a considerable distance from streams and
springs, and on abandonment of the camp must be covered entirely with earth to at
least the level of the surrounding surface.
ABANDONMENT OF CAMP.
On abandoning a camp all pits must be filled and all camp and kitchen refuse as
mentioned above buried or burned and the ground left free from all objectionable
material to the end that the site may be suitable for future pleasure seekers.
Troopers and rangers are instructed to see that these rules are strictly enforced.
ESTIMATES FOR FISCAL YEAR 1910.
SEQUOIA NATIONAL PARK.
Salaries of 3 park rangers, $4,000; construction of 40 miles of
additional wagon road (at $4,000 per mile), $160,000; widening 21
miles of Giant Forest road to 18 feet (19 miles at $900 and 2 miles
at $3,000), and providing drainage culverts (19 miles at S200),
460 SEQUOIA AND GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARKS.
$26,900; construction of 90 additional miles of trail (at $325 per
mile) and improvements to existing trails, $31,250; telephone line,
40 additional miles (at $150 per mile), $6,000; miscellaneous,
$6,050; total, $234,200.
GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARK.
Salary of 1 park ranger, $1,200; road construction, $1,250; water
supply to campers' sites, $1,500; sanitary improvements, $700; for
reforestation, $500; miscellaneous, $1,350; total, $6,500.
CONCLUSION.
My duty would not be properly performed if I did not thank the
men of my troop, the park rangers, the foremen of road and trail
working parties, and others in the vicinity of Three Rivers, for their
cordial and spontaneous aid in connection with the park administra-
tion. Especially are thanks due First Lieut. H. F. Lincoln, Medical
Reserve Corps, for his valuable assistance in sanitary measures; Mr.
Walter Fry, chief park ranger, for his unselfishness and extreme
loyalty in all cases; and to Sergt. C. O. McKinney, Troop G, who, as
clerk in the office of the acting superintendent, labored intelligently
and faithfully during the season.
Very respectfully, C. C. Smith,
Captain, Fourteenth Cavalry,
Acting Superintendent Sequoia and General Grant National Parks.
The Secretary of the Interior.
RULES AND REGULATIONS.
SEQUOIA NATIONAL PARK.
General Regulations of March 30, 1907.
1. By act of Congress, approved September 25, 1890, the tract of
land in the State of California described in township 18 south and
ranges 30 and 31 east, and also sections 31, 32, 33, and 34, in town-
ship 17 south and range 30 east, and by act of Congress, approved
October 1, 1890, the adjoining tract described as townships 15 and
16 south, ranges 29 and 30 east, and also township 17 south, range
30 east, except above-mentioned sections 31, 32, 33, and 34, have
been set apart for a public park, and the same shall be known as the
1 ' Sequoia National Park. ' '
2. The park by said act is placed under the exclusive control of
the Secretary of the Interior, and these rules and regulations are
made and published in pursuance of the duty imposed on him in
regard thereto.
3. It is forbidden to injure or disturb in any manner, any of the
mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders, on the Government
lands within the park.
4. It is forbidden to cut or injure any timber growing on the park
lands. Camping parties will be allowed to use dead or fallen timber
for fuel.
5. Fires shall be lighted only when necessary and completely
extinguished when not longer required. The utmost care must be
exercised at all times to avoid setting fire to the timber and grass.
6. Hunting or killing, wounding or capturing any bird or wild
animal on the park lands, except dangerous animals when necessary
to prevent them from destroying life or inflicting an injury, is pro-
hibited. The outfits, including guns, traps, teams, horses, or means
of transportation used by persons engaged in hunting, killing, trap-
ping, ensnaring, or capturing such birds or wild animals, or in posses-
sion of game killed on the park lands under other circumstances than
prescribed above, will be taken up by the superintendent and held
subject to order of the Secretary of the Interior, except in cases
where it is shown by satisfactory evidence that the outfit is not the
property of the person, or persons, violating this regulation and the
actual owner thereof was not a party to such violation. Firearms
will only be permitted in the park on written permission from the
superintendent thereof.
7. Fishing with nets, seines, traps, or by the use of drugs or explo-
sives, or in any other way than with hook and line, is prohibited.
Fishing for purposes of merchandise or profit is forbidden. Fishing
may be prohibited by order of the superintendent of the park in any
of the waters of the park, or limited therein to any specified season
of the year, until otherwise ordered by the Secretary of the Interior.
461
462 SEQUOIA AND GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARKS.
8. No person will be permitted to reside permanently, or to engage
in any business on the Government lands in the park without per-
mission, in writing, from the Secretary of the Interior. The super-
intendent may grant authority to competent persons to act as guides
and revoke the same in his discretion, and no pack trains shall be
allowed in the park unless in charge of a duly registered guide.
9. Owners of patented lands within the park limits are entitled
to the full use and enjoyment thereof; such lands, however, shall
have the metes and bounds thereof so marked and defined as that
they may be readily distinguished- from the park lands. Stock may
be taken over the park lands to patented lands with the written per-
mission and under the supervision of the superintendent.
10. The herding or grazing of loose stock or cattle of any kind on
the Government lands in the park, as well as the driving of such stock
or cattle over the same, is strictly forbidden, except in such cases
where authority therefor is granted by the superintendent.
11. The sale or use of intoxicating liquors on the Government
lands in the park is strictly forbidden.
12. Private notices or advertisements shall not be posted or dis-
played on the Government lands within the reservation, except such
as may be necessary for the convenience and guidance of the public.
13. Persons who render themselves obnoxious by disorderly con-
duct or bad behavior, or who may violate any of the foregoing rules
may be summarily removed from the park and will not be allowed
to return without permission, in writing, from the Secretary of the
Interior or the superintendent of the park.
14. The superintendent designated by the Secretary is hereby
authorized and directed to remove all trespassers from the Govern-
ment lands in the park and enforce these rules and regulations and
all the provisions of the act of Congress aforesaid.
Regulations of March 30, 1907, Governing the Impounding and Disposition of
Loose Live Stock.
Horses, cattle, or other domestic live stock running at large or
being herded or grazed on the Government lands in the Sequoia
National Park without authority from the superintendent of the
park, will be taken up and impounded by the superintendent, who
will at once give notice thereof to the owner, if known. If the owner
is not known, notices of such impounding, giving a description of
the animal or animals, with the brands thereon, will be posted in
six public places inside the park and in two public places outside the
Eart. Any owner of an animal thus impounded may, at any time
efore the sale thereof, reclaim the same upon proving ownership
and paying the cost of notice and all expenses incident to the taking
up and detention of such animal, including the cost of feeding and
caring for the same. If any ainmal thus impounded shall not be
reclaimed within thirty days from notice to the owner or from the
date of posting notices, it shall be sold at public auction at such
time and place as may be fixed by the superintendent after ten days'
notice, to be given by posting notices in six public places in the park
and two public places outside the park, and oy mailing to the owner,
if known, a copy thereof.
SEQUOIA AND GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARKS. 463
All money received from the sale of such animals and remaining
after the payment of all expenses incident to the taking up, impound-
ing, and selling thereof, shall be carefully retained by the superin-
tendent in a separate fund for a period of six months, during which
time the net proceeds from the sale of any animal may be claimed
by and paid to the owner upon the presentation of satisfactory
proof of ownership; and if not so claimed within six months from the
date of sale such proceeds shall be turned into the Sequoia National
Park fund.
The superintendent shall keep a record in which shall be set down
a description of all animals impounded, giving the brands found on
them, the date and locality of the taking up, the date of all notices
and manner in which they were given, the date of sale, the name and
address of the purchaser, the amount for which each animal was
sold and the cost incurred in connection therewith, and the disposi-
tion of the proceeds.
The superintendent will, in each instance, make every reasonable
effort to ascertain the owner of animals impounded and to give
actual notice thereof to such owner.
GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARK.
1. By act of Congress, approved October 1, 1890, the tract of
land in the State of California described as sections 5 and 6, in town-
ship 14 south, range 28 east, of Mount Diablo Meridian, and also
sections 31 and 32 of township 13 south, range 28 east of the same
meridian, have been set apart for a public park, and the same shall
be known as the u General Grant National Park," "General
Grant" being the name by which the Great Tree therein is so widely
known.
All other provisions of the General Grant Park regulations are the
same as those for Sequoia National Park.
SKCTCH Of THl
SEQUOIA AND GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARKS
SIERRA FOREST RESERVE
To Accompany Report of ft*
ActingSuperirrlwdenlofSititmit tndGtumlGmif national 'Fbrks
1908
REPORT OF THE ACTING SUPERINTENDENT OF MOUNT
RAINIER NATIONAL PARK.
58920— int 1908— vol 1 30 405
REPORT OF THE ACTING SUPERINTENDENT OF MOUNT
RAINIER NATIONAL PARK.
Orting, Wash., September 30, 1908.
Sir : I have the honor to submit the following report of the condi-
tion of the affairs in and the management of the Mount Rainier Na-
tional Park in the State of Washington for the season of 1908.
By the act of Congress approved March 2, 1899 (30 Stat., 993),
certain tracts of land therein described, lying in the State of Wash-
ington, were set aside for the benefit and enjoyment of the people of
the United States, to be known as the " Mount Rainier National
Park." This park is 18 miles square, with an area of 207,360 acres,
and lies wholly within the Rainier National Forest. The summit of
Mount Rainier is about 1^ miles southwest of the center of the park,
but the reservation includes substantially the whole mass of the moun-
tain proper with its wonderful glaciers.
The park by said act is placed under the exclusive control of the
Secretary of the Interior, who, among other things, is authorized to
establish rules and regulations and cause adequate measures to be taken
for the preservation of the natural curiosities, timber, mineral de-
posits, game, etc., and the removal of unlawful occupants or tres-
passers. The regulations heretofore issued were substantially
amended to meet existing conditions and reissued under date of June
10, 1908 ; automobile regulations were also necessary to properly pro-
tect the traveling public in the park.
PATROLS.
The valleys within the park are separated by high and broken
ridges, which render any continuous route of travel or patrol extend-
ing thoughout the reservation impracticable. It is naturally divided
by its topography into four separate districts formed by the water-
sheds of the larger streams.
The Nisqually district is the most accessible and the most impor-
tant. It includes the government road, the hotels, and the most
usually traversed trails. Nearly all of the tourist travel is confined
to the valley of the Nisqually and to the open parks known as " Para-
dise Valley " and " Indian Henry's Hunting Ground. " Longmire
Springs is about a half day's journey by rail and stage from the city
of Tacoma. On account of the ease with which this place and the
vicinity can be reached it is becoming a popular resort, and the duties
of the rangers stationed near it are, during the summer season, in
some ways like those of the guardians of a suburban park. During
the summer of 1907 the Nisqually district was in charge of one park
ranger. He was assisted by two forest rangers who extended their
467
468 MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK.
patrol in the adjacent National Forest to the park. Since January,
1908, a ranger has been on duty at the entrance to the park on the
government road. It is necessary to station a ranger at this point
constantly during the summer months in order to receive automobile
permits and to prevent camping parties from taking firearms into the
reservation. On May 1 an additional ranger went on duty at Long-
mire Springs. His patrol extends from that place to Paradise Valley
and Indian Henry's Hunting Grounds. The Puyallup watershed in-
cludes the valleys of this stream and its tributaries, and the Spray
Park region. There has been little tourist travel in this district dur-
ing the past year. It is an interesting country and presents many
natural attractions, but there are no roads or hotel accommodations,
and their absence probably accounts for the small number of visitors.
Prospectors are numerous. In the autumn the forests along the bound-
ary are frequented by hunting parties whose inroads upon the park
can be prevented only by constant vigilance. Fairfax, a coal-mining
village at the terminus of one of the branch lines of the Northern
Pacific Railway Company, is 5 miles distant from the western bound-
ary of the park. Several of the residents are not in sympathy with
either state or federal game laws. Some of them keep hounds for
the purpose of running deer, and are always ready, for a small re-
muneration, to assist the more disreputable sportsmen of Tacoma and
Seattle in their hunting expeditions. This district was in charge of
a ranger until December 31, 1907. It was thought that no patrol
would be necessary except where there was fire danger and during the
months when the game was not protected by the state law. There is,
however, reason to believe that after the removal of the ranger several
instances of game trespass occurred. Measures have since been taken
for the employment of a ranger in this district throughout the year.
The White Eiver district is located in the remote northern and
eastern part of the reservation. The rangers made occasional trips
into this region, but were not able to protect it properly. It is
exposed to danger of forest fire and to game trespass by prospectors.
Arrangements were made for the employment of an additional ranger
to patrol this district during the summer months of 1908. The com-
pletion of the trail now in process of construction over the high divide
between the Carbon and White river valleys will greatly facilitate
guarding the remoter parts of the park.
There is little travel of any kind in the Cowlitz River district.
The Cowlitz Glacier is sometimes visited by tourists who reach it by
crossing smaller glaciers east of Paradise Valley. Occasionally ex-
peditions are made up the Muddy Fork Ridge by settlers and Indians.
The region between Mount Rainier and the main range of the Cas-
cades is little known and extremely rough and broken. The summit
of the Cascades beyond the park is an open country and easily
traveled, and is utilized for sheep pasturage. This stock is grazed
under permit from the Department of Agriculture and the number
and location of the bands are known to the rangers. There is no
difficulty in keeping the sheep from crossing the park line. The
present conditions do not warrant the employment of a park ranger
for the Cowlitz district exclusively.
The location and altitude of the park result in weather conditions
which make it peculiarly difficult to maintain an efficient and econom-
MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL. PARK. 469
ical patrol. The season of tourist travel and of fire danger is vari-
able, but it commonly extends from the last of June to the middle of
September. During these months there is urgent need of a constant
patrol in all the frequented parts of the reservation. In the spring
and fall the rangers are engaged in the repair and construction of
trails. During the rest of the year their duties consist in the pro-
tection of game, and there are long periods when the depth of soft,
wet snow and almost incessant storms make any attempt at patrol
both impracticable and useless. It is evident that a large number of
rangers are needed in summer, and that there is occupation for but
few in winter. However, it can not be expected that rangers who are
good woodsmen and who combine the other necessary qualifications
of firmness, discretion, and business ability can be secured by the offer
of employment for a few months during the summer. The organiza-
tion of an efficient ranger force requires the permanent employment
of men who can be depended upon to be thoroughly devoted to their
occupation. On the whole, it seems to me that most of the rangers
in the park should be employed throughout the year, and I believe
that their exertions during the summer would compensate for the
periods of enforced idleness during the winter. The use of a suitable
uniform by rangers is recommended.
FOREST CONDITIONS.
There are occasional instances of diseased trees, but the timber
throughout the park seems on the whole to be in a thrifty condition
and free from insect depredations. Ground rot and conk are not so
prevalent as they are at a lower elevation. On the subalpine areas in
the park the growth of the trees is very slow and reproduction poor.
In Paradise Valley and in the other mountain parks trees require from
one hundred to one hundred and fifty years to attain a diameter of 12
inches. Since their destruction would be a permanent injury to the
park the utmost care should be taken to prevent them from being cut
or killed by fire.
GAME.
Deer are abundant in many parts of the park. They are particu-
larly numerous in the valleys of the Puyallup and the Mowich rivers
and on the ridges between these streams. They are, however, seldom
seen by the tourists who take the usual trip over the government road
to Longmire Springs, and thence to Paradise Valley. The dense
undergrowth prevents the deer from being visible along the govern-
ment road, and the open parks are not frequented by them to any
great extent. During the winter many of the deer leave the park and
seek the forests at a lower elevation; the laws of the State of Wash-
ington prohibit hunting them at this time of the year. These laws are
now more strictly enforced than they were formerly, and it is to be
trusted that most of the deer will survive to return to their accus-
tomed summer range in the park.
Goats are now found only in the high mountains. They can still
be seen in bands of from 15 to 30 in the Sluiskin Range and are not
uncommon elsewhere in the northern and eastern part of the reserva-
tion. They have not, so far as I have been informed, been seen about
Paradise Valley during the last year. Whether these interesting ani-
470 MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL. PARK.
mals have actually decreased during the past few years, or whether
they have only retired to the remoter parts of the park, I am unable
to state. Their disappearance from Paradise Valley may be ac-
counted for by the blasting on the government road, and I have reason
to believe that in the summer of 1907 the band about Glacier Basin
was shot at by prospectors. This was, however, an exceptional case;
there have been few instances in which they have been disturbed in
any way. I am inclined to believe that the number is slowly dimin-
ishing, and that this is due mainly to restricted range. They have
almost entirely disappeared from the mountains in the adjacent
national forest, where they were once common at a much lower ele-
vation than where they are now found in the park.
Bears are fairly numerous, but no more so than in the other unset-
tled parts of the State. Cougars are not uncommon, and it is prob-
able that they kill a great many of the deer in the park.
Firearms are prohibited in the reservation except under written
permit from the acting superintendent. Requests to carry guns are
usually denied. It is thought that a revolver is sufficient for protec-
tion against such wild animals as are found in the park. No firearms
of any description are allowed in the vicinity of Longmire Springs
and Paradise Valley, on account of the danger of accident, to the
tourists.
FISH.
Some trout are found in the streams, but they are small and not
plentiful. The rivers are turbid in the summer time when the
glaciers are in motion, and the smaller streams are too rapid to be
well stocked with fish.
ROADS, TRAILS, AND AUTOMOBILES.
The government road, constructed under the direction of Maj. H. M.
Chittenden, U. S. Engineer Corps, and Assistant Engineer Rick-
secker, has been extended several miles beyond Longmire Springs.
The total length from the western boundary of the forest reserve
was, on July 1, 1908, 14 miles, and about 11 miles is still to be con-
structed. Work was still further extended after the fiscal year, and
the road is now built to beyond Narada Falls. It was thrown open
to the public as far as the Nisqually Glacier July 14, and is the first
road constructed by the United States to reach a glacier. It has
rendered the southern part of the park easily accessible and greatly
increased the amount of tourist travel.
During the season of 1908, 117 permits were issued for automobiles
to enter the park by the government road. It is well adapted for
their use by the even grade and the roadbed, which is very good
during the summer months. Their use, except under strict regula-
tions as to speed, would be attended with considerable danger. The
road contains many abrupt curves, and there are few places between
the park boundary and Longmire Springs where an automobile
approaching at any considerable rate of speed could be seen in time
to avert a collision. The danger that would result in exceeding the
speed limit is well understood by the owners of automobiles, and with
a few notable exceptions they are desirous of observing the regula-
MOUNT EAINIER NATIONAL. PARK. 471
tions. Every effort was made by the rangers to enforce the rules
governing automobiles and to so regulate the use of the road as to
prevent any danger of a collision. One accident was reported. In
this instance a stage wagon containing several passengers was over-
turned; the occupants were unhurt, but the wagon and horses sus-
tained some damage. The owners of automobiles derive a great deal
of pleasure from the use of the road, and I do not think that there
is now any very general objection to them on the part of the public.
The road is used to some extent by private vehicles, but principally
by stages and by freight wagons hauling supplies for the camps on
that part of it which is still under construction. The stage drivers
and freighters, who know when to expect automobiles and whose
teams are accustomed to them, do not consider them dangerous.
The Carbon River trail, from the northwest corner of the park to
the Carbon Glacier, was washed out by the floods of the preceding
winter. It was rebuilt and in part relocated. A route to continue
this trail over the divide to White River was laid out and work upon
it commenced in the summer of 1908. The Paradise Valley trail
was graded and repaired and a trail was constructed from Longmire
Springs to Indian Henry's Hunting Ground. It is very desirable
that the trails in the Carbon and White river watersheds be extended.
The following extract is taken from a report of Major Chittenden
to the Secretary of the Interior, dated October 21, 1907, relative to
trail and other improvement work :
The one great attraction of this park is the mountain that gives it its name.
The first purpose of the improvement work should therefore be to make this
attraction as accessible as possible to tourists. A great many visitors desire to
ascend the mountain, and I thoroughly approve the suggestion to do some
necessary work to provide for the comfort and safety of parties making the
climb. Under present conditions it is necessary to spend one night on a bare
rock, without a semblance of shelter or means of essential comfort. The next
night is spent in the crater at the summit, where there is a degree of natural
warmth but no shelter. At one point on the ascent, viz, at Gibraltar Rock,
there is a dangerous passage that should be improved. There ought to be
constructed a fairly good trail from the Camp of the Clouds up, and two shel-
ters— one at Camp Muir, at the end of the first stage of the climb, and the other
in the crater.
A bridle trail around the mountain just under the glacier line is absolutely
essential to the proper policing of the park, and very necessary for the con-
venience of tourists if they are really to have access to the attractions of the
park. The trail should be so located that in time it may be enlarged into a
wagon road.
RAXGER CABINS.
Two cabins were built under the supervision of the rangers. One
is at the entrance to the park and one is near Longmire Springs.
Both were well designed and finished. The rangers have shown a
commendable pride in making the surroundings attractive by clear-
ing away the brush and logs and setting out wild flowers.
PROSPKCTIXG.
Prospecting has been carried on in the park for many years and
traces of the precious metals have been found in several localities.
The formation of the rock does not, however, justify the presumption
that mineral exists in paying quantities. The results of such devel-
472 MOUNT KAINIER NATIONAL PARK.
opment work as has been performed has usually shown that the sup-
posed veins terminated at a slight depth below the surface. The total
number of locations which have been made from time to time is very
large, but most of them have been abandoned. On the greater pro-
portion nothing has ever been done beyond the posting of a notice
of the location and the filing of it in the office of the county auditor.
Some of them were taken in good faith and in a few instances consid-
erable money and labor have been expended in developing them.
There are no mines in the park from which any profit is derived
except from the sale of stock. In general it may be said that prac-
tical miners and men who are qualified as experts by experience and
professional training are not engaged in mining operations in the
park.
The Washington Mining and Milling Company has located 39 lode
claims in the reservation and employed from 7 to 15 men throughout
the year. They have erected a number of buildings and dug 250 feet
of tunnel besides making several excavations. A considerable amount
of development work has been done in the Glacier Basin by Mr. Nils
Starbo. He has put up a small sawmill with which he cuts timber
for use on his claim. At the head of the Mowich River, in Spray
Park, there is an abandoned mine upon which there must have been
an expenditure of several thousand dollars. The cabins are well
constructed and still in good repair. Several claims have been
located near Longmire Springs, most of them upon land which has
some prospective value for business purposes. One claim adjoins
the hotel site belonging to the heirs of James Longmire. I could
find upon it no indications of mineral except a small open cut expos-
ing a hydrated oxide of iron, of no commercial value, locally desig-
nated as mineral paint. The improvements consisted of a log cabin,
which the Longmires have used as a meat house.
By act of Congress approved May 27, 1908, the location of mining
claims under the mineral-land laws of the United States was pro-
hibited within the Mount Rainier National Park. The act provides
that existing rights previously acquired in good faith should not be
affected. Where it appears that there has been no actual discovery
and that the land is being held for other purposes than its mineral
value, and where the mining law has not been complied with, a careful
investigation should be made, and whenever the facts warrant such
action, the proper measures taken to cancel the claims.
The records of the auditor of Pierce County indicate that 48 min-
ing claims were located in the park during the year ended June 30,
1908. Of this number 35 were located after the passage of the act
of May 27, 1908, which prohibited the location of mining claims
within the park.
TRAVEL.
Two thousand six hundred and twenty-six visitors entered the
park by way of the government road; of this number 153 were
campers who remained three or more days. Two hundred persons
were known to have visited the northern part of the reservation, en-
tering by way of Fairfax. The total number of visitors was 2,826,
an increase of 758 over last year. The number of prospectors is not
definitely known, but there must have been nearly 100.
MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK. 473
HOTELS AXD CAMPS.
There are two hotels at Longmire Springs. The National Park
Inn is operated by the Tacoma Eastern Railroad Company upon the
site held under lease granted by the Department of the Interior.
There are sleeping rooms in the hotel sufficient for 00 persons, and 75
can be accommodated in the tents used in connection with it. The
meals furnished were good, and the accommodations generally met
with the approval of the public. One thousand five hundred and
forty-eight guests were entertained.
The Longmire Springs Hotel is located on patented land owned by
the heirs of James Longmire, deceased, who obtained patent under
the mining laws. This "tract contains several mineral springs which
are objects of interest to the tourists and may have some medicinal
value. For this reason, and because the private ownership of the
tract may interfere with the administration of the park, its pur-
chase by the Government is desirable. The present managers of the
hotel require their guests to observe the regulations governing the
park, and have always been ready to assist the rangers in preventing
game trespass and forest fires. The buildings are old and very
roughly constructed, and the grounds are not kept in such a way as
to add to the attractions of the park. The number of guests regis-
tered at the Longmire Springs Hotel during the year was 925.
The tent camp hotel operated by Mr. John L. Reese under per-
mit is located in Paradise Valley about one-half mile east of the Nis-
qually Glacier. The accommodations provided were good. The
number of guests entertained during the year was 1.375. A permit
was granted to Mr. George B. Hall to maintain a tent camp at Three
Lakes, in Indian Henry's Hunting Ground. It was not opened until
after June 30, 1908.
PRIVILEGES.
In addition to the hotel under lease to the Tacoma Eastern Rail-
road Company and the tent camp privileges granted during the
season of 1908 to Messrs. Reese and Hall, there have been granted
permits as follows: To George B. Hall, to maintain a livery stable
at Longmire Springs; to L. G. Linkletter, for a photographic conces-
sion at such point; and to the Tacoma Baggage and Transfer Com-
pany and to John Longmire, for the transportation of passengers in
and through the park, using therefor 6 wagons and 1 wagon, re-
spectively.
ESTIMATES.
Estimates for the ensuing fiscal year are as follows: Salaries of
superintendent, 2 regular and 3 temporary park rangers. S5.150;
roads, trails, protection from forest fires, etc., $1,850; total. ^7.000.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
It is of the first importance to provide for the adequate protection
of the trees and animals of the park. Improvements can be made at
any time, but the effects of forest fires at a high altitude are irrep-
arable, and it is not easy to replace large game in any locality in
which it has become extinct. An efficient ranger force should be
474 MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL. PARK.
organized to protect the natural attractions of the park and a system
of trails constructed which will make it practicable to maintain a
thorough patrol. Two rangers should serve throughout the year
and three additional rangers be on duty during the summer months.
A ranger cabin is required in the Carbon Kiver Valley. I have esti-
mated that $150 will be required for the repair of existing trails. An
emergency fund of $300 should be kept on hand for use in the event
of a large forest fire, to hire extra labor.
I have further to recommend that an examination be made of the
mining claims in the park by a competent geologist, and that the 18.2
acres of patented land known as the Longmire tract be purchased by
the Government.
Very respectfully, G. F. Allen,
Acting Superintendent.
The Secretary or the Interior.
RULES AND REGULATIONS.
GENERAL REGULATIONS OF JUNE 10, 1908.
Pursuant to the authority conferred by the acts of Congress ap-
proved March 2, 1899, and May 27, 1908, the following rules and reg-
ulations for the government of the Mount Rainier National Park, in
the State of Washington, are hereby established and made public:
1. It is forbidden to injure or disturb in any manner any of the
mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders on the government
lands within the park.
2. It is forbidden to cut or injure any timber growing on the park
lands, or to deface or injure any government property. Camping
parties will be allowed to use dead or fallen timber for fuel.
3. Fires should be lighted only when necessary and completely ex-
tinguished when not longer required. The utmost care must be exer-
cised at all times to avoid setting fire to the timber and grass.
4. Hunting or killing, wounding or capturing any bird or wild
animal on the park lands, except dangerous animals when necessary
to prevent them from destroying life or inflicting an injury, is pro-
hibited. The outfits, including guns, traps, teams, horses, or means
of transportation used by persons engaged in hunting, killing, trap-
ping, ensnaring, or capturing such birds or wild animals, or in pos-
session of game killed on the park lands under other circumstances
than prescribed above, will be taken up by the superintendent and
held subject to the order of the Secretary of the Interior, except in
cases where it is shown by satisfactory evidence that the outfit is not
the property of the person or persons violating this regulation and
the actual owner thereof was not a party to such violation. Fire-
arms will only be permitted in the park on written permission from
the superintendent thereof.
5. Fishing with nets, seines, traps, or by the use of drugs or explo-
sives, or in any other way than with hook or line, is prohibited.
Fishing for purposes of merchandise or profit is forbidden. Fishing
may be prohibited by order of the superintendent in any of the
waters of the park, or limited therein to any specified season of the
year, until otherwise ordered by the Secretary of the Interior.
6. No person will be permitted to reside permanently, engage in
any business, or erect buildings, etc., upon the government lands in
the park, without permission, in writing, from the Secretary of the
Interior. The superintendent may grant authority to compentent
persons to act as guides and revoke the same in his discretion. No
pack trains will be allowed in the park unless in charge of a duly
registered guide.
•!75
476 MOUNT EAINIER NATIONAL. PARK.
7. Owners of patented lands within the park limits are entitled to
the full use and enjoyment thereof; such lands, however, shall have
the metes and bounds thereof so marked and defined that they may
be readily distinguished from the park lands. Stock may be taken
over the park lands to patented lands with the written permission and
under the supervision of the superintendent.
8. Hereafter the location of mining claims under the mineral-land
laws of the United States is prohibited within the park. Persons
who have heretofore acquired in good faith rights to any mining loca-
tion or locations shall not be permitted to injure, destroy, or interfere
with the retention in their natural condition of any timber, mineral
deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders within said park outside the
boundaries of their respective mining claims duly located and held
under the mineral-land laws.
9. The herding or grazing of loose stock or cattle of any kind on
the government lands in the park, as well as the driving of such
stock or cattle over the same, is strictly forbidden, except in such
cases where authority therefor is granted by the superintendent.
10. No drinking saloon or barroom will be permitted upon govern-
ment lands in the park.
11. Private notices or advertisements shall not be posted or dis-
played on the government lands within the reservation, except such
as may be necessary for the convenience and guidance of the public.
12. Persons who render themselves obnoxious by disorderly conduct
or bad behavior, or who violate any of the foregoing rules, will be
summarily removed from the park and will not be allowed to return
without permission, in writing, from the Secretary of the Interior or
the superintendent of the park.
No lessee or licensee shall retain in his employ any person whose
presence in the park shall be deemed and declared by the superin-
tendent to be subversive of the good order and management of the
reservation.
13. The superintendent designated by the Secretary is hereby
authorized and directed to remove all trespassers from the govern-
ment lands in the park and enforce these rules and regulations and all
the provisions of the acts of Congress aforesaid.
REGULATIONS OF JUNE io, 1908, GOVERNING THE IMPOUNDING
AND DISPOSITION OF LOOSE LIVE STOCK.
Horses, cattle, or other domestic live stock running at large or
being herded or grazed in the Mount Rainier National Park without
authority from the Secretary of the Interior, will be taken up and
impounded by the superintendent, who will at once give notice
thereof to the owner, if known. If the owner is not known, notice of
such impounding, giving a description of the animal or animals, with
the brands thereon, will be posted in six public places inside the park
and in two public places outside the park. Any owner of an animal
thus impounded may, at any time before the sale thereof, reclaim the
same upon proving ownership and paying the cost of notice and all
expenses incident to the taking up and detention of such animal, in-
cluding the cost of feeding and caring for the same. If any animal
MOUNT KAINIER NATIONAL PARK. 477
thus impounded shall not be reclaimed within thirty days from
notice to the owner or from the date of posting notices, it shall be
sold at public auction at such time and place as may be fixed by the
superintendent after ten days' notice, to be given by posting notices
in six public places in the park and two public places outside the
park, and by mailing to the owner, if known, a copy thereof.
All money received from the sale of such animals and remaining
after the payment of all expenses incident to the taking up, impound-
ing, and selling thereof, shall be carefully retained by the superin-
tendent in a separate fund for a period of six months, during which
time the net proceeds from the sale of any animal may be claimed by
and paid to the owner upon the presentation of satisfactory proof
of ownership, and if not so claimed within six months from the date
of sale such proceeds shall be turned into the Mount Rainier National
Park fund.
The superintendent shall keep a record in which shall be set down
a description of all animals impounded, giving the brands found on
them, the date and locality of the taking up, the date of all notices
and manner in which they were given, the date of sale, the name and
address of the purchaser, the amount for which each animal was sold
and the cost incurred in connection therewith, and the disposition of
the proceeds.
The superintendent will, in each instance, make every reasonable
effort to ascertain the owner of animals impounded and to give actual
notice thereof to such owner.
REGULATIONS OF JUNE iq, 1908, GOVERNING THE ADMISSION OF
AUTOMOBILES.
Pursuant to authority conferred by the act of March 2, 1899 (30
Stat., 993), setting aside certain lands in the State of Washington as
a public park, the following regulations governing the admission of
automobiles into the Mount Rainier National Park, during the season
of 1908, are hereby established and made public:
1. No automobile will be permitted within the metes and bounds of
the Mount Rainier National Park unless the owner thereof has first
secured a written permit from the acting superintendent, G. F. Allen,
Orting, Wash.
2. Applications for permits must show: (a) Name of owner, (b)
number of machine, (c) name of driver, and (d) inclusive dates for
which permit is desired, not exceeding one year, and be accompanied
by a fee of $5 for each machine.
Permits must be presented to the acting superintendent or his au-
thorized representative at the park entrance on the government road.
The permittee will not be allowed to do a transportation business in
the park without license therefor from tile Secretary of the Interior.
3. The use of automobiles will be permitted on the government
road as far as completed from the western boundary of Mount Rainier
National Park to beyond Longmire Springs, between the hours of
9 a. m. and 11 a. m., and between the hours of 3.30 p. m. and 5.30
p. m., but such machines must be kept in advance of the stages.
During these hours teams may meet automobiles. At all other
times automobiles are excluded from the use of roads within the park.
478 MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL. PARK.
4. When teams approach, automobiles will take position on the
outer edge of the roadway, regardless of the direction in which they
are going, taking care that sufficient room is left on the inside for
passage of teams.
5. Automobiles will stop when teams approach and remain at rest
until teams have passed or until teamsters are satisfied regarding the
safety of their teams.
6. Speed will be limited to 6 miles per hour, except on straight
stretches where approaching teams will be visible, when, if no teams
are in sight, this speed may be increased.
7. Signal with horn will be given at or near every bend to announce
to approaching teams the proximity of an automobile.
8. Teams have the right of way, and automobiles will be backed,
or otherwise handled, as necessary, so as to enable teams to pass with
safety.
9. Violation of any of the foregoing rules will cause the revocation
of permit ; will subject the owner of the automobile to any damages
occasioned thereby, and to ejectment from the reservation; and be
cause for refusal to issue a new permit to the owner of the machine
without prior sanction in writing from the Secretary of the Interior.
R.VamjnXZ 46"5°'
REPORTS OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF MESA VERDE
NATIONAL PARK AND J. WALTER FEWKES,
IN CHARGE OF EXCAVATION AND
REPAIR OF RUINS.
479
REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT OF MESA VERDE NATIONAL
PARK.
Office of the Superintendent,
Mancos, Colo., September 4, 1908.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the man-
agement of the Mesa Verde National Park for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1908.
By act of Congress approved June 29, 1906 (34 Stat., 616),
certain tracts of land in Montezuma County, Colo., adjacent to the
Southern Ute Indian Reservation, were reserved and withdrawn from
settlement, entry, sale, or other disposal, and set apart as a public
reservation to be known as the " Mesa Verde National Park." The
area of this tract is 65.5 square miles, or 41,920 acres, and the altitude
of the highest point, Point Lookout, is 8,700 feet above sea level and
2,000 feet above the Montezuma Valley, the southern rim of which
follows the park boundary line on the north for miles.
The park is placed under the exclusive control of the Secretary of
the Interior, who is authorized to prescribe such rules and regula-
tions and establish such service as he may deem necessary for the
care and management of the park, and for the preservation from
injury or spoliation of the ruins and other works and relies of pre-
historic or primitive man within the limits of the reservation, and to
grant permits for the examination, excavation, and ether gathering
of objects of antiquity by any person or persons deemed properly
qualified to conduct the same, provided they are undertaken only for
the benefit of some reputable museum, university, college, or other
recognized scientific or educational institution, with a view to in-
creasing the knowledge of such objects and aiding the general ad-
vancement of archaeological science.
The act also provides that all prehistoric ruins situated within 5
miles of the boundaries of the park, on Indian and public lands not
alienated by patent from the ownership of the United States, shall be
under the custodianship of the Secretary of the Interior, to be admin-
istered by the same service established for the custodianship of the
park. The area of this 5-mile strip is about 274 square miles, or
175,360 acres.
The Rio Mancos cuts through the park and abutting 5-mile strip
from northeast to southwest, forming a canyon L,000 to 2,000
deep. On both sides of this gorge, more especially to the west,
narrow lateral canyons of like depth and even more picturesque
beauty cut the mesa into shreds, producing successions of huge prom-
ontories, sculptured ledges, and bold, jagged cliffs. The Navaho,
Cliff, Moccasin, and Ute are the principal canyons which enter the
Mancos from the north. These, with their numerous Branches, fur-
nish the labyrinth of cliffs in the high and almost inaccessible
5S920— int 1908— vol 1 01 « v '
482 MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK.
recesses of which we find the abandoned homes of the ancient inhabit-
ants. The Fort Lewis, Grass, and Webber canyons, running into
Mancos Canyon from the east, contain many ancient ruins, but are
rather less picturesque than those on the west.
Within the park jurisdiction are many notable prehistoric ruins,
the cliff dwellings comprising a group of great importance to the
study of American archaeology.
The principal and most accessible ruins are the Spruce Tree House,0
located near the head of a draw of Navaho Canyon, originally con-
taining about 130 rooms, built of dressed stone laid in adobe mortar,
with the outside tiers chinked with chips of rock or broken pottery;
the Cliff Palace, located about 2 miles east of the Spruce Tree House,
in a left branch of the Cliff Canyon, consisting of a group of houses
with ruins of 146 rooms, including 20 round kivas, or ceremonial
rooms, and a tapering loopholed tower, forming a crescent of about
100 yards from horn to horn, which is reputed to be one of the most
famous works of prehistoric man in existence; the Balcony House, a
mile east of the Cliff House, in Cliff Canyon, containing about 25
rooms, some of which are in almost perfect condition. In each of
these villages is an elaborate system of fortifications, with, in some
cases, walls 2.3 feet thick and 20 feet high, watchtowers 30 feet high,
and blockhouses pierced with small loopholes for arrows.
These villages and other important ruins, particularly the Spring
House, Long House, and Mug House, are located on the Southern
Ute Indian Reservation, within the 5-mile strip surrounding the
park, where the park jurisdiction is not exclusive, and when tourist
travel increases the preservation and protection of such objects of
antiquity will no doubt be more difficult than for the ruins on park
lands.
GENERAL STATEMENT.
The present superintendent arrived in Mancos, Colo., and formally
took charge on August 31, 1907. Headquarters were established and
furnished in rooms in the Bauer Bank Building, in Mancos.
The first work of the superintendent was to inspect the park and
determine what service would be necessary for the immediate ad-
ministration thereof. It was found that the services of one park
ranger would be needed; this was recommended, and appointment
made as authorized. As nothing had been done toward the im-
provement and organization of the park, it was found necessary to
do some temporary work, pending the acceptance of permanent plans
for its management and development. Workmen were employed to
clear away the rubbish left by the camping parties of previous years,
and to put the grounds around Spruce Tree House, which for the
present affords the most agreeable camping place for travelers, in
proper condition. For the present the cabin which has stood for
some years at this place was allowed to remain for temporary use.
All unsightly debris was removed and orders given that in the future
no rubbish would be allowed to accumulate about camps or in the
vicinity of the principal ruins.
o More recenl and reliable data in regard to Spruce Tree House will be found
in the report of Dr. J. Walter Fewkes.
MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK. 483
In May, 1908, it was found necessary to employ two additional
rangers to assist in the care of the park and serve as guides to trav-
elers during the tourist season. It was also found necessary to em-
ploy a clerk for a short time during the spring to keep the office open
during the absence of the superintendent in the park.
ROADS AND TRAILS.
The entrance to the park could be effected only by means of horse
trails, which had never been properly constructed, and were in bad
condition. In order to prepare for travel during the season of 1908,
the principal trail was repaired and improved.
It is absolutely necessary, if the park is ever to fulfill the pur-
poses for which it was created, to build a road for carriages and
other vehicles from the boundary to the principal ruins. Compara-
tively few travelers are willing to undertake the long and difficult
horseback ride, up a steep and dangerous trail, and over 10 miles of
rough country, to reach the ruins. No matter how great may be
their interest in these remarkable remains of antiquity, they do not
feel like undergoing the hardships and expense which must now be
incurred to reach them.
The expense of conducting the excavations, developing the water
supply, and of improvements of every kind, is very great because
of this lack of a suitable highway. All supplies, tools, and material
have to be transported by means of pack animals at present, and this
expense could be materially lessened.
In the fall of 1907 Mr. George Mills, United States deputy sur-
veyor, under contract with the department, commenced to survey a
practicable route for a wagon road from the northern boundary
of the park through the reservation and a portion of the 5-mile strip
to the Spruce Tree House. This survey was completed in the spring
of this year and accepted, but until adequate appropriation is made
by Congress the expensive portion of the road building, at the point
where it leads up onto the mesa, can not be undertaken to advantage.
No preliminary work, except in clearing chaparral along a portion
of the route of survey, was practicable to the end of the fiscal year,
on account of lack of funds. An allotment of $1,900 was, however,
made from the current appropriation for such work as could be done
upon the mesa at a relatively small expense, covering work from the
Spruce Tree House to station 668, on the line of survey, and '2 miles
of trail from such station, as well as a trail system to connect
Spruce Tree House, Cliff Palace, Peabody House and Balcony House.
This amount will all be practically expended by October 15, but as
the expense of some of the trail work was greater than anticipated,
the road construction may not be extended quite to the point planned.
I have submitted an estimate of $15,000 as the amount required to
complete the wagon road as surveyed.
It is suggested that, as the park was created for the purpose of
making the ancient ruins therein accessible to the traveling public,
there should be another carriage road constructed wholly upon the
mesa, touching the points of greatest scenic and historic interest.
The most favorable route would probably be from Spruce Tree House
along the rim of Navaho Canyon, touching Alcove !Iou>e. Navaho
Point, the Swallows' Nest, Peabody House, and Casa Colorado;
484 MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK.
thence across the mesa to Cliff Canyon, at a point overlooking the
ruins of Cliff Palace, Cedar House, and the Fewkes Canyon group;
thence around to Cliff Palace and across to Balcony House on Kuin
Canyon, from which point it should return in a direct line to Spruce
Tree House. This road would be about 8 miles in length, and the
cost of construction comparatively small.
Because of the great depth of the canyons, cutting the mesa from
north to south, the expense of building a road to some of the most
interesting ruins in the western part of the park is too great for it
to be undertaken at present, although trails could be built for $500
from Spruce Tree House to the important ruins of Garfield Canyon
and its tributaries and bring them within four hours' ride of the
former ruin.
WATER SUPPLY.
The natural water supply of the park was found to be quite lim-
ited, and entirely insufficient for future use. In February, 1908, the
question of improving and developing the supply was taken up.
Under the advice of a competent engineer and stone mason plans
were prepared and submitted. These were found acceptable to the
department; and in pursuance thereof, contracts were let for the
building of a dam at the head of Spruce Tree Canyon for the pur-
pose of storing water for stock. This was finished in May, and with
some improvements, found necessary after the coming of the rainy
season, will be entirely adequate for the purpose for which it was
designed.
In order to increase the supply of water for domestic purposes, it
was deemed advisable to conserve the water of the spring at Spruce
Tree House by the building of cisterns. These were included in the
contract for the building of the dam and completed at about the same
time. For the purpose of conveying the water from the spring to
the cisterns, and to catch the seepage from the canyon walls, a trench
was constructed under a separate contract. The supply of water
provided for by these improvements appears to be ample for all pres-
ent requirements.
EXCAVATION AND REPAIR OF RUINS.
The sum of $2,000 having been set aside for the purpose of exca-
vating and repairing ruins during the fiscal year, under the direction
of the Smithsonian Institution, Dr. J. Walter Fewkes began the
excavation of Spruce Tree House on May 6. This work continued
during the months of May and June, until the appropriation was
exhausted. This ruin, which was formerly filled with rubbish and
in a condition to fall rapidly into further decay, was completely
cleared of all loose stones, dirt, and other debris. Walls that were
found to be in a dangerous condition were properly repaired and
strengthened, and such restoration was done as seemed necessary for
the preservation of the buildings. Such antiquities as were found
were forwarded to the National Museum at Washington. One hun-
dred and fourteen living rooms were excavated, and eight kivas, or
ceremonial chambers. Two rooms of the latter class were completely
restored, after the plans of similar rooms found in the neighboring
ruin of Peabody House. A fuller account of the excavation and
MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK. 485
repair of Spruce Tree House, by Doctor Fewkes, the director of the
work, is given by the report and illustrations of Doctor Fewkes
which follow. Brass name plates have been placed on all of the
larger ruins.
TRAVEL.
No great amount of travel in the park is to be expected until it is
made accessible by the building of proper roads and trails. As no
record was kept of the number of travelers until January of the
present year, it is not possible to give an accurate statement of the
total number, though it may be estimated at about 80. In the future
all visitors will be required to register in a book kept for that pur-
pose, so that the number can be accurately reported. Besides regular
travelers and tourists, the park has already become a favorite resort
for students of archaeology and ethnology. In addition to the scien-
tific work under Doctor Fewkes, above mentioned, 10 students of the
School of American Archaeology, under the direction of Dr. Edgar
L.' Hewett, director of American archaeology for the Archaeological
Institute of America, have pursued studies among the ruins of the
Mesa Verde.
FOREST FIRES.
No forest fires have occurred in the park during the period covered
by this report.
GAME.
Some deer have been seen in the park in winter. There has been
no unlawful killing of game, except by the Ute Indians, whose reser-
vation falls partly within the park jurisdiction. It is thought that
this can be prevented in the future through an understanding with
the officers of the Indian Service. The amount of game can be
increased by the development of the water supply in the remote
canyons. Suggestions for this purpose will be made in a future
report.
ORDER IN THE PARK.
Suitable places have been designated for campers, and all visitors
to the ruins were conducted by the park rangers, or other persons
duly authorized by the superintendent. No unlawful excavations
have been made, and it was not found necessary to expel any per-
son for disorderly conduct or violation of the park regulations.
LANDS.
At the time of the creation of this park there were 360 acres of pat-
ented lands, 560 acres in unpatented entries, and school sections 16
and 36 granted to the State, aggregating 2,080 acres. For adminis-
trative purposes these private holdings should be eliminated by Con-
gress making adequate appropriation for the purchase thereof. In
the 5-mile limit outside the park boundaries there were patented lands
aggregating 31,535.98 acres, unpatented entries aggregating 13,890.16
acres, and lands granted to the State aggregating 4,920 acres. The
Indian Office reports that there are no allotted lands in that portion
of the Southern Ute Reservation within the 5-mile strip.
486 MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK.
An investigation made in 1906 by Mr. M. K. Shaler, of the Geo-
logical Survey, demonstrates that there are workable coal beds under-
lying all of the park lands as far as the northern rim of the mesa, as
well as the portion of the 5-mile strip coinciding with the Southern
Ute Indian Eeservation, upon which are located the principal ruins.
Mr. George S. Todd, of Cortez, Colo., who had made a coal location
in Mesa Verde National Park after these lands were reserved from
entry, and who made application for patent after the creation of the
park and had his claim rejected by the Commissioner of the General
Land Office, endeavored, during the last session of Congress, to secure
legislation (S. bill 6818) which would permit him to enter the park
under the coal-land laws of the United States. It is understood that
the department does not' favor the passage of such legislation, and
in the absence of authority in the park act for the granting of privi-
leges and leases his application for permission to work the coal lands
claimed, later presented to the department, was denied.
PRIVILEGES.
The act setting aside the Mesa Verde National Park is defective
in that no provision was made authorizing the Secretary of the Inte-
rior to grant privileges or lease sites for the entertainment and
accommodation of tourists, etc., or for using the revenues derived
from such privileges, leases, etc., in the care and management of the
park. H. R. bill 19861 which was introduced last session by Hon.
Warren A. Haggott, to permit the Secretary of the Interior, upon
terms and conditions to be fixed by him, to grant leases and permits
for the use of the lands and development of the resources of the park
and 5-mile strip, is broad enough to cover rights of way, coal mining,
grazing, etc., in addition to features for the accommodation of vis-
itors. The importance of the passage of this legislation at an early
date can not be overestimated.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
1. Road building. — The principal work on the main road surveyed
to lead through the park should be continued at the earliest prac-
ticable date, and an additional carriage road constructed around the
mesa between the main ruins and scenic points of interest. The ex-
tension of the trail system is very necessary, especially to reach the
important outlying ruins.
2. Excavation and repair of ruins. — The work of Doctor Fewkes
at Spruce Tree House fully demonstrates that provision should be
made for the early excavation and repair of Cliff Palace, Balcony
House, Peabody House, The Swallows' Nest, Casa Colorado, Norden-
skiold House, Cedar House, and the ruins in Fewkes Canyon, this
to be followed later by similar work on the ruins in Garfield Canyon
and its tributaries. It is also desirable that many of the smaller
and less conspicuous ruins be put in order as soon as possible, and
that the burial mounds throughout the park be excavated and the
specimens therein recovered and preserved.
3. Local museum. — In his report to the Department of the Interior,
on which was based the act of Congress creating the Mesa Verde
National Park, Dr. Edgar L. Hewett recommended not only the
excavation and repair of the principal ruins, but also that all objects
MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK. 487
of antiquity obtained thereby be kept in a museum within the park
for the purpose of illustrating the life that existed in these ancient
cliff villages. I can not too strongly urge that this recommendation
be adopted. Nowhere else can these objects be so instructive as if
restored to their proper places in the houses, or kept in a museum
near at hand. This is now the general practice in Mexico, Italy,
Greece, Egypt, and other foreign countries where there are noted
ruins.
4. Custodian's house. — It is recommended that a house be con-
structed at Spruce Tree House so that a custodian may reside per-
manently near the ruins, and thus be enabled to give closer attention
to their care, as well as to the comfort and convenience of travelers.
Such a house can here be built most economically of stone. The
greater part of the necessary building material can be obtained on the
ground.
5. Telephone line. — As it is 25 miles from Mancos, the nearest
outfitting point, to the ruins, a telephone line is needed for the pur-
pose of keeping the park officers informed concerning the movements
of parties and other matters relating to the .administration of the
park. It is recommended that provision be made for such a line
during the coming year.
6. Legislation. — The private holdings in the park should be
eliminated, and provision made for the granting of privileges and
the use of revenues derived therefrom, by appropriate legislation at
an early date.
ESTIMATES.
The following estimates of appropriation required for the ensuing
fiscal year have been submitted: Salaries of superintendent, park
rangers, etc., and incidental expenses, $4,G00; continuation of wagon
road construction, $15,000; excavation and repair of ruins, $8,000;
construction and furnishing of office and residence for the superin-
tendent, $2,500; telephone line, 18 miles, $1,800; trail improvements,
$500 ; total, $32,400. ^
Respectfully submitted.
Hans M. Randolph,
Superintendent.
The Secretary of the Interior.
IUJXES AKD REGULATIONS.
GENERAL REGULATIONS OF MARCH 19, 1908.
Pursuant to authority conferred by the act of Congress approved June 29,
1906, the following rules and regulations for the government of the Mesa Verde
National Park, in Colorado, are hereby established and made public and ex-
tended as far as applicable to all prehistoric ruins situated within 5 miles of the
boundaries thereof on Indian and public lands not alienated by patent from the
ownership of the United States:
1. It is forbidden to injure or disturb, except as herein provided, any of the
mineral deposits, natural curiosities, wonders, ruins, and other works and relics
of prehistoric or primitive man, on government lands within the park or the
ruins and other works or relics of prehistoric man on government lands within
5 miles of the boundaries of the park.
2. Permits for the examination of ruins, the excavation of archrelogical sites,
and the gathering of objects of antiquity, will, upon application to the Secre-
488 MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK.
tary of the Interior through the superintendent of the park, be granted to
accredited representatives of reputable museums, universities, colleges, or
other recognized scientific or educational institutions, with a view to increas-
ing the knowledge of such objects and aiding the general advancement of
archaelogieal science, under the conditions and restrictions contained in present
or future regulations promulgated by the Secretary of the Interior to carry out
the provisions of the act of Congress approved June 8, 1906, entitled "An act
for the preservation of American antiquities."
3. Persons bearing arckselogical permits from the Department may be per-
mitted to enter the ruins unaccompanied after presenting their credentials to
the superintendent or other park officer. Persons without archaelogieal permits
who wish to visit and enter the ruins shall in all cases be accompanied by a
park ranger, or other person duly authorized by the superintendent.
4. The superintendent is authorized, in his discretion, to close any ruin on
government lands within the park or the 5-mile limit, to visitors when it shall
appear to him that entrance thereto would be dangerous to visitors or might
result in injury to walls or other insecure portions thereof, or during repairs.
5. The superintendent is authorized, in his discretion, to designate the place
or places to be used by campers in the park, and where firewood can be obtained
by them. All garbage and refuse must be deposited in places where it will not
be offensive to the eye or contaminate any water supply on the park lands.
6. It is forbidden to cut or injure any timber growing on the park lands,
except as provided in paragraph 5 of these regulations; but dead or fallen
timber may be taken by campers for fuel without obtaining permission therefor.
7. Fires should be lighted only when necessary and completely extinguished
when not longer required. The utmost care must be taken at all times to avoid
setting fire to the timber and grass.
8. Hunting or killing, wounding or capturing any bird or wild animal on the
park lands, except dangerous animals when necessary to prevent them from
destroying life or inflicting an injury, is prohibited. The outfits, including
guns, traps, teams, horses, or means of transportation used by persons engaged
in hunting, killing, trapping, ensnaring, or capturing such birds or wild animals,
or in possession of game killed on the park lands under other circumstances
than those prescribed above, will be taken up by the superintendent and held
subject to the order of the Secretary of the Interior, except in cases where it is
shown by satisfactory evidence that the outfit is not the property of the person
or persons violating this regulation and the actual owner thereof was not a
party to such violation. Firearms will be permitted in the park only on written
permission from the superintendent.
9. No person shall be permitted to reside permanently or to engage in any
business on the government lands in the park without permission, in writing,
from the Secretary of the Interior. The superintendent may grant authority
to competent persons to act as guides and revoke the same in his discretion,
and no pack trains will be allowed in the park unless in charge of a duly
registered guide.
10. Owners of patented lands within the park limits are entitled to the full
use and enjoyment thereof; such lands, however, shall have the metes and
bounds thereof so marked and defined as to be readily distinguished from the
park lands. Stock may be taken over the park lands to patented lands with .the
written permission and under the supervision of the superintendent.
11. The herding or grazing of loose stock or cattle of any kind on the govern-
ment lands within the park, as well as the driving of such stock or cattle over
the same, is strictly forbidden, except in such cases where authority therefor
is granted by the superintendent.
12. The sale of intoxicating liquors on the government lands in the park is
strictly forbidden.
13. Private notices or advertisements shall not be posted or displayed on the
government lands within the park, nor upon or about ruins on government
lands within the 5-mile strip surrounding the same, except such as may be
necessary for the convenience and guidance of the public.
14. Persons who render themselves obnoxious by disorderly conduct or bad
behavior, or who may violate any of the foregoing rules, will be summarily
removed from the park and will not be allowed to return without permission,
in writing, from the Secretary of the Interior or the superintendent of the park.
15. The aot creating the park provides that any person or persons who may,
without having secured proper permission from the Secretary of the Interior,
willfully remove, disturb, destroy, or molest any of the ruins, mounds, build-
MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK. 489
mgs, graves, relics, or other evidences of an ancient civilization or other prop-
erty in said park, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction
before any court having jurisdiction of such offenses shall be fined not more
than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than twelve months, or such person or
persons may be fined and imprisoned, at the discretion of the court, and shall
be required to restore the property destroyed, if possible.
Any person or persons guilty of such vandalism upon government lands
within the 5-mile strip will be liable to a penalty of $500 or imprisonment of
not more than ninety days, or both, in the discretion of the court, as provided
in the act of Congress approved June 8, 1900, entitled "An act for the preserva-
tion of American antiquities."
16. The superintendent designated by the Secretary of the Interior is hereby
authorized and directed to remove all trespassers from the government lands
in the park and to enforce these rules and regulations and all the provisions of
the act of Congress creating the same.
The Indian police and field employees of the General Land Office are required
to cooperate with the superintendent in the enforcement of these regulations as
regards the 5-mile strip surrounding the park.
REGULATIONS OF MARCH 19, 1908, GOVERNING THE IMPOUNDING
AND DISPOSITION OF LOOSE LIVE STOCK.
Horses, cattle, or other domestic live stock running at large or beiag herded
or grazed on the government lands in the Mesa Verde National Park without au-
thority from the superintendent of the park will be taken up and impounded
by the superintendent, who will at once give notice thereof to the owner, if
known. If the owner is not known, notices of such impounding, giving a de-
scription of the animal or animals, with the brands thereon, will be posted in
six public places inside the park and in two public places outside the park.
Any owner of an animal thus impounded may, at any time before the sale
thereof, reclaim the same upon proving ownership and paying the cost of
notice and all expenses incident to the taking up and detention of such animal,
including the cost of feeding and caring for the same. If any animal thus
impounded should not be reclaimed within thirty days from notice to the owner
or from the date of posting notices, it shall be sold at public auction at such time
and place as may be fixed by the superintendent after ten days' notice, to be
given by posting notices in six public places in the park and two public places
outside the park and by mailing to the owner, if known, a copy thereof.
All money received from the sale of such animals and remaining after the
payment of all expenses incident to the taking up, impounding, and selling
thereof, shall be carefully retained by the superintendent in a separate fund
for a period of six months, during which time the net proceeds from the sale of
any animal may be claimed by and paid to the owner upon the presentation of
satisfactory proof of ownership ; and if not so claimed within six months from
the date of sale, such proceeds shall be turned into the Mesa Verde National
Park fund.
The superintendent shall keep a record in which shall be set down a descrip-
tion of all animals impounded, giving the brands found on them, the date and
locality of the taking up, the date of all notices and manner in which they were
given, the date of sale, and the name and address of the purchaser, the amount
for which each animal was sold, and the cost incurred in connection therewith,
and the disposition of the proceeds.
The superintendent shall in each instance make every reasonable effort to
ascertain the owner of animals impounded and give actual notice thereof to
such owner.
REPORT ON EXCAVATION AND REPAIR OF THE SPRUCE TREE
HOUSE, MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK, COLORADO, IN MAY
AND JUNE, 1908.
INTRODUCTION.
Sir: The author devoted the last two months of the fiscal year
1908 to the excavation and repair of the Spruce Tree House, one of
the largest ruins of the Mesa Verde National Park. This work was
made possible through the liberal and sympathetic support of the
Secretary of the Interior, acting in conjunction with the Smithsonian
Institutions This action marks the entrance of the Interior De-
ment into a new field of activity, the excavation and repair of our
prehistoric ruins, and is a step of no small importance viewed from
both the educational and the scientific standpoint.
The author chose this ruin in preference to others — work upon
which would have been more striking — for several reasons. It was
believed that the available appropriation would be about large
enough to complete the excavation and repair of a ruin of this size,
whereas it was thought too small for a larger one like the magnificent
Cliff Palace. Moreover, the site of this ruin had many advantages.
Spruce Tree House is situated near the place where all visitors camp
after their long and hard trip up the mesa, and is naturally the first
large cliff ruin which is seen by those who visit the park. If prop-
erly cleaned out, repaired, and labeled, it would convey a good idea
of a cliff dwelling and thus serve as a type in the subsequent exami-
nation of the others. Fortunately, Spruce Tree House presents all
the important architectural features found in other Mesa Verde ruins.
It is easy of access, has an abundant water supply near by, and is
within a convenient distance of the most famous ruins of the park.
The impressions which a visitor obtains from it are lasting, and,
if correct ones, must be of great aid in the interpretation of the
structure of other ruins, where relations of parts are less apparent
since the walls are hidden under rubbish and fallen walls. The
Spruce Tree House is an excellent ruin to serve as a type and is well
situated for that purpose.
EDUCATIONAL IDEAL.
The manual work at the Spruce Tree House consisted mainly
of cleaning out rooms and repairing walls and plazas. The thought
that was ever in the mind of the author was to make it more at-
tractive to visitors and to increase its educational value. In the
progress of the work it was found necessary to give considerable time
to undertakings that are apparently only distantly related to excava-
tion and repair. Of this nature may be mentioned the construction
0 Tlio author was assigned this work hy the Secretary of the Smithsonian, at the re-
quest of the Secretary of the Interior, who allotted $2,000 for the purpose. This report
considers the more general aspects of the work at Spruce Tree House and leaves many
technical details for a later consideration.
490
MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK. 401
of channels to turn the water from the ruin, the building of trails,
labeling objects of interest, and grading the approaches to the
ruin, which was almost inaccessible when work began. While
none of these undertakings, except possibly the first mentioned, could
be called expensive, all were essential to put the ruin in repair for
preservation. Without proper drainage all repair work would have
been futile or, at least, only of temporary value.
While the ideal of work at Spruce Tree House was to develop
in the Mesa Verde National Park a " type ruin " from which visitors
could become acquainted first hand with the general features of pre-
historic buildings called cliff dwellings, it was also planned to show
the meaning of their different parts, the construction and essential
features of the rooms, their arrangement and special uses. Follow-
ing the ideals of the Institution, with which the author is connected,
he has sought to increase by excavation and repair the educational
value of Spruce Tree House. It is hoped by him that visitors can
now obtain much clearer ideas of a cliff house than before the work
was undertaken.
REPAIR NOT RESTORATION.
Archaeological experts may differ in their judgments regarding the
extent of work necessary to repair a ruin as much mutilated as
Spruce Tree House. It is difficult to determine a strict line of de-
markation between repair and restoration work. The author has
sought to avoid any restoration which would involve him in any
theoretical questions even when he had good reasons to adopt an
obvious interpretation. He has endeavored to preserve the pic-
turesque character of the walls when possible and has not attempted
to foist on the observer any theory of construction that was not
clearly evident. Before the repair of a magnificent ruin like Cliff
Palace could be attempted work on a small ruin like the Spruce Tree
House was almost necessary. No one without some such experience
in repair work should be intrusted with the excavation and repair
of this important ruin.
METHOD OF EXCAVATION AND REPAIR.
Another ideal in the author's work at Spruce Tree House has
been so to treat the ruin as to make it an object lesson for archaeo-
logical students, showing by this means how ruins should be exca-
vated and repaired. Hitherto, with the exception of the work under
the author's direction at Casa Grande, by the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, archaeological field work in the Southwest has been devoted
mainly to making collections of pottery and small portable antiqui-
ties. In the effort to gather these minor antiquities the walls of
ruins have been mutilated and left practically without any thought
of protection from the elements. Architectural data have been
sacrificed to obtain collections of those small objects which have a
commercial value or will make an artistic impression when arranged
on the shelves of a museum. It is hoped that the work done at
Casa Grande Ruin in Arizona and the Spruce Tree House in Mesa
Verde National Park the past season may influence archaeologists
to even greater care in the treatment of the ruins they are permitted
to excavate in the Southwest. Our responsibiliy in this work ia
492 MESA VEEDE NATIONAL PARK.
very great, for we are dealing with precious data, which belong to
posterity as well as to the present generation. The author believes
he has no right to tear down walls and despoil prehistoric cemeteries
for any other . purpose than the advancement of knowledge. In
his opinion beginners and those without training or experience
should not be allowed to take charge of archaeological work without
direction on any of the great ruins of the Southwest. The author
writes this in a spirit of humility, for he has been conscious
throughout his work of the great responsibility which has rested
upon him in the excavation and repair of one of the finest ruins in
the Mesa Verde Park, and would gladly welcome any suggestion that
would throw more light on the many difficult problems that present
themselves to the field worker in this new archaeology.
The intention of the author has not been the reconstruction but the
repair of Spruce Tree House. Walls in danger of falling, especially
those that have suffered a thrust from the perpendicular, have been so
treated as to prevent their falling. No radical reconstruction of
rooms has been attempted ; the Avails have not been built up, but the
sky lines remain practically as they were before the excavations were
begun.
It was found in excavating kivas and those rooms situated in front
of the village that a considerable repair of walls was necessary to
preserve the original structure of the rooms and their connection with
those chambers situated in the deeper regions of the cavern. The
defensive wall forming the front of the village had to be built up in
places above the level of the plazas a Some sections of the plaza floor
were so damaged that much work was necessary to restore them to
their former level.
PROTECTION FROM TORRENTS.
One source of injury to Spruce Tree House was the dripping water
that in rainy weather falls over the canyon rim above it, thus often
destroying whole sections of the exposed walls. This water is the
drainage from a large extent of country covered with cedars lying
east of the canyon. In heavy rains, when this overflow becomes a
torrent, its force is sufficient to wash out mortar from the walls, caus-
ing the buildings to fall when their foundations are undermined. In
order to obviate this difficulty as far as possible, there was blasted out
of the solid rock a crescentic trench 254 feet long, averaging 2 feet
deep by 3 feet wide, situated at its middle point 60 feet back from
the canyon. The water from the cedars is deflected by this channel
from the rim of the mesa above Spruce Tree House to points on the
rim rock beyond the north and south ends of the ruin, where it falls
over the cliff without endangering aboriginal masonry,
REPAIR OF WALLS.
The floors of all the rooms had been dug into by those in search of
small objects supposed to exist below them, so that repairs were nec-
essary in almost every room. This work was, however, of small
account and comparatively easy, necessitating simply filling in cavi-
ties with adobe. The repair of foundations of walls which had been
a The lettering of the plazas corresponds to the designation of the related kivas.
ANN. REPT. DEPT. OF INTERIOR, 1
SPRUCE TREE HOUSE FROM THE SOUTHWEST, BEFORE AND AFTER REPAIR.
REPT. DEPT. OF INTERIOR, 1908.
SPRUCE TREE HOUSE, PLAZA D, BEFORE AND AFTER REPAIR.
ANN. REPT. DEPT. OF INTERIOR,
SPRUCE TREE HOUSE
1 1
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PLAN OF SPRUCE TREE HOUSE.
A.-H, ceremonial rooms or kivas; 1-72, secular n»otns: 2, ossuary; 12, warrior's room, cb, corn
bin; cr, corn grinding place; d, air deflector; e, entrance to kiva from adjacent room;/p,
fireplace; 8, symbolic entrance to the underworld; ST, spruce-tree stump; V, ventilator
MESA VERDE NATIONAL, PARK. 493
broken, or of holes that had been knocked through walls0 to admit
light was more difficult. Some of the last-mentioned breaks were
left unrepaired, especially those where windows or doorways had been
enlarged, rendering it no longer possible to discover the original
form of the wall. Several high walls which were badly cracked were
mended, and in one or two cases extensive repair work was done on
walls that had sprung away from their attachment to the cliffs and
were in danger of falling. It was not the custom of the ancient
masons to firmly tie or bind the corners of their buildings so that
in the process of time these angles had opened and the walls spread so
far apart that huge gaps were visible. The walls would have fallen
within a few years had not extensive repair work been done on sev-
eral of these corners. Whenever it was possible leaning walls or
those in danger of falling were braced by attachment to firmer stand-
ing walls, and in one or two instances it was necessary to construct
a buttress breast high to hold up a wall that could not be otherwise
saved. Almost the whole front wall of a large square room situ-
ated back of kiva H had fallen, leaving its upper part near the roof
of the cave partly hanging in the air and almost destitute of sup-
port. This large gap was filled and the old wall is no longer in
danger of falling.
The appearance of Spruce Tree House before and after excavation
and repair is shown in Pis. I and II from photographs furnished
by the Archaeological Institute of America.
GROUND PLAN OF RUIN.
The most important addition to Nordenskiold's ground plan of
Spruce Tree House resulting from the author's excavations was
uncovering the bounding wall formerly hidden from view under the
debris on top of the talus in front of the rooms and kivas. Only
fragments of this wall were evident when excavation work began,
and the relation of kivas to plazas did not appear. An accurate
knowledge of the walls in this region gives one a new and, for the
first time, a correct idea of the general appearance of the ruin.
The front wall, which was replaced to a uniform height of 3 feet,
was probably breast-high when the village was inhabited. It seems
to have served as a protective wall, but it also formed one side of the
plazas containing the kivas and other dwellings.6
NUMBER OF ROOMS AND DIMENSIONS.
The total length of Spruce Tree House was found to be 216 feet,
its width at the widest part 89 feet, There were counted in the
Spruce Tree House 114 rooms, the majority of which were secular,
and 8 ceremonial chambers or kivas (PL III). Nordenskiold num-
bered 80 of the former and 7 of the latter, but in this count he
apparently did not differentiate in the former those of the first,
second, and third stories. Spruce Tree House was in places 3 stories
high; the third-story rooms had no artificial roof, but the wall of
the cave served that purpose. Several rooms, the walls of which are
« Tt is reported th.it giant powder or dynamite was used by those who broke down
these walls.
6As a rule, no buildings were constructed on top of a kiva, and their roofs were on
the same level as the adjacent plazas.
494 MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK.
now 2 stories high, formerly had a third story ° above the second, but
their walls have now fallen, leaving as the only indication of their
former union with the cave lines destitute of smoke on the top of the
cavern. Of the 114 rooms, at least 14 were uninhabited, being used
as storage and mortuary chambers. If we eliminate these from the
total number of rooms we have 100 inclosures which might have been
dwellings. Allowing 4 inhabitants for each of these 100 rooms
would give about 400 persons as an aboriginal population of Spruce
Tree House. But it is probable that this estimate should be reduced,
as not all the 100 rooms were inhabited at the same time, there being
evidence that several of them had occupants long after others were
deserted. Approximately, Spruce Tree House hacl a population not
far from 350 people, or about 100 more than that of Walpi, one of
the best-known Hopi pueblos.
GENERAL CHARACTER OF WALLS.
The walls of the rooms are constructed of dressed stone generally
firmly set in adobe mortar, the pointing of which is sometimes
strengthened by the insertion of small stones or fragments of pottery.
The relatively large amount of mortar used by the ancient masons
in the joints between stones is a source of weakness especially in
those outside walls that were subjected to melting snow or driving
sleet and rain. The interiors of those rooms situated under the cliff
are but little worn ; they were generally smoothly plastered, often left
rough, but seldom needed repair. The one-storied rooms have as a
rule lost their roofs, but many with two stories have them entire.
The walls of the third story generally*reach to the top of the cavern
and its overhang serves as their covering. As a rule the form of all
living roQms is square or quadrilateral on the ground floor. There
are, however, triangular, pentagonal, and round rooms, as that near
the south entrance to the ruin which may have served for defense.
Fireplaces are ordinarily situated in one corner of the room, but in
circular chambers they lie near the middle.
An examination of the walls of Spruce Tree House before repair
made evident that the masonry of this cliff dwelling varies in
excellence in different sections of the village. Some of the walls are
constructed of nicely dressed stones carefully laid, tied at the corners,
and smoothly plastered. These would be a credit to a white mason,
but other walls are carelessly made of irregular stones, crudely laid
and roughly plastered. These differences lead to the belief that many
masons and plasterers, some of indifferent skill, others adepts, con-
structed these rooms. There are indubitable evidences that the walls
of this cliff house were constructed at different times. None of the
building stones are too heavy to be carried by one person, and the
plastering shows in many places the imprints of human hands. No
trowels or instruments for pressing mortar were used; the walls are
not wholly plumb, nor are their surfaces perfectly plain, except in
rare instances. The majority of building stones were obtained from
the floor of the cave, but some were transported from the bottom of
the canyon.
0 On the author's plan of Spruce Tree House, from a survey by Mr. S. G. Morley, the
third story is Indicated by crosshatchlng, the second by parallel lines, and the first has
no markings.
MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK. 495
The best preserved walls, as would naturally be expected, lie far
back in the cavern, sheltered by the overhanging cliff. The front
walls of the village had been considerably mutilated, the thick mortar
in the joints having been washed out by water dripping upon it from
the canyon rim, and storms breaking upon them for centuries.0 These
sources of destruction have been most harmful and have done more
to destroy the ruin than all other causes combined.
REFUSE HEAPS.
The very deepest part of the cavern was a large space destitute of
rooms and not used for habitation, but apparently for a refuse heap
or burial place. The fact that this large inclosure contains much
debris of all kinds would indicate that it was probably used by the
ancients as a dumping place in which the dead may have been buried.
The refuse it contains has been pretty well dug over by " pottery
diggers " who have found one or more desiccated bodies (mummies)
and accompanying mortuary objects. To facilitate their work they
have broken down large sections of rooms inclosing it to let in light
or air. No systematic excavation was attempted by the author in
this place, for a similar smaller refuse heap in the southern section
was thoroughly cleaned out, and nothing of importance rewarded a
very difficult week's work in the oppressive alkaline dust of this
region. It is stated that turkeys were kept here, and bird droppings
add considerable force to this theory. In the dry guano and rubbish
that covers the floor of these caves, everything becomes desiccated, and
several desiccated bodies (mummies) of small mammals and lizards
were excavated; the refuse could not be moved without inhalation of
dry dust which makes the work if not dangerous at least trying to the
breathing organs. Evidences of isolated rooms, backed up against
the rear cave wall, were found in the largest of these refuse places.
It is quite impossible that these were human habitations. The roof
of the cave is covered with a thick layer of smoke, showing that fires
were often made in this section of the town.
CLASSIFICATION OF ROOMS.
Future visitors to Spruce Tree House will find that there are two
or three types of rooms in the Mesa Verde cliff villages. One type is
evidently a living room, rectangular or quadrilateral in shape, with
well-plastered floor, in one corner of which is commonly a fireplace.
Another type, called kivas, has a circular form, is subterranean, and,
like all religious chambers, preserves ancient characters which are
highly instructive. The secular rooms differ but little from those
throughout the pueblo area, but the kivas present many significant
variations in different geographical locations.
SECULAR ROOMS.
The rooms of Spruce Tree House are topographically divided
into two groups by a court or street, running east and west, situated
about midway between the north and south ends of the village. This
street is entered from the plaza in which kiva G is situated," and has
many fireplaces. In the northern* division of the ruin there are five
° In laying their walls the aboriginal masons appear not to have pressed the stones
together sufficiently to make a lasting union, but left thick layers of adobe between them
which on exposure to water rapidly washed out.
496 MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK.
kivas° and in the southern section three. The majority of the secu-
lar rooms, comprising the oldest, are situated in the northern divi-
sion. The row of rooms bordering the street on the south end of the
northern division contains some of the best walls in Spruce Tree
House. The roofs and floors are well preserved and the walls show
the best masonry in the whole ruin. The varied coloring of the
plaster indicates that it was done at different times. It may well
have been that this was the most aristocratic part of the village ; cer-
tainly the houses here were constructed by the most clever masons and
are now the best preserved. Their roofs and floors are in as fine con-
dition to-day as when the place was inhabited. They have lateral
doorways and well-made windows opening into the street. Entrances
through upper or second floor doorways appear in some cases to have
been accomplished by means of foot holes in the side of the wall,
which are now visible. Notched logs were placed along the street
to be used by visitors. The rooms are dark and were probably sleep-
ing chambers, the fireplaces in the courts indicating that much of
the cooking was done in the adjacent plaza and court.
The rooms of Spruce Tree House are well furnished with door-
ways, both lateral and vertical, the latter being very few in number.
Some of the lateral openings are rectangular in form, slightly nar-
rowed above; others are T-shaped. Many examples of the latter
have the lower part filled in with masonry, reducing them to rec-
tangular openings, and a few are entirely walled in, shutting off all
entrances, a circumstance that would indicate that these rooms were
abandoned while yet others were inhabited.
The sills of those doors which have a solid stone threshold are often
much worn, showing frequent use. The lintels are commonly slabs
of stone, but they may likewise be made of split sticks set in mortar.
Similar sticks are likewise sometimes let into the sides of the door-
ways. The tops of many of the openings were partially arched over
with mud, making a semicircular jamb that holds in place the flat
stone which closed the opening. To secure in place the stone slab
which closed the entrance the inhabitants used a stick that was held
in place by eyelets made of osiers, one on each side. One of these
doors was restored in its original form.
WOODEN BEAMS AND LADDERS.
It is remarkable how many old wooden beams and rafters still
remain in their original positions in the Spruce Tree House. Their
appearance indicates that the ruin never suffered any general con-
flagration. This abundance of beams is in marked contrast to the
condition at Cliff Palace where, as pointed out by Nordenskiold,
there is a great scarcity of wood of any shape. There is nothing to
indicate any great conflagration at Cliff Palace, and probably the
wood was removed from its walls to be used in the construction of
buildings in the neighboring cliff houses.5 No fragments of ladders
° There is a numerical relationship between the population and the number of kivas
which has not yet been satisfactorily worked out.
* There are many large cliff dwellings in the neighborhood of Cliff Talace that have
never been described. A topographical archaeological survey is much needed to de-
termine how many ruins of all kinds there are in the Mesa Verde National Park. The
iccount we have of the ruins In this region is the excellent memoir, now somewhat
Incomplete, by Gustav Nordenskiold, "The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde." This
beautifully illustrated work is repeatedly referred to in the following pages.
MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK. 497
or holes for the same were noticed in, the floors of kivas. Charred
rafters often reduced to charcoal in some rooms showed that the
woodwork of some of the kivas must have been burnt and the change
in color of the walls to a bright red indicates that the heat of the
conflagration in these rooms was intense.
BALCONY.
The second tier of rooms of plaza Z>, as shown by the projecting
ends of rafters, had a balcony, a small section of which can still be
seen at the north end. Long poles formerly extended above these
projecting beams, which they connected, and these poles supported
wattlings and cedar bark covered with adobe. Along this platform
the dwellers in rooms in the second story passed from doorway to
doorway, and by it they were enabled to enter their own rooms. The
evidences are that there were two balconies, one above another, at this
point, but all traces of the floor of the highest of these except a few
ends of rafters have disappeared. In a wall under this balcony, as
was not uncommon in some cliff dwellings, there is found a stone
projecting from its face which served as a step to reach the lowest
doorway.
STONE BINS.
In one corner of a room back of plaza H there is a stone box or
closet, the sides of which are formed of slabs set upright, on the upper
edges of which is luted in place a cover having a square hole cut
in one corner. This stone is not level, but inclines slightly outward
from the wall. The use of this closet is unknown. A somewhat
similar stone bin occurs in the northeast corner of plaza L7, but, unlike
it, has no covering slab and is situated in the corner of a plaza instead
of a room. It seems natural to regard it as a corn bin. The meaning
of the stone inclosures in one corner of plaza G is unknown.
CIRCULAR ROOMS.
The most interesting room in the south division is circular in form
and stands at the right of the visitor as he follows the street from
kiva G to the rear of the cave. It would at first sight seem from the
shape of this room and the number and arrangement of holes in its
wall that it was a bastion for defense. But these orifices admit of
an explanation quite different from portholes. They may be the
openings through which the sun priest watched the setting sun to
determine the times for ceremonies. This room is somewhat iso-
lated from the others and is furnished with rectangular openings
like windows in front and rear, but as these openings are small and
not easily passable, the probability is that the entrance was from
above.
The ground outline of another circular room, which may possibly
have been a tower, the existence of which escaped all previous observ-
ers, was traced at the south end of the ruin just beyond kiva H.
From its position this room was believed to be a bastion for defence,
so placed as to command the entrance to the village from its south
end. The broken wall and fireplace of this room were repaired.
58920— int 1908— vol 1 32
498 MESA VEKDE NATIONAL PARK.
WARRIORS' ROOM.
One of the problematical rooms of Spruce Tree House lies in the
northern division back of plaza G in the row east of its kiva. This
small room has a lateral doorway, the sill, as are others, somewhat
raised above the level of the plaza. The remarkable feature of this
room is a banquette extending around its three sides, the remaining
side or that opposite the door being the clilf or rear of the cave. This
room resembles in certain particulars one in Cliff Palace, described by
Nordenskiold, but differs from his description in certain important
details of structure. Its construction is so exceptional that one could
hardly call it a living room and it is too elaborately made for a stor-
age chamber. There is a shallow vertical passageway in the south
corner near where the banquette joins the side of the cliff, which has
some unknown meaning. Nordenskiold, in discussing a similar room
in the Cliff Palace, appears " to regard it as marking the transition to
the rectangular estufa of the Mold Indians." As he points out, it
differs " from the estufas in the absence of the characteristic passage
and also of the six niches. Furthermore, they often contain several
stories, and in every respect but the form resemble the rectangular
rooms." It rarely happens that secular rooms are built above kivas;
in fact, such a condition would be ceremonially an impossibility.
The meeting places of warriors are exceptional in this regard, and
from this and other reasons this chamber is considered by the author
as a room of the warriors, or an assembly place for councils. This
room adjoins that in which three child " mummies " are said to have
been found and from which the author exhumed the skeleton of an
adult. It needed little repair and was put in good condition.
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION.
In the middle of plaza G there is a rude- ware vase set in the floor
with opening level with the surface. This is probably the cavity
where offerings were ceremonially deposited, and corresponds in a
general way with shrines in the middle of the ITopi plazas, one of
the best known of which is the so-called sipapu used in the Walpi
snake dance. The rooms at the south end of the ruin follow a ledge
slightly elevated above the general level. Here are also small in-
cisures, or bins, constructed of stone, that remind one of storage cysts.
Below these on the horizontal surface of the cliff there are broad
depressions worn in the rock by rubbing stone weapons, like axes, and
narrow grooves showing the impression of pointed implements. Here
are also several good fireplaces, from the smoke of which the top of
the cave has been considerably blackened. It was necessary to repair
one of the storage cysts, which had been almost completely destroyed.
It was customary for the inhabitants of the cliff houses to lay an
irregular wall, without mortar, on the tops of other walls. One of
the high walls at the south end of the ruin has a collection of these
stones, the use of which has led to considerable speculation. These
rude walls served as wind or snow breaks.
MURAL PAINTINGS.
Several different pigments or colored sands were used in ornament-
ing the wall plastering, the most common colors being pink, yellow,
brown, white, and red. The lower half of the rooms had a decorated
MESA VERDE NATIONAL. PARK. 499
dado, colored dark red, which was finished on the upper edge with
rows of dots interspersed with triangular symbols. On the edge of
the dado of room 24 there are two figures that Nordenskiold identifies
as birds, but one of these appears more like a quadruped with
recurved horns, reminding one of a mountain sheep.a On the higher
part of another wall of the same room, which is painted white, there
is a rectangular figure inclosing geometrical designs like those that
occur on pottery. A terraced white figure on the wall of room 11
overlooking kiva G is like an inverted Hopi symbol of a rain cloud.
Kiva A has on one of its buttresses two indistinct triangular figures.
This symbol is not unknown to the Hopi women, who use it in orna-
menting their house walls and as a design for decoration of their blan-
kets. In these cases, however, the position of the triangle is inverted.
The triangle symbol is commonly interpreted by them to represent
the butterfly, but in some cases it is a highly conventionalized rain-
cloud design. Its meaning among the people of Spruce Tree House
may be the same.
LIKENESS TO PUEBLOS.
While there is a general similarity in the form and size of dwelling
rooms in Spruce Tree House and those of inhabited Hopi pueblos
like Walpi, there is a marked difference in the construction of their
sacred rooms, called " kivas." This remark applies also to ceremonial
rooms elsewhere in the Southwest, so that we might base subdivisions
in our classification of the pueblo subculture areas on the form of
their kivas. It may also be pointed out that owing to the conserva-
tion which is always present in the construction of everything con-
nected with sacred edifices the kiva often retains the oldest or prehis-
toric architecture.
CEREMONIAL ROOMS OR KIVAS.
Spruce Tree House has eight kivas, seven of which are indicated
by circles in Nordenskiold's plan. These kivas are circular in form,
subterranean in position, and in structure essentially alike; their
structure is characteristic of those elsewhere on the Mesa Verde, in
the McElmo, San Juan, and Chaco canj^ons. All Spruce Tree House
kivas lie in front of dwellings except one, A, which fills an interval
between the back wall of the cliff and buildings before it. On this
and other accounts this kiva is believed to be one of the oldest in the
village. As this kiva has double walls evidently those first built did
not please the builders. The present and latest constructed kiva is
circular and lies inside an older one, which has an oval shape. Both
of these structures were excavated and put in thorough repair.
EXCAVATION AND REPAIR OF KIVAS.
When the repair work on Spruce Tree House was begun, the cavities
of all kivas were full of rocks which had fallen from the neighboring
buildings, and the plazas were covered above the level of the bases of
adjacent rooms. The upper walls of the kivas breaking and falling
had contributed to the mass of debris in the vicinity, so that although
roughly indicated by depressions the walls and floors of the kivas
n In one place he callsthem birds; in another, a bird and a mountain sheep.
500 MESA VERDE NATION AL PARK.
were wholly concealed and their extent impossible to make out.
(PI. II.) All kivas except one, B,a were excavated to their floors and
that portion of their walls which had fallen was built up to the level
of the adjacent plazas. This repair work, especially in kiva Z7, where
almost the whole wall of the neighboring eastern rooms had fallen,
took much time and thought. Two kivas, C and F, were roofed and
provided with ladders, following as a model that of a kiva in the
" House with the Square Tower " (Peabody House) , in which parts of
the roof still remain.6 In the restoration of this portion of the kiva
the author fortunately had the aid of Mr. A. V. Kidder, who has
specially studied the ruins of the Mesa Verde region.
The pedestals of all the kivas were repaired and when necessary
pointed and plastered. Kiva F, near the stump of the old spruce
tree c which gave the ruin its name, was roofed and provided with a
ladder, but as the inner wall was considerably broken down and the
pedestals destroyed the aboriginal method of construction of the
roof could not well be followed in all particulars as completely as
kiva C. On account of the exposure of this room to falling water
from the edge of the cliff above the ruin, a drain was laid in Port-
land cement on the roof to convey water falling on the top of this
kiva to the edge of the talus.
As the Spruce Tree House kivas average less than 15 feet in
diameter, these chambers are considerably smaller than the quad-
rilateral Hopi kivas, from which they likewise differ in certain de-
tails of construction necessitated by their form, which has brought
about an entirely different mode of construction of roofs.
CONSTRUCTION OF A KIVA.
Each kiva has two sections, a lower and an upper. (PL IV, fig. 1.)
The lower part has walls about 3 feet high ending in a bank, on which
at intervals there are six square buttresses which separate corre-
sponding recesses and support the beams of the roof. Between these
buttresses are left recesses, formed by the outside wall, which rises to
the height of the roof. This lower wall, like all others, was plastered
and shows marks of fire or smoke but not of a general conflagration.
In the lower wall we found niches or small cubby-holes a few inches
square, which were receptacles for paint, meal, or small objects. Each
buttress has a peg on its top projecting into the kiva just under the
roof; and in the surface of the banquette in kiva C there is set a small
roughly made bowl, the rim of which is on the level of the bank.
The floor of the kiva is generally plastered, but in kiva E the solid
surface of a rock was cut down on the west side several inches as a
part of the floor. A little eccentric in the floor there is a circular
pit, F, filled with wood ashes, which served as the fireplace. About
halfway from this depression to the opposite wall of the room there
is in the floor of every kiva a small hole, G, lined with a neck of a
a An old codar tree stands in the middle of this kiva.
* NordenskiBld's figure of the roof of the kiva in the House with a Square Tower
(IVabody House) is inexact. The logs of the roof are represented as laid simply one
above another with their ends crossing and not in triplets as is described above. The
spaces between logs built up as indicated by Nordenskiold would be too large to be filled
with sticks or cedar bark.
"This old tree was cut down by Nordenskiold to determine the age of Spruce Tree
[louse by counting the rings. Its gigantic trunk is now rotting in the canyon, but the
Btump Is fairly well preserved, lying just west of kiva F. The roots from this spruce
had penetrated into the kiva, causing considerable barm. A small scion of the old tree
was planted in the talus near kiva 11 to take the place of the original spruce.
FIG. 1.— INTERIOR OF KIVA AND VENTILATOR.
FIG. 2.— ROOF OF KIVA C.
A, inner wall; B, outer wall; C, buttress; D, external opening of ventilator in the plaza;
K, air deflector; I-', fireplace; S, symbolic opening into underworld; H, peg for ceremo-
nial paraphernalia; U, first set of peripheral logSOf the roof: L>, second set of peripheral
log's of the roof; 1A third set of peripheral logSOf the roof; L>, logs in intervals between
main beams of the roof; M, shredded cedar bast; N, mud covering of the roof; SS, cross
section of ventilator. The arrow shows direction of the air currents.
MESA VERDE NATIONAL, PARK. 501
roughly made bowl. This opening, which is barely large enough to
insert the hand, represents symbolically the ceremonial entrance
to the underworld, is the same as that which the Hopi call the
sipapu. Around this hole, marking the place on the floor where
altars were erected in ancient ceremonies, were performed archaic
rites, and through it the priests addressed the gods of the underworld,
even believing that they could communicate wTith the dead. The
nature of ceremonies about the symbolic entrance to the underworld
will be found by consulting the descriptions of the Hopi kiva rites
elsewhere published by the author. All sipapus and other features
of structure of the kiva floors were put in good condition.
VENTILATORS OF KIVAS.
Between the kiva fireplace and the adjacent side of the room there
is set in the floor an upright slab of stone, <?, about 2 feet high, which
is often replaced by a rectangular wall.0 The side of the kiva facing
this screen has a rectangular opening that communicates with a
horizontal passageway and opens into a vertical flue, the external
orifice of which is in the plaza or outside the outer wall of the kiva.
The upright stone or wall served as a deflector which distributed the
fresh air supplied to the kiva from outside the room by the flue
above mentioned. This air entered the kiva through the vertical
and horizontal passageway and was deflected by the upright stone
around the room on the level of the floor. The smoke rose from
fireplace and passed out the kiva through the hatch in the middle of
the roof, fresh air being supplied to take the place of the heated air
and smoke by the ventilator. (See PI. IV, fig. 2, ventilator.)
The true use of this vertical passageway, which had puzzled all
previous investigators, was detected by the author the first time he
built a fire in kiva G after finishing its roof. A draft was found
blowing down the vertical passagewa}^ strongly enough to extinguish
a lighted match. In those kivas that are situated near the outer wall
there was formerly an elbow in the vertical section of the fresh-air
shaft at its outer end just below the floor of the plaza, so that this
opening of the fresh-air box was outside the bounding wall of the
plaza.
ENTRANCES TO KIVAS.
There are other openings in the circular wall of the kiva at the
level of the floor, some of which are large enough to admit the body,
and communicate with tunnels ample in size for passage. In the
floor of one of these there are steps, and by means of these passage-
ways one could pass under the plaza from the kiva to an adjacent
room. A good illustration of these passageways as shown in the
accompanying plan is found in e, kiva E. A person can enter a ver-
tical passage in the corner of room 35 and descend by use of steps to
a short tunnel that takes him through the opening into the kiva.
There is a similar passageway which opens externally in the middle
of plaza C. It can not be that the openings and passages above
described were the main entrances, but rather private doorways for
" This screen, d, in Spruce Tree House kiva is not curved as shown in the diagram
given hy Nordenskiold of another kiva.
502 MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK.
priests on ceremonial or other occasions; the chief entrance was
probably by means of a ladder through a hatchway in the middle of
the roof.
CONSTRUCTION OF KIVA A.
The structure of kiva A is most remarkable, differing from the
other seven ceremonial rooms of the Spruce Tree House. When
first seen it had the appearance of one kiva within another, the first
or largest being of oblong shape with remnants of a banquette show-
ing two pedestals on the north side; the second or inner kiva being
almost circular, was apparently the last occupied. In constructing
the circular wall of that last mentioned the builders apparently
utilized the southwest part of the larger room and those pedestals or
buttresses that were situated in this section. Kiva J., as previously
stated, is the only one built close under the overhanging rim rock, and
is the only one with buildings in front of it. The roof of this kiva
apparently formed a kind of plaza surrounded on three sides by
houses, the wall of the cave forming the fourth.
There were never, apparently, any rooms above this kiva, but on
one side a room of the second story is supported by a column — an
exceptional feature in pueblo construction. The foundations of this
wall are two logs curved to conform with the wall, and under the
middle of these is the stone pillar. This feature, so far as the author
knows, is unique, and this is the only instance among the cliff houses
of the wall of a room supported by a pillar of masonry.
RESTORATION OF A KIVA.
In order to show as much as possible of the construction of the
kiva and its relation to other buildings, two of these circular cham-
bers, G and F, were roofed in aboriginal fashion, following for a
model the kivas in Peabody House, where the roof of two kivas are
partially preserved. From these reconstructions the visitor can read-
ily see the structure of the prehistoric roof both from the inside and
from without, where the relation to the adjacent plaza is evident.
The six buttresses with which every kiva is furnished stand on the
banquette and support the logs which hold up the roof, but they are
secondary to the main beams, which are two logs placed parallel to
each other, spanning the top from wall to wall. These parallel logs
are placed far enough apart to allow a hatchway between them, and
their ends rest on the outer walls of the kiva, their upper side being
level with the surface of the kiva.
The roof (PL IV, fig. 2, roof of kiva C) is constructed as follows:
Three logs arranged side bjr side span the intervals between adjacent
buttresses, their ends resting on the flat top of these supports. Ex-
tending from each set of these logs and resting on their middle are
three other logs, L 2, also arranged side by side. These in turn support
three others, L 3, as shown in the diagram. Upon the last mentioned
rest other smaller logs, some of which are placed parallel with the
two beams that span the kiva, others fill in the interstices between
those already laid. Over these logs and beams are fitted wTattlings,
split logs, and cedar bark, over which is spread a thick layer of adobe,
which is so laid as to bring the top of the roof to the level of the ad-
jacent plaza. There is some doubt as to how high the kiva hatch
MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK. 503
rose above the level of the top of the kiva. but in the restoration of
kiva C two short beams connect the two parallel logs spanning the
kiva. forming two sides of the square hatchway. These connecting
beams support a number of split cedar trunks, the ends of which rest
on the logs extending from the buttresses. These logs, like the re-
maining roof beams, are covered with mud and brought up to the
level of the surrounding plaza.
Doors and door jambs of the two kivas, which were roofed, were
constructed from planks, but the ladders and all supports of the roof
were made from logs divested of bark and arranged in aboriginal
fashion. This is the only attempt ever made to restore the com-
plicated roof of a cliff-house kiva, and it is believed that from the
educational standpoint the result is one of the most important in the
repair work at Spruce Tree House.
Xordenskiold finds a resemblance in the construction of the roof of
a kiva to that of a Xavajo " hogan." The problem of roofing a circu-
lar kiva and a round dwelling is the same, but has been solved in
several ways by different peoples. There is no resemblance in the
construction of the roof of a hogan and a kiva.3
SIGXBOABDS axd labels.
Spruce Tree House was treated as a museum specimen, the parts
of which required many labels to explain. The author painted many
legends on the different walls of the rooms to guide visitors. Especial
attention was given to labeling kiva G. its different parts being indi-
cated by numbers which refer to a large label painted in full sight
on the kiva wall.
A signboard stating dimensions of the ruin, number of rooms, and
kivas was placed in a conspicuous position on the large cedar of kiva
B. Other signboards. " Balcony." " Wall Painting." and " Burial
Chamber." were set up in appropriate places. Two old stairways,
consisting of foot holes cut in the wall of the canyon, were also
properly labeled. Dwelling rooms were numbered with black paint ;
when there were more than one tier of rooms bounded by the same
vertical walls different stories were indicated as follows : Second
story. 1 2 : third story 1 3. The kivas were lettered A-H. It was
the 'intention of the author to answer by these labels questions ordi-
narily asked by visitors. The numbering and lettering is to facilitate
descriptions and references. The name " Spruce Tree House." printed
on a brass plate, is firmly affixed to the outer wall of room 49.
APPROACHES TO RFIX.
In order to procure water for the mason's work, a trail 310 feet
long was constructed along the edge of the talus from the north end
of the ruin to the tanks that have lately been constructed near the
spring at the head of Spruce Tree Canyon. This trail was found to
have an easier grade than that crossing the canyon and approaching
the ruin from the south side, thus rendering the ruin more easily
accessible. It connects with that from the opposite side of the can-
a Mr. S. G. Morley. who camped with the author a short time in June, writes that
the kivas of the Cannon-hall Puf-hlo. a rim-rock ruin in the McElmo. where he sub-
sequently worked, are identical with those of Spruce Tree House. This evidence -
a homogeneity of culture in the prehistoric people who inhabited the McElmo and those
of the Mesa Verde.
504 MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK.
yon to the spring, so that one can ride horseback from the spring to
the outer wall of the ruin. An approach of this kind was formerly
impossible to any large ruin of the Mesa Verde Park. The old trail
from the bottom of the canyon to the ruin, entering it at the north
end, has been improved and, although steeper, will probably be found
more convenient by visitors.
COLLECTIONS.
The rooms and courts of Spruce Tree House have been industriously
dug over by " pottery seekers " in quest of " curios," so that few
specimens were expected in the work undertaken by the author.
Almost every floor had been opened and every possible hiding place
where the ancients could bury their dead out of sight had been sought
out and excavated. As it was currently reported that this ruin had
been thoroughly rifled and had yielded many valuable specimens, it
is regarded as remarkable that any specimens still remained.
Although the objects obtained were not very numerous, those that
were found were instructive and form a good nucleus of what is
hoped may be a large national collection from the Mesa Verde. Be-
tween 500 and 600 specimens were found, of which the most valuable
were sent to the Smithsonian collection for study. A large number
of the duplicates and all the heavier objects were placed under lock
and key in kiva F. Shell objects were almost unknown, and no speci-
mens of turquoise rewarded our work. The following account of a
few of the most important objects may serve as an introduction to a
more extended report which will be prepared later:
Several skulls and human bones were exhumed in the course of the
author's work at Spruce Tree House. The best of the former, evi-
dently not buried with much care, was taken from the fresh- air pas-
sage of kiva D. A fairly complete skeleton, with accompanying
mortuary objects, evidently interred with care, was found in room 9
near where the desiccated bodies of children are said to have been
formerly exhumed. There were several fragments of human bones
scattered here and there where they had apparently been thrown or
dropped by those who had dug open other burial places. Dried
fragments of sinews, or even skin, adhered to some of these bones.
Several good axes were brought to light, among others one with
the handle still attached. There was a very massive ax and several
long, smooth ones, not unlike those called tcamahias, that form con-
spicuous objects on the Hopi altars at Walpi. Some of the stone
mauls were very large and all have pits on opposite sides, to relieve
the strain of the blow on the muscles of the hand and forearm.
These were probably the implements with which the building stones
were dressed, and, most remarkable of all, with which the rock floor
of kiva G was cut down to a depth of over 6 inches at one point.
Two stone slabs with a notch in one edge were discovered. The
use of these stones is not known, but they have been compared to
sandal lasts. The large collection of stone grinders and hand stones
for metates, many of which were too heavy to be brought down the
mesa, was left in one of the kivas under lock and key. Among these
were many metates and several paint mortars. Several whole pieces
of decorated pottery with characteristic designs and many broken
MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK. 505
fragments0 which can be repaired were excavated at Spruce Tree
House. The most unusual form and one as yet not figured or de-
scribed from this ruin had a circular decorated cover that fits into a
groove like a teapot lid. There is a rich symbolism in the decorated
pottery, the majority of the figures being geometrical, life figures
being very rare. A majority of the pottery objects are shallow food
bowls, but there are likewise vases and dippers. A broken decorated
ladle made of black and white ware has a rattle in the handle.
Pottery disks with holes in the middle are interpreted as counters
used in some prehistoric game. The collection of bone awls, needles,
bone dirks, bodkins, and scrapers from Spruce Tree House is large
and the forms varied. Among them is a bone dirk in its original
sheath made of cedar bark and several good skin scrapers made of
deer bones. There is likewise a bone whistle and bone ornaments.
The stones used by some prehistoric medicine man to represent
cardinal points in ceremonies for rain were found in kiva H.
Among the different kinds of bones of animals occurring in the
refuse heaps those of birds predominate, and many of these were
recognized as belonging to the turkey, which was apparently domesti-
cated by the inhabitants of the Mesa Verde cliff dwellings.
A cloth headband having a loop at each end, in one of which is a
string, is one of the best preserved specimens of woven work from
the Mesa Verde. This remarkable specimen closely resembles one
figured by Nordenskiold, but appears to be somewhat better made.
There were also fragments of cloth, bundles of twine, and netting,
but no piece of cloth as large as that figured by Nordenskiold was
found in the excavations. The most remarkable wooden objects in
the collection are planting sticks or dibbles, prayer sticks, and wooden
slats which recall Hopi chief's badges. A spindle with wooden whorl
shows that the Hopi method of spinning was identical with that in
vogue in prehistoric Colorado. A lignite button is almost identical
with a gorget found by the author in a ruin on the Little Colorado
River in 1896. A small fetish representing a human being is a
rarity among modern pueblos. A stone cylinder recalls a similar
object which Nordenskiold interprets as a fetish. The inhabitants
of Spruce Tree House kindled fire in the same way as the Hopi and
used the same kind of fire board and drill, one of which was collected.
Several fine sandals and basketry fragments were found in the
refuse heap. A woven ring like those placed on the head to support
jars of water and a wad of cornshucks, resembling a Hopi girl's
chignon, are instructive specimens. If the latter be rightly inter-
preted, the girls in prehistoric villages of Mesa Verde wore their
hair in whorls above their ears, as is the case with maids to-day at
Walpi.
Several of the specimens collected at Spruce Tree House are prac-
tically identical with those used by the Hopia twenty years ago.
There was nothing showing a more advanced stage of culture.
J. Walter Fewkes,
Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution.
The Secretary of the Interior.
° No piece of pottery from Spruce Tree House has ever been figured. With the re-
paired specimens the author's collection from this ruin numbers 20 fine objects of this
kind.
REPORT OX WIND CAVE, CRATER LAKE, SULLYS HILL,
AND PLATT NATIONAL PARKS, CASA GRANDE
RUIN. AND MINNESOTA NATIONAL
FOREST RESERVE.
507
REPORT ON WIND CAVE, CRATER LAKE, SULLYS HILL, AND
PLATT NATIONAL PARKS, CASA GRANDE RUIN, AND MIN-
NESOTA NATIONAL FOREST RESERVE.
WIND CAVE NATIONAL PARK.
' By the act of Congress approved January 9, 1903 (32 Stat, 765) ;
a tract of land containing 10,522 acres in the State of South Dakota,
12 miles east of the town of Hot Springs and the same distance south-
east of Custer, was reserved and withdrawn from settlement, entry,
sale, and other disposition, and set apart as a public park, to be
known as the " Wind Cave National Park."
The park is placed under the exclusive control of the Secretary of
the Interior, who, among other things, is authorized to prescribe
rules and regulations and establish such service as may be deemed
necessary in its management and protection, and, in his discretion,
to rent or lease the cave from which the park takes its name, and
also parcels of land for the erection of buildings for the accommo-
dation of visitors. The fund arising from such rentals is covered
into the Treasury and made available for expenditure in the care and
improvement of the park.
At the time of the creation of the park there were 10 entries cover-
ing lands therein, aggregating 1,519.15 acres, 5 of which, covering
799.76 acres, have since been canceled, and the remaining 5 entries
have been found proper in all respects and patents issued therefor,
as follows :
NE. i NW. i and NW. i NE. h sec. 35, T. 5 S., R. 5 E., Black Hills meridian ;
Jonathan C. West ; F. C. 3003, patented December 31, 1904 ; 80 acres.
SE. \ NE. \ and lots 1 and 2, sec. 2, T. 6 S., R. 5 E. ; George A. Stabler ; F. C.
2666 ; patented September 11, 1905 ; 159.39 acres.
SE. i, sec. 2, same township and range; Susanna D. McDonald; C. E. 3770;
patented December 10, 1895 ; 160 acres.
NE. i, sec. 11, same township and range; Kate M. Stabler; F. C. 2600; pat-
ented September 26, 1902 ; 160 acres.
NW. I, sec. 12, same township and range; Margarethe Drenkhahn; F. C.
2434 ; patented May 8, 1901 ; 160 acres.
This gives a total of 719.39 acres for patented lands remaining in
the park, which, for administrative purposes, should be eliminated
through appropriation by Congress for their purchase.
The State of South Dakota has completed making lieu selections
of lands outside the park for school sections 16 and 3G, located within
the reservation, granted by the statehood act of February 20, 1899
(25 Stat., 676).
Mr. Seth Bullock, now marshal for the district of South Dakota,
with the consent of the Attorney-General, has been continued in
general charge of the reservation, in an advisory capacity, and the
509
510 * NATIONAL PARKS.
superintendent, Mr. William A. Rankin, confers with him in regard
to its administration. This course has aided very much in the
effective management during the past season.
A revocable privilege has been granted to the wife of the super-
intendent, in the absence of other accommodations in the park, to
furnish meals to tourists at 50 cents each, which service has proved
very satisfactory in the past. The superintendent recommends that
the old building heretofore occupied for serving these meals, which
was constructed in 1893 by John Stabler and sons, and is now in a
very dilapidated condition, be torn down and removed. He suggests
that some one willing to construct a good, substantial hotel in the
park be given the privilege to do so.
During the season eight permits were granted for the transporta-
tion of passengers in and through the reservation, at the rate of $50
per vehicle, such fee being charged in the case of liverymen, outfitters,
and others operating for profit. One of these permits was for auto-
mobile transportation.
No applications were received for the driving of cattle or other
stock through the park.
The first regulations for the government of the Wind Cave Na-
tional Park were promulgated June 10, 1908, and provide, among
other things, as follows :
1. It is forbidden to remove or injure the specimens or formation in and
around the Wind Cave, or to deface the same by written inscription or other-
wise, or to injure or disturb in any manner or carry off any of the mineral
deposits, specimens, natural curiosities, or wonders on the government lands
within the park. 0
2. No person shall be permitted to enter the cave unless accompanied by the
superintendent or other park employee, or by competent guides.
Regulations corresponding to those heretofore issued for the other
national parks, providing for the impounding of loose live stock
found in the Wind Cave National Park, were also promulgated.
Settlers and stock owners in the vicinity have protested against the
execution of such regulations, claiming that they have always used
the park lands as a free range, and, as the park is not fenced, would
find it very difficult to keep their stock outside of the boundaries.
Such persons were given a reasonable time to remove the trespassing
stock, and the enforcement of the impounding regulations was tem-
porarily suspended.
It will apparently be necessary to construct a fence entirely around
the park as a protective measure against trespassing stock, and an
appropriation for such purpose is recommended.
There have been no forest fires in or near the park during the year.
Wild animals are quite numerous, especially the prairie wolf.
Others are the black-tail deer, white-tail deer, badger, prairie dog,
skunks, squirrels, and porcupine, the last named doing a great deal
of damage to trees. There are also a few grouse, quail, ducks, and
numbers of hawks, eagles, robins, thrushes, woodpeckers, and
magpies.
About $1,500 was expended during the past fiscal year for improve-
ments as follows: Repairing roads and bridges, repairing fences,
leveling up trails in Wind Cave and repairing stairs, opening up new
chambers in the cave, purchase of flag and flagstaff, etc.
It is reported that the roads to the southern entrance are in good
condition, but need widening out to allow room for the passing of
NATIONAL PAKKS. 511
teams. The bridges are also in fair condition, but the superintend-
ent suggests the use of building stone to be found in the park for
replacing the piling under the spans with stone abutments.
During the year the registry of visitors to the park showed a total
of 3,171, an increase of 420 over the number of tourists in 1907.
None of this number camped in the reservation for more than
one day.
An estimate for an appropriation of $5,400 for the protection and
improvement of the park has been submitted to Congress. This in-
cludes salary of the superintendent and $2,800, the estimated cost
of fencing the park to prevent depredations by live stock.
CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK.
By the act of Congress approved May 22, 1902 (32 Stat., 202), the
tract of land bounded on the north by the parallel 43° 4' north lati-
tude, south by 42° 48' north latitude, east by the meridian 122° west
longitude, and west by the meridian 122° 16' west longitude, having
an area of 249 square miles, or 159,360 acres, in the State of Oregon,
and including Crater Lake, was reserved and withdrawn from settle-
ment, occupancy, or sale under the laws of the United States, and
dedicated and set apart forever as a public park or pleasure ground
for the benefit of the people, to be known as " Crater Lake National
Park."
The act setting aside these lands for park purposes differed from
legislation creating other national parks in that it provided, among
other things, that the reservation should be open " to the location of
mining claims and the working of the same." It was not believed,
however, to be the purpose of this provision to extend the mining
laws to the reservation without limitation, but only to authorize the
location and working of mining claims therein in such manner as not
to interfere with or prejudicially affect the general purpose for
which the reservation was established. The regulations for the gov-
ernment of the park, which were reissued June 10, 1908, clearly define
the conditions under which this privilege is to be exercised.
The Geological Survey has, at the request of this department,
undertaken a topographic resurvey of this reservation, with a view to
securing, for administrative purposes, a map which will be authentic
in every particular.
Since the date of the superintendent's last report, various improve-
ment work on buildings and fences was completed, also the installa-
tion of the hydraulic ram for pumping water to the superintendent's
office and residence, and the making of a ditch to carry off the waste
water from the ram and for irrigating the surrounding grounds.
Upon the approach of the winter season, in November, the boat on
Crater Lake and all tools and implements were properly housed, the
flooring was removed from bridges, and the fences braced to with-
stand the weight of the heavy snows, which commonly fall to a depth
of 6 or 8 feet at the south iine of the park and from 12 to 20 feet
at the superintendent's residence. November 22, 1907, the superin-
tendent and his family left the reservation, but a few visits were
made thereto during the winter months.
In May of the present year the superintendent returned to his
residence in the park, finding all property in good condition with
512 NATIONAL PAKKS.
the exception of the barn, which had been injured by the wind or
lightning. Park Ranger H. E. Momyer was employed to assist in
the management of the reservation during the tourist months.
Work was then inaugurated on improvements. Two temporary
structures were erected for the use of workmen, roads and trails to a
total of about 20 miles repaired and improved, the barn repaired,
and about 2 miles of fence constructed to inclose pasture and meadow
lands. The roofs of buildings are made with three-fourths pitch in
order that the snow may slide off instead of crushing them in.
The road system is as follows: One road entering the park at the
southern boundary and running in a northwesterly direction along
the Anna Creek Canyon a distance of 8 miles, and terminating at
the Crater Lake post-office; a second entering the reservation from
the west, running in a due easterly direction, and terminating at the
same point; and a third beginning at the post-office and running
northeasterly a distance of 5 miles to the rim of the crater. These
have been kept in good condition for travel by all kinds of vehicles,
but the superintendent reports that further improvements, such as
widening, straightening, and providing turnouts, are necessary.
There are four trails in the park at the present time ; one leading
from the rim of the crater down to the waters of Crater Lake, with a
descent of 901 feet in a distance of 2,365 feet; one from the super-
intendent's headquarters to the pinnacles on Sand .Creek and Mount
Scott, and trails from headquarters to Union Peak and Bybee Creek.
The first-mentioned trail is much used by visitors, and it is important
that it be kept continually in a good condition. Iron posts and 2,400
feet of cable were purchased last year for the improvement of this
trail, but the small appropriation for the current year would not per-
mit of the utilization of such material, and only temporary repairs
could be made. The other trails are at present little more than mere
tracks of horses from one point to another.
The superintendent suggests that the trail to Sand Creek and Mount
Scott should be speedily converted into a good wagon road, to fill
the demand of visitors that the beautiful scenery be made accessible ;
also that new trails be constructed along the rim of the crater to the
Watchman and Glacier Peak, and from the present wagon road to
the crater, to Crater Peak, and down along Sun Creek.
At the time of the creation of the park there were 15 land entries,
covering 2,395.33 acres, 12 of which, totaling 1,914.22 acres, have been
patented; homestead entry No. 2415 (160 acres), of John Fitzgerald,
for S.|N.| of sec. 17, T. 32 S., R. 7* E., was canceled by General
Land Office letter of November 13, 1908; homestead entries Nos.
2620 and 2660, of John Wallace Dickey and Louis Stanosheck, total-
ing 321.11 acres, are still intact upon the General Land Office records
pending report from the local land office on adverse proceedings
brought against the same. Included in the total of 2,395.33 acres
is a considerable portion of homestead entry No. 2415 and timber
land entries Nos. 2116 and 2120 (now patented), which extend be-
yond the park boundary line.
The title of the State of Oregon to school sections 16 and 36 within
the park boundaries had been extinguished before the creation of
the reservation, by selection of other land in lieu thereof, except a
tract containing 192.20 acres in the N. \ of sec. 16, T. 32 S., R. 7£ E.,
which has since been disposed of by the State to private parties.
NATIONAL PARKS. 513
The department recommends the condemnation and purchase of all
private claims with a view to better administration. The superin-
tendent believes that in the near future summer resort homes may
be established upon such lands, which will increase the difficulties
of administration and also add to the aggregate sum which the Gov-
ernment will eventually have to pay the owners.
The following permits were issued during the season for the driv-
ing of stock through the park : In May to Henry Gordon, 250 head,
en route to Fort Klamath; in August to A. V. Morrison, of Trail,
Oreg., 12 head" but the stock has not yet been taken through; and
in September to J. C. Pelton & Co., 100 head, en route from Prospect
to Fort Klamath, which stock also failed to pass through.
The number of valuable game animals appears to be increasing.
Deer and black bears, lynx and coyotes were plentiful during the
past summer, and panthers were seen in small numbers. There have
been no depredations by these predatory animals. Of the smaller
game and birds, there are squirrels, chipmunks, pine martins, fishers,
grouse, timber pheasants, oriole, black-headed jay, camp robber or
Rocky Mountain jay, and the snowbird. Broods of young ducks
have been observed upon Crater Lake, also flocks of wild ducks rest-
ing from their migratory flights, but it is thought the elevation of
the lake, 6,177 feet above sea level, gives a climate too cold for the
natural habitat of wild waterfowl. When the snow falls, all game
animals, with possibly the exception of the black bear and small fur-
bearing animals, as well as all birds, migrate to a lower and warmer
climate. In view of the fact that no wintering grounds are now
available in the park, the superintendent recommends the extension
of the park boundaries to include a lower section of the country on
the slope of the Cascade Mountains, to afford the necessary protec-
tion to game.
Fishing has been permitted in Crater Lake from July 1 to Septem-
ber 30 with hook and line, each person being limited to five fish in one
day. The only species in Crater Lake are the rainbow and lake
trout; there were no fish in the lake naturally, but these were planted
about twenty years ago, and the increase has not been encouraging.
In Anna Creek, below the falls, there is the Dolly Varden trout.
There are no fish in the other park waters, and the Secretary of
Commerce and Labor has been requested to investigate the condi-
tions, and if practicable have the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries
supply some good varieties for Crater Lake and all other waters in
Crater Lake National Park.
No forest fires have been reported during the past year, with the
exception of a small one which started in the vicinity of the Pinnacles
on Sand Creek about September 1. This was gotten under control
and extinguished before it had gained much headway.
Accommodations are provided for tourists by Mr. Will G. Steel,
of Portland, Oreg., under license from this department, at camps
maintained near the superintendent's residence and at the lake. Ap-
proximately 500 persons were cared for during 1908, but few of this
number came into the reservation by the transportation service
operated by Mr. Steel, the great majority using private conveyances.
In connection with the wagon transportation and camp privilege
Mr. Steel was also permitted to place a gasoline launch and a number
of rowboats upon the lake.
58920— int 1908— vol 1 33
514 NATIONAL PARKS.
A registration book was kept to ascertain the number of visitors
to the park, but for various reasons not half of the number were
registered. The approximate total for the season, including campers
and transient tourists, has been placed at 5,275, which would indicate
that the popularity of the park is increasing from year to year.
Estimates have been submitted to Congress for the ensuing fiscal
year, as follows : Salaries of superintendent and two temporary park
rangers, and allowance to superintendent for the keep of one horse,
$1,965; construction and repair of roads and trails, $15,800; con-
struction and repair of bridges, $2,500; miscellaneous, $1,480; total,
$21,745.
SULLYS HILL PARK.
This reservation, set aside by executive proclamation dated June
2,1904, under the act approved April 27, 1904 (33 Stat., 319), con-
tains about 780 acres. It is located on the south shore of Devils Lake,
North Dakota, having about 2 miles of shore line, with its western
boundary 1 mile east of the Fort Totten Indian School. Inasmuch as
no appropriation has been made for the care and protection of this
reservation Mr. Charles M. Ziebach, in charge of the Indian Indus-
trial School, Fort Totten, has been continued as acting superinten-
dent, and required to exercise the necessary supervision and control
over the same until appropriation is made therefor by Congress.
The tract is well wooded and has an ample supply of water and
many rugged hills, among which, on the western boundary, lies what
is known as " Sullys Hill." In the southwestern part is a small body
of water known as " Sweet Water Lake," west of which the surface
is generally level and the soil good.
Approximately 50 persons camped in the park for three days or
more during the past summer, and 200 spent one day in sight-seeing.
The steamboat landing is at least 2 miles from the park, and the
acting superintendent recommends the building of a dock to allow
boats to land within the park limits, to make it more accessible for
visitors. Until this in done, as well as repair work upon roads, con-
struction of new ones, the walling up of springs, etc., the reservation
is not likely to be patronized to any extent. There are no buildings
or improvements of any kind in the park.
An estimate for an appropriation of $3,000 for the protection and
improvement of the park has been submitted to Congress.
PLATT NATIONAL PARK.
By the acts of Congress of July 1, 1902 (32 Stat., 641), and April
21, 1904 (33 Stat., 220), 629.33 and 218.89 acres, respectively, at the
town of Sulphur, Okla. (then Indian Territory), were segregated as
the " Sulphur Springs Reservation," which designation, by joint
resolution approved June 29, 1906, was changed to " Piatt National
Park."
The park, with a total area of 848.22 acres, extends in irregular
form a distance of approximately 3 miles from northeast to south-
west along Sulphur Creek, including a portion of Rock Creek, which
empties into Sulphur Creek, and has a circuit of 9 miles.
Within the park are 33 known mineral and 2 nonmineral springs.
The principal groups are the Bromide and Bromide-Sulphur springs
NATIONAL PARKS. 515
in the southwestern part of the park, Beach and Pavilion springs in
the northwestern corner, and the Wilson group in the southern part.
Sulphur springs predominate, but there are also bromide, soda, and
iron varieties. The Antelope and Buffalo springs, nonmineral in
character, are situated at the extreme northeastern end of the Piatt
National Park, with an elevation of 1,083 feet above sea level, and an
approximate discharge of 5,000,000 gallons daily into Sulphur Creek.
The following is a statement of the mineral springs which have
been to some extent developed and improved, together with the esti-
mated daily flow in each case :
Gallons.
Bromide Springs (3) 275
Bromide-Sulphur 250
Taff or Black Sulphur 500
Hillside 129,600
Pavilion Springs (7) 200,600
Beach Springs (3) 125,000
Wilson 1,000
Jericho 200
The amount of water per capita used on the premises, or taken
away for individual use, averages one-half gallon daily. This
statement applies to all but the Wilson and Jericho springs, from
which the amount taken is inconsiderable.
Regulations for the park were promulgated by the department
June 10, 1908, those theretofore in force having been found totally
inadequate to properly protect the park. Section 5 provides as
follows :
No person shall remove from any of the bromide, iron, or soda springs more
than one gallon of water in any one day, nor remove from any of the other
springs more than five gallons in any one day, nor shall any water be taken
therefrom for commercial purposes except in pursuance of a license issued
by the Secretary of the Interior. Whenever in his judgment the circumstances
warrant, the superintendent may prohibit the use of the waters of any of the
springs in the park other than for immediate drinking purposes at such springs,
the facts in such case to be reported to the Secretary of the Interior.
In spite of all efforts to prevent it, the superintendent reports that
small quantities of water have been taken surreptitiously from the
Bromide, Beach, and Pavilion springs. No water has been taken
by permission for commercial purposes. On account of the popularity
of Bromide Spring, and the small daily flow, it has been necessary
to restrict the amount of water which can be taken by each individual,
and early in the fiscal year a watchman was placed at this point to
oversee the distribution of the water and maintain order in the
vicinity.
The number of arrests for all causes was 11, the cases being dis-
posed of as follows: Bound over to await action of grand jury, 2;
convictions, 2 ; expulsions from park, 2 ; admonished and discharged,
7. The authority given under the new regulations is broader than
before, and furnishes the means for punishing or restraining a certain
lawless element in the vicinity of the park. The Department of
Justice, upon the request of the Interior Department, appointed
Mr. G. E. Nicholson as a United States commissioner, to reside at
Sulphur, Okla., and persons violating the rules and regulations can
now be brought before him and, if the offense warrants, be bound
over for the action of the grand jury, which meets only at points re-
mote from the park; this is a great improvement and the effect
516 NATIONAL PARKS.
should be salutary. The department has been advised of attempts
to blackmail persons in the Piatt National Park, impersonation of
officers and threats against the lives of the rangers because of the
enforcement of the regulations, and such cases have been brought
to the attention of the United States attorney for the eastern dis-
trict of Oklahoma.
The superintendent's office and residence buildings have been con-
nected by telephone with the quarters of the employees in different
portions of the park, a chain of incandescent lights was installed in
West Central Park, and the work of protecting the park from dam-
age, nuisances, and forest fires has thereby become more effective.
Approximately 6,000 head of domestic animals were driven
through the park in the daytime. Stockmen, when marketing their
animals during fhe extreme hot weather of summer, usually make
night drives, intending to reach Sulphur in time to ship early the
following day. The number given does not include the herds passing
at a late hour in the night. The time of the park rangers has been
largely taken up in removing trespassing live stock from the park.
A few dairymen and stock owners living near by have made a prac-
tice for years of allowing their animals to graze therein, and have
resented all efforts to prevent them. The number of domestic ani-
mals driven off of the reservation was, by actual count, 11,041, and to
perform such service the rangers rode 4,398 miles. To overcome this
undesirable condition the department recently authorized the con-
struction of a suitable fence to inclose the Piatt National Park, at an
approximate cost of $2,500, provision to be made for suitable open-
ings, etc., and lanes crossing the reservation, and work on such
improvements is practically completed.
The superintendent reports that special pains have been taken to
protect the animals and birds and to prevent abuses of the privilege
of fishing in the park. Fishing is now permitted with hook and line,
and this privilege appears to have popularized the resort to a con-
siderable extent. The following species of animals, birds, and fishes
make the park their home: A few wolves and wild cats, rabbits,
squirrels, badgers, porcupines; quail in great abundance, redbirds,
larks, doves, blackbirds, and common varieties, blue jays, mocking
birds, snipe, pigeons, plover, birds of paradise, robins, yellow-ham-
mers, kingfishers, hawks, and eagles ; black bass, a few trout and red
horse, sunfish, suckers, and catfish. The pure cold water of Sulphur
Creek is reported as especially adapted to the propagation of the
more desirable species of edible fish, such as trout and black bass.
The stocking of such stream with these species would no doubt add
to the attractiveness of the park. The Secretary of Commerce and
Labor has been requested to investigate the conditions, and, if prac-
ticable, stock Sulphur Creek with some good varieties of fish from
the Bureau of Fish and Fisheries.
Besides the office building of the superintendent, there are 5 resi-
dence buildings for employees and 5 pavilions, the latter located at
Bromide, Hillside, and Seven springs, and at an artificial spring near
the " Vendome." There are 10 rest houses near the more frequented
springs in West Central Park and on the public camp grounds.
Most of the buildings and a few of the pavilions are in need of repairs
and painting.
NATIONAL PARKS. 517
The superintendent has submitted an estimate of $250 for deflect-
ing the course of the road which now crosses the park at its widest
point, so as to give an easier grade, obviate the expenditure of over
$600 for a culvert at Sulphur Run, and abate the dust nuisance at
the springs and the residence of the superintendent. The present
grade of this road is 6 per cent in certain portions ; it washes badly
and requires frequent repairs. The construction of the " Brookside"
trail, which meanders along Sulphur Creek, crossing and recrossing
in the vicinity of the principal falls, has made this the second greatest
thoroughfare of the park.
The success of the wire suspension bridge recently constructed at
Bromide Springs exceeds the expectations of its most enthusiastic
advocates. It carries an average of 500 persons daily, and during
the three months of its constant use has not needed a moment's care
or attention. The superintendent reports receiving an inquiry from
London in regard to it. The Davis Avenue Bridge, upon which
certain temporary repairs were made last winter, is again sagging
and becoming unsafe. The department has authorized preliminary
work on the construction of a suitable bridge to replace this struc-
ture, and also to place a stone arch bridge with turret effects across
Sulphur Creek, in West Central Park. The estimated cost of these
two bridges is from $10,000 to $11,000.
The salaries of the park force aggregated $5,780 for the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1908. The following improvements, repairs, etc.,
were made during the same period : Improvement of springs, creeks,
fords, falls, etc., $1,057.74; construction and repair of bridges,
$1,213.58; surveys for sanitary sewer, $761.90; domestic water sup-
ply, $674.09 ; repairs to buildings, $590.67 ; filling holes, removing
debris and underbrush, mowing weeds, and construction of trail,
$429.89; and miscellaneous service, repairs, etc., $607.07, a total of
$5,334.94.
The Bland Hotel, which was appraised and paid for by the Gov-
ernment under the act of April 21, 1904, after the segregation of the
lands now included in the park, was this year purchased and removed
by C. E. Higinbotham, of Sulphur, the contract price being $7,011.
It had become dilapidated and a danger to visitors.
Efforts have been made by the department to secure proposals for
privileges in the park, for the convenience of the public, but, although
the field appears to be a very promising one for privileges such as
rowboats on Eock Creek; refreshment stands, including the sale of
cigars, daily papers, souvenirs, etc. ; making and selling photographs;
and the taking of water from the Beach or other mineral springs for
bottling, shipment, or sale; only three licenses have been granted —
one for a refreshment stand, to W. O. Bourlancl, at a nominal rental
for the first year, and two photographic privileges, the latter not in-
cluding the occupation of any ground in the park. These were issued
at the beginning of the current fiscal year, and no other meritorious
applications for concessions have been received. Within the past two
years the mineral waters were shipped from Sulphur in considerable
quantities, and fair prices realized, and there is apparently no reason
for thinking that the demand has diminished, if we consider the
reputation which some of the springs have gained for their medicinal
qualities.
518 NATIONAL PAKKS.
The revenues for the year were practically nothing, if the sale
of the Bland Hotel be excepted. The balance available July 1, 1908,
for protection, preservation, and improvement of the Piatt National
Park, was $27,777.3.6. It is probable that the current year will
reduce the available funds to about $5,000.
Estimates were submitted to Congress last year for the construc-
tion of a sewer system, with laterals to intersect others connecting
with the city of Sulphur's system to carry off of the reservation the
drainage and sewage, which, owing to the topographic conditions,
now run into and contaminate the creeks and springs of the park.
The approximate cost of the work is $30,000, of which the city should
be required to pay one-half. No appropriation was made, and the
matter has again been presented in the estimates for the next fiscal
year.
In 1907 the city of Sulphur was granted temporary permission
to take water from Sulphur Creek, just below what is known as
" Little Niagara," a cascade, for domestic water supply and fire pro-
tection, to the extent of 100,000 gallons of water daily. The pro-
vision was made that the city should construct a 500,000-gallon
storage reservoir outside the park limits, but this requirement has
not yet been complied with. It is stated that the city is in financial
straits, can not get the money to make such improvements, and will
endeavor to have Congress authorize the use of this water perma-
nently and with less restrictions.
Approximately 25,000 persons coming by rail and 1,000 by wagon,
the latter camping for three days or more, have visited the park
during the past fiscal year. As shown by the records at Bromide
Springs, the attendance there was 106,332, and no record was main-
tained for the first two months of the year. Many of these were
citizens of Sulphur, visiting the springs each day, who were counted
each time. Although no record was kept at other springs, it is
probable that there was a still greater attendance at the Pavilion
Springs, which are somewhat closer to the city.
The season opened later than usual, notwithstanding which the
number of visitors exceeded all previous records. The park and the
city of Sulphur have recognized advantages for the holding of gen-
eral conventions, religious, educational, fraternal, and other gather-
ings. These assemblages have been permitted during the past year
to occupy suitable grounds for the purpose in East Central Park,
after receiving permission from the superintendent, which is granted
under certain restrictions imposed by the department for the welfare
of the park. The accommodations have repeatedly been taxed to
the utmost.
A topographic survey of the Piatt National Park, which will show
the location of springs, the drainage, etc., has been inaugurated
by the Geological Survey at the instance of the department, with a
view to the production of complete and authentic maps of the reser-
vation for administrative purposes. The name of Sulphur Creek
has, by authority of the United States Board on Geographic Names,
been changed to " Travertine."
In addition to matters heretofore covered, the superintendent
makes the following recommendations:
A stone and iron building of two rooms near the superintendent's
office for a calaboose, or holdover, for men and women arrested and
awaiting trial before the United States commissioner.
NATIONAL PAKKS. 519
An electric-light plant for the park, operated by water power from
Antelope and Buffalo springs.
A fish hatchery near the head of Sulphur Creek.
The employment of a scientific forester for the reforestation of
denuded portions of the park.
The establishment of a summer camp for a squadron of cavalry
from Fort Sill or some other convenient military post.
The expenses attendant upon the management of this reservation,
and the carrying into effect of necessary improvements to springs
and roads, and the construction of bridges, etc., have so depleted the
park revenues that an appropriation by Congress in the near future
will be absolutely necessary. No appropriation has heretofore been
made for the park, but an estimate for the protection and improve-
ment thereof for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910, in the sum of
$20,000, has been submitted to Congress.
CASA GRANDE IIUIN.
This reservation is located near Florence, Ariz., about 18 miles
northeast of Casa Grande station, on the Southern Pacific Railroad,
and contains about 480 acres. It was set aside by executive order
dated June 22, 1892, under the act approved March 2, 1889 (25 Stat.,
961).
Casa Grande is an Indian ruin of undetermined antiquity, which
was discovered in 1694 by Padre Kino, a Jesuit missionary. This
great house is said to be the most important ruin of its type in the
Southwest, and as such it has strong claims for archaeological study,
repair, and permanent preservation. It is built of puddled clay,
molded into walls and dried in the sun, and is of perishable character.
The main building was originally five or six stories high and cov-
ered a space 59 feet by 43 feet 3 inches. The walls have been gradu-
ally disintegrating, owing to the action of the elements. A corru-
gated iron roof has heretofore been erected over this building to pro-
tect it, so far as practicable, from further decay.
Surrounding Casa Grande proper is a rectangular walled inclosure
or " compound," having an area of about 2 acres. In this inclosure,
which has been called " Compound A," there have recently been ex-
cavated a number of buildings or clusters of rooms, and others are
known to exist which have not yet been excavated. Two other com-
pounds have been discovered and designated, respectively, " Com-
pound B " and " Compound C." The former has been the scene of
operations during the past year, but the latter has not yet been ex-
cavated and is still in the form of a mound. The three compounds
together constitute what is known as the " Casa Grande " group of
ruins.
The custodian, Mr. Frank Pinkley, who resides on the reservation,
reports that the ground plan of the ruins was increased by some
57 or 58 rooms, a number of large plazas, and surrounding walls,
making the total number of rooms now open on the ground floor over
a hundred, and as the result of the last two winters' work by Doctor
FeAvkes, of the Bureau of Ethnology, the points of interest to visitors
have been materially increased.
Mr. Pinkley recommends that appropriation be secured for the
erection of a museum building near the Ruins to shelter the results
520 NATIONAL PARKS.
of future excavations, and to place the household utensils, war and
agricultural instruments, and other objects belonging to the pre-
historic people in proper relation to the architecture and environ-
ment, to facilitate the study, from a scientist's point of view, of any-
one phase of the aboriginal life.
There are to the east of the Casa Grande Ruin two other groups of
ruins, which the custodian reports are on land thrown open to settle-
ment, and one of which is endangered by the proposed construction
of a railroad, and he suggests that such ruins be added by Congress
to the reservation now existing.
An appropriation of $3,000 was made in the sundry civil act of
March 4, 1907, for the excavation of the Casa Grande Ruin, to be
expended under the supervision of the Secretary of the Smithsonian
Institution.
The following excerpt has been furnished by the Secretary of
the Smithsonian Institution, from the report of Dr. J. Walter
Fewkes, on the excavation and repair work at Casa Grande Ruin, in
1907-8 :
During the last year the appropriation for the continuance of the excavation
and repair of Casa Grande, in Pinal County, Ariz., was disbursed by the Smith-
sonian Institution, through Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, of the Bureau of American
Ethnology. A technical report on the scientific results of this work will be pub-
lished later by the institution. A few general results that are of popular inter-
est from the educational point of view are here briefly considered.
The excavation and repair work at this ruin was done mainly by Pima
Indians living on the adjacent reservation. The distribution of an appropriation
of this size among Indian laborers was important in its economic as well as its
educational aspect. It not only gave them employment, but also increased their
self-respect by stimulating a lasting interest in their land and history.
The work at Casa Grande revealed the important fact that there were many
more prehistoric buildings on the reservation than were suspected when it was
set aside for the protection of the ruin. The facts discovered by excavations
point to a large ancient population and to the great antiquity of some of the
buildings lately brought to light. The plain around the historic Casa Grande
wTas once dotted with large buildings constructed by a prehistoric race, scat-
tered among which were clusters of houses like Mexican jacales, in which the
people lived. Habitations with walls supported by upright logs apparently
formerly lined the banks of a network of irrigation ditches and fringed the
large reservoirs or wells. The humble dwellings of the people once inhabiting
Casa Grande are now represented for the greater part only by mounds that
rise a few feet above the plain, while of the art remains of the ancient occu-
pants there are few traces except fragments of pottery strewn over the surface
of the plain. This condition of prehistoric human life about Casa Grande
appears to have been not unlike that found in ancient Mexico. Large pyramids,
foundations of temples, and massive walled buildings devoted to public pur-
poses towered above the lowly habitations of the people. These latter have
disappeared ; the very massive character of the former has led to their
preservation.
These great buildings devoted to public purposes, as temples, granaries, or cita-
dels, in this "prehistoric city of the desert" belong to characteristic structures
of the Gila Valley called "compounds.". A typical compound is a rectangular
area generally oriented about north and south, surrounded by thick walls built
of concrete (caleche) inclosing plazas, courts, large houses, and, as we now know,
from excavations of the last year, small fragile-walled habitations like" jacales,"
in which the common people lived. Casa Grande had at least five, possibly six,
of these compounds in its neighborhood, scattered over the reservation a few
hundred feet apart. Each of the different compounds has its characteristic
arrangement of rooms, so distinctive that one is tempted to ascribe to these
buildings separate functions, to people them with sociological divisions of the
tribe, or to refer them to priesthoods having somewhat different rituals. Near
these larger compounds (here have been discovered smaller buildings with many
rooms, Inaptly designated as "clan houses," evidently construetc1 for specific
purposes, possibly ceremonial in nature.
NATIONAL PARKS. 521
The work at Casa Grande in 1907-8 began with the excavation and repair of
compound B (PI. I), situated over 800 feet north of compound A (PL II), the
scene of archaeological activity in the previous year. The general appearance of
compound B before work on it began suggested to several observers two pyramidal
mounds resting on a more or less rectangular platform. These mounds and
platform were surrounded by other mounds, which investigation has determined
to be piles of debris, chance accumulations of earth, possibly refuse of the pre-
historic buildings of the neighboring compound.
The mounds were supposed to cover houses like Casa Grande, the rooms of
which were filled with fallen walls and drifting sand, but this supposition could
be proven only by excavations. The results (PI. I) show that the pyramidal
mounds were artificial foundations for rooms, and that they were formed by
accumulations of earth deposited during many years.
The discovery that the pyramidal mounds of compound B were stratified, or
that they were built up in stages, as the presence of parallel floors alternating
with debris clearly shows, is regarded as an important contribution to our
knowledge of their antiquity. It appears from the evidence that the pyramids
were formed in the following manner : In the earliest epoch houses occupied part
of the areas now covered by the two great pyramids. These houses had cement
floors and walls supported by upright logs. After a time the walls of these
habitations fell, covering their floors to the height of 2 or 3 feet. Upon this
fallen mass later was built another series of houses, each with a cemented floor,
fireplace, and upright logs supporting walls. In course of time these walls, like
their predecessors, fell, covering the second tier of houses. This process went
on for years, and we are now able to trace five well-plastered floors one above
the other, separating by hardened clay the fallen remains of the house walls.
Toward the top of the pyramids the thickness of the deposit between successive
floors diminishes, but the floors at this altitude are better preserved.
If we had some time standard by which the ages of the successive strata of
fallen debris between the floors could be measured, it would be possible to calcu-
late the age of these pyramids, but at present no criterion of this kind is avail-
able. Serving as borders of these pyramids there is a double wall, or rather
one massive wall within another, forming a terrace reminding one of a step in an
ancient Mexican temple foundation.
Two kinds of rooms occur in compound B — those with massive walls and
others with fragile walls supported by upright logs. The latter type of rooms
may be still further divided into two groups, those above ground and those
below, dugouts or subterranean in construction.
The rooms with massive walls in this inclosure, as in compound A, served as
temples, granaries for storage of corn, or citadels for protection from foes ; the
houses with fragile walls resemble in construction some of the historic habita-
tions of Pimas and Papagos. Previous to the excavation work last winter rooms
of this kind had never been recognized within the Casa Grande compounds, or
in their neighborhood. It is probable that clusters of these habitations dotted
the whole extent of the plain now embraced in the Casa Grande Reservation.
Both thick-walled rooms and those with more perishable walls supported by
upright logs are found mainly in the plazas, but the latter occur also on top of
the pyramids.
The typical habitation of the common people of Casa Grande was rectangular
in form. Midway in the length of the cemented floor is a circular depression
filled with wood ashes and called the " fire hole." Nothing remains of the walls
of these rooms but their foundations, imperfectly held together by more or less
decayed vertical logs, the mud or clay with which the interstices between the
logs were filled having fallen on the floor. As one or more of the logs belonging
in front of the fireplace are generally missing, it is thought that this indicates a
break in the wall, and that the entrance of the room was situated about the
middle of the long side. When these houses were deserted their walls fell as
soon as their supports decayed, but the former positions of the supporting logs
are indicated by holes containing sand or decayed wood.
That the outlines of the ancient dwellings might not be lost, new logs were
substituted for these in their former holes.
Tbe discovery that the habitations of the ancient people of Casa Grande were
to all intents culturally the same as modern Pimas and Papagos is believed to
be an important contribution to the problem of the kinship of the former in-
habitants of the Casa Grande compounds. The objection has always been raised
to the theory that the Pimas were descendants of tbe inhabitants of Casa Grande,
that the former when discovered lived in small buildings like jacales. while
522 NATIONAL PARKS.
the latter, from what archaeology taught, dwelt in massive houses. Evidence
was unearthed at Casa Grande that the people of compound B had dwellings not
unlike the Indians of Pima stock who inhabited the Gila Valley at the advent
of the Spaniards.
The discovery of subterranean rooms in compound B is a novel and most
instructive one. These rooms were made by excavating a square or retangular
hole in the ground, plastering its sides for the walls and its bottom for a floor.
One of these rooms lies directly under the foundations of the east wall of the
compound a short distance from the northeast angle. This room has a smoothly
plastered floor in which is a fire hole. Evidently this subterranean room was
built, inhabited, and deserted before the wall of the compound above it was con-
structed. In order to preserve the evidence of subterranean rooms under walls
of the compound, supports were built below the wall and a roof was placed
above it to protect it from the rain. This roof is shown in Plate I near the
right-hand angle of the bird's-eye view of the compound.
On the west side of compound B, where the bounding wall is highest, a
row of shallow pits was discovered at a depth of 7 feet below the original
surface. From their appearance there can hardly be a doubt that the caleche
or clay used in the construction of the walls was mixed in these pits, and their
occurrence below the foundations of the west wall shows that it was constructed
after the remaining boundary of the compound.
The terraced form of the pyramids recalls that of the foundations of Mexican
temples, and is one of many indications of a southern relationship of the build-
ers of the desert cities of the Gila.
Wooden steps were conveniently placed at certain places, so that a visitor can
easily mount the pyramids and examine the various rooms. A bridge connecting
the top of the west wall of the compound and the neighboring refuse heap ena-
bles one to see the many ancient pits used for mixing concrete found along the
foundation of the west wall. Labels were placed at certain places to guide
visitors, and a large placard containing historical data was also posted for
their information.
The inhabitants of Casa Grande disposed of their dead in two ways — by
cremation and by inhumation in their rooms. Both methods of burial occur in
compound B. Skeletons of infants were found in rooms on top of the larger
pyramids, and bones of adults occurred under a few feet of soil at the southern
end of the compouud. In the level space between the extramural mound and
a few feet from the north wall of the compound there was brought 'uto view by
the spade a vase covered with a thin saucer or plate. This vessel was full of
calcined human bones, some of which were well enough preserved to enable one
to determine that they belonged to an adult.
Compound C lies due west of compound B, and is oriented in the same gen-
eral direction. It has a massive surrounding wall but no central temple or
citadel. Apparently the whole inclosure was occupied by perishable dwellings
of late construction.
To the east of compound B, about equidistant with compound C, where was
formerly a low mound on which grew scrubby greasewood bushes, there was
discovered a rectangular building, the central temple or citadel of compound
D. On excavation the mound resolved itself into a massive walled building not
unlike some of the buildings in compound A. On one of the highest walls black
paintings of human hands were still visible.
The most successful excavation and repair work of the winter was done on
the mounds which have been given the name " clan house A," situated 750 feet
east of compound A. When work began in this vicinity two large mounds were
visible among the mesquite trees, but there were no walls above ground.
The excavations at this point revealed the foundations and walls of a rec-
tangular building (PI. II) 113 feet long by 50 feet wide, containing 11 rooms,
a central plaza, and annex on the south side. This annex is composed of 2
rooms, one of which contained a tomb made of concrete placed on a raised
platform. In this receptacle were bones and mortuary offerings, indicating a
man of importance, possibly a chief priest. The adjacent walls were decorated
with colored figures representing birds. The main part of the building ex-
tended easl and west and contained 11 rooms, the same number that originally
existed in the historic building, Casa Grande. On the south side there were 5
rooms, on the north 4, and on the west 1. The most centrally placed room, which
had the highest walls, differs from all others in this particular: In the middle
there stood a high-backed seal made of concrete. It is suspected that this scat
was occupied by the chief* priest during ceremonies.
NATIONAL PARKS. 523
Fragments of a low wall were brought to light near this great building in
such positions that it is suspected that this was the citadel of another com-
pound, the boundary wall of which is yet to be traced.
The base of all walls, both inside and outside, of compound A and clan house
A were carefully protected with Portland cement and ditches were dug to
carry away the excess of water from their foundations.
A few hundred feet north of compound A is an oval depression surrounded
by a low bank which has been the cause of some speculation. Some archaeol-
ogists suppose this bank covered walls of a building, others that it is an
oval ruin with hidden rooms. The theory that it was a place for thrashing
wheat with horses has had advocates. The excavations of the past year show
that the bank is constructed of sand and is without walls, indicating that the
depression was a reservoir or well.
It w>as a custom of the Papagos and Pimas a generation ago, and even now
in the southern part of the Territory of Arizona, to roast mescal plants in
huge subterranean pits by means of stones heated in great fires. This custom
was not unknown at Casa Grande and several of these roasting places have
been excavated and labeled for the information of visitors.
The aim of all excavation and repair work at Casa Grande was to increase
the educational value of the ruin. It was the hope to make it more attractive
to visitors and at the same time to protect its walls for posterity.
Casa Grande in its present condition is a type ruin illustrating the archi-
tectural features of the great houses of the Gila and Salt River Valleys. By
an examination of the repaired structures one can get a good idea of the main
characteristics of the architecture prevalent in one of the great prehistoric
culture areas of the Southwest.
No appropriation for improvements or excavations was made for
the fiscal year 1909, but an estimate of appropriation in the sum of
$2,500 has been submitted to Congress, for the construction of a
building for custodian's quarters and the exhibition of archaeological
specimens, to cover the fiscal year 1910, expenditures thereof to be
under the supervision of the Secretary of the Interior.
MINNESOTA NATIONAL FOREST RESERVE IN MINNESOTA
The act of January 14, 1889 (25 Stat., 643), entitled "An act for
the relief and civilization of the Chippewa Indians of Minnesota "
provided for the sale of the lands ceded by the Indians as "pine
lands " and " agricultural lands " for the benefit of the Indians.
The act of June 27, 1902 (32 Stat., 400), amendatory of the act of
January 14, 1889, makes provision for the examination and classifi-
cation of the lands and for the sale of timber on the pine lands, in
connection with which are the following provisos :
That in cutting the timber on two hundred thousand acres of the pine lands,
to be selected as soon as practicable by the Forester of the Department of
Agriculture, with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, on the follow-
ing reservations, to wit, Chippewas of the Mississippi, Leech Lake, Cass Lake,
and Winnebigoshish, which said lands so selected shall be known and herein-
after described as " forestry lands," the purchaser shall be required to leave
standing five per centum of the pine timber thereon for the purpose of re-
forestation, as hereinafter provided, said five per centum to be selected and
reserved in such manner and under such rules and regulations as may be
prescribed by the Forester of the Department of Agriculture and approved by
the Secretary of the Interior: Provided further, That there shall be reserved
from sale or settlement the timber and land on the islands in Cass Lake and
in Leech Lake, and not less than one hundred and sixty acres at the extremity
of Sugar Point, on Leech Lake, and the peninsula known as Pine Point, on
which the new Leech Lake Agency is now located, which peninsula approxi-
mates seven thousand acres, and. in addition thereto ten sections in area on said
reservations last aforesaid, to be selected by the Forester of the Department
524 NATIONAL PARKS.
of Agriculture, with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, in lots not
less than three hundred and twenty acres each in contiguous areas, and noth-
ing herein contained shall interfere with the allotments to the Indians hereto-
fore and hereafter made. The islands in Cass and Leech lakes and the land
reserved at Sugar Point and Pine Point Peninsula shall remain as Indian
land under the control of the Department of the Interior.
After prescribing certain conditions to be imposed upon purchasers
of such timber, and laying down rules for scaling the timber cut, it
is provided as follows:
After the merchantable pine timber on any tract, subdivision, or lot shall
have been removed, such tract, subdivision, or lot shall, except on the forestry-
lands aforesaid, for the purposes of this act, be classed and treated as agri-
cultural lands, and shall be opened to homestead entry in accordance with the
provisions of this act : Provided, That on the forestry lands aforesaid, as soon
as the merchantable pine timber now thereon shall have been removed from
any tract, subdivision, or lot, as herein provided, such tract, subdivision, or lot
shall, without further act, resolution, or proclamation, forthwith become and
be part of a forest reserve, the same as though set apart by proclamation
of the President in accordance with the act of Congress approved March
third, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, and subsequent laws amending and
supplementing the same, and shall be managed and protected in accordance
with their provisions and the rules and regulations made and to be made
in furtherance thereof: And provided further, That on said forestry lands
aforesaid said pine timber shall be cut clean, except as to the five per centum
as hereinbefore provided, and removed under the supervision and direction
of the Forester of the Department of Agriculture, in accordance with rules
and regulations to be prescribed by him and approved by the Secretary of the
Interior, and the said Forester shall have power at all times to patrol and
protect said lands and forests, and to enforce all rules and regulations made
by him as aforesaid.
In July of 1903, the Department of Agriculture called attention
to the necessity for the patrol and protection of the ten sections of
land reserved from sale and expressed doubt as to which of the two
departments, Agriculture or Interior, had jurisdiction in the matter.
Subsequently it was determined that the Secretary of the Interior
was charged with administration and protection of said lands and
accordingly, under date of August 28, 1903, the Commissioner of
the General Land Office was advised as follows :
These lands were coded by the Indians charged with a trust for their own
benefit and, by the act of January 14, 1889, were to be disposed of for their
benefit pursuant to the terms of the cession. In so far as the amendatory act
of June 27, 1902, operates to divert either the lands or the timber thereon from
the uses contemplated by the agreement of cession, it must receive a strict
construction, as being in derogation of the express dedication of the lands to
a specific trust. These ten sections are not a part of or classed with the two
hundred thousnnd acres of land specifically designated to constitute a forest
reserve. There is no declaration or provision bringing them within the de-
scriptive phrase "forestry lands," used in the act. They are a part of "the
timber and land" which are "reserved from sale or settlement." It is not
specified that they " shall remain as Indian land under the control of the
Department of the Interior," as is done in respect to the islands in Cass and
Leech lakes and the tracts at Sugar Point and Pine Point, but, as pointed out,
they are not within the forest reserve provision of the act, and no other dis-
posal of them is made or direction given for their care or protection. The
mere reservation of those lands from sale for an indefinite period and for an
undeclared purpose does not take them out of the class of Indian trust lands,
nor does it transfer the care and control of them from this department.
Neither the manner of their selection, which is to be "with the approval of
the Secretary of the Interior," nor any other provision of law relating to these
lands can be construed as implying an intention to remove them from the con-
trol of this department. The jurisdiction over these lands remains where it
was before their reservation from sale or settlement.
NATIONAL PARKS. 525
If it be deemed necessary that special precaution be taken for the protection
of these lands you will consider the matter and submit a plan with a draft of
rules and regulations, if that be necessary. If upon consideration your office is
of opinion that additional legislation is needed, you will so report with recom-
mendation as to the form of such legislation.
You submit a further question, not referred to by the Forester of the Agri-
cultural Department, as to jurisdiction over the " forestry lands " after they
shall have become a part of the forest reserve. As soon as the timber is
removed from any tract of these lands that tract becomes at once a part of the
forest reserve, the same as though set apart by proclamation of the President
under the act of March 3, 1891 (26 Stat., 1095, 1103), and subsequent laws
amending and supplementing the same, "and shall be managed and protected in
accordance with their provision, and the rules and regulations made and to be
made in furtherance thereof." Forest reserves set apart under said act are
under the jurisdiction of and managed and protected under rules and regula-
tions prescribed by this department. This provision clearly devolves the man-
agement and protection of tracts that become a part of a forest reserve upon
this department. Immediately following that is a further proviso which pre-
scribes that the timber on the forestry lands shall be cut and removed under
the supervision and direction of the Forester of the Department of Agriculture
" in accordance with rules and regulations to be prescribed by him and approved
by the Secretary of the Interior, and the said Forester shall have power at all
times to patrol and protect said lands and forests, and to enforce all rules and
regulations made by him as aforesaid." The rules and regulations the Forester
is thus authorized to enforce are those relating to the removal of timber from
said land which are subject to approval by the Secretary of the Interior, and
the whole tenor of this proviso shows that it was intended to relate to the time
during which the timber is being cut and removed and that it was not intended
to interfere with the preceding proviso, placing said lands in a forest reserve
subject to the control of this department. This conclusion is further supported
by a subsequent paragraph of said act which provides for the appointment by
the Secretary of the Interior of a superintendent and assistants and defines
their duties as follows:
" Whose duties shall be to supervise the cutting and scaling of the timber
sold under the provisions of this act and to see that the rules and regulations
prescribed by the Forester and the Secretary of the Interior are complied with,
and generally to perform such services in and about the sale of the pine timber
on said lands, and the cutting of the same therefrom, and the care and pro-
tection of all timber on said lands, as may be required of them by said Forester
and said Secretary."
After a careful consideration of the various provisions of the law in ques-
tion, the department is of opinion that the duly of managing and protect-
ing these forestry lands after they shall have become a part of a forest reserve
rests with this department. Whatever is to be done by the Forester of the
Department of Agriculture in respect to the timber on these lands, both as to
the cutting and removal thereof and as to the care and preservation of that
left standing for the purpose of reforestation, is to be done in cooperation with
this department and with the approval thereof.
Mr. Henry Page, custodian of the Minnesota National Forest Re-
serve, or the " Ten Sections National Forest," Minnesota, as it is other-
wise known, submits the following report of operations during the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1908:
Number fires covering more than one acre 5
Number fires covering less than one acre 12
Total number fires 17
Estimated number of acres burned over 170
Total expenses incurred for assistance in extinguishing forest fires on
the Ten Sections National Forest $20. 00
In addition to this, much valuable assistance was given in extinguishing fires
above enumerated by the available forces under the supervision of William O'Neil,
superintendent of logging, and Supervisor G. E. Marshall, of the Forest Service.
There were also many fires put out just as they had started to burn by forest-
526 NATIONAL PARKS.
service patrol along the Great Northern Railway right of way between Cass
Lake and Cuba, not enumerated above.
Under authority of the act of June 21, 1906 (34 Stat., 351), bids were called
for covering the sale of all merchantable down pine timber and firewood on the
" Ten Sections." No bids were received for the firewood. Bids were received
for the merchantable down timber as follows, viz:
(1) Burlington Lumber Company, $9.20 per M for white pine, $8.20 per M for
nory pine. Bid was for all merchantable down timber on the " Ten Sec-
tions." Certified check for $3,445.62.
(2) H. R. King, $6 per M for white pine, $6 per M for nory pine. Bid was for
all merchantable down timber on the " Ten Sections." Certified check
for $2,466.60.
(3) J. Neils Lumber Company, $9.10 per M for white pine, $9.10 per M for
nory pine. Bid was for all merchantable down timber on the " Ten Sec-
tions." Certified check, $3,741.01.
The bid of the J. Neils Lumber Company was accepted, and on January 20,
1908, said company, through its contractor, George Cochran, commenced logging
operations on said purchase, and operations are still in progress, but will be
completed before the expiration of the contract, which allows until September
1, 1908, in which to complete the cutting and removal of the down timber. One
scaler has been employed on this work since January 23, 1908, at a salary of
$90 per month and his actual necessary traveling expenses. In addition to scal-
ing, he has been required to remain with the sawyers to see that no green tim-
ber was cut.
There has been cut and scaled on this purchase, to June 30, 1908 :
Feet
White pine 522, 390
Nory pine 2, 630, 840
Total 3, 153, 230
Average number logs to the thousand feet, 12.9+.
Total value of timber to June 30, 1908, was $28,694.42, of which all has been
paid in, except the scale bill for June, 1908, amounting to $3,806.71, which
amount is not due until August 14, 1908.
The salary of scaler employed, January 23, 1908, to June 30, 1908, amounts
to $390, with no traveling expenses so far as reported to me.
Owing to the fact that stubs and rampikes were not included in the estimate
of the down timber on the " Ten Sections," also to the fact that the purchaser
contracted the cutting and delivery of this timber at a stipulated price per
log, instead of per thousand, the usual way of letting contracts, which brings
in every piece of timber with 10 feet or more of merchantable timber in it, a
considerable portion of which would not be considered merchantable timber
by any lumberman, there will be quite a large overrun. The contract as let
by Mr. Neils has resulted in the removal of a large quantity of stuff which would
not have been removed if under a contract by the thousand feet, and has
helped materially in cleaning up the land. In order to get the logs out to the
lake or railroad, it was necessary to brush out roads, and it is now possible,
as a result, to travel with a horse and buggy on every subdivision included
in the Ten Sections National Forest, except two, as far as the work has pro-
gressed up to this time.
The work so far has been done in a satisfactory and creditable manner by
the contractor, and I believe he is endeavoring to live up to all the provisions
of his contract.
By the act of March 3, 1908, entitled "An act amending the act of
January 14, 1889, and acts amendatory thereof, and for other pur-
poses," the land embraced in the Ten Sections National Forest, above
mentioned, was made a part of a national forest in Minnesota, estab-
lished by said act, and the supervision thereof transferred to the
Secretary of Agriculture.
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF HOT
SPRINGS RESERVATION.
527
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF HOT SPRINGS
RESERVATION.
Office of the Superintendent,
Hot Springs, Arlc., October 1, 1908.
Sir: I submit herewith the following report for the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1908, being the second since I assumed charge of the
Hot Springs Reservation, and the thirty-first annual report since the
reservation was established. It gives me great pleasure to advise
you that the past year has been a prosperous one, and that the finan-
cial disturbances throughout the country have had no appreciable
effect in decreasing the number of visitors who came here for the
curative properties of the hot waters, but on the contrary, the
attendance exceeded all previous records.
GENERAL STATEMENT.
Close attention has been given during the year to keeping the
mountain roads on the reservation in good condition, and several
hundred loads of cement gravel were used for the purpose. A num-
ber of severe storms, accompanied by high winds, occurred during the
spring months, destroying many large trees and causing landslides
on Hot Springs Mountain, which filled up the gutters, obstructed the
roads, and caused washouts. To prevent a recurrence of this in the
future, authority was obtained to construct retaining walls, where
most needed, on the upper sides of roads on this mountain. In two
months' time the regular reservation force, with some additional help,
built stone retaining walls 1,676 feet in length, averaging 44 feet
high, 2 feet thick, pointed up and finished with cement. All the
stone used was obtained on the mountain, and the total cost of this
work was $495. The space back of the wall was filled in with leaves
and earth, honeysuckle and other vines planted, and what had been
a rough bank of clay and dirt, destitute of grass, was changed into
a green background restful to the eye. Following the construction
of these walls the slope above was thoroughly cleaned of loose stones
and underbrush, and the dead leaves raked off to protect the young
pines in case of forest fires. All the dead and down timber on Hot
Springs, North and West mountains was cut into firewood and up-
ward of 100 cords were hauled and stacked on the reservation near
the government free bath house for use during the coming winter.
The underbrush was also cleared off and burned as a precautionary
measure against fire.
After familiarizing myself with the details of affairs on the reser-
vation, I became satisfied that good administration required some
changes in the policy which hitherto had been pursued in the manage-
ment thereof. Among other matters I found that the Government
529
r,S920— int 1008— vol 1 34
530 HOT SPEINGS KESERVATION.
had invested, upon the recommendation of my predecessor, about
$1,000 for installing a pump and motor to pump water to the free bath
house and was spending about $200 a year for motor power. While
the Government was put to this expense a number of bath houses on
the reservation and three off the reservation, as well as one hotel, were
being supplied with water by gravity. The act of March 3, 1891, pro-
vides that the Army and Navy Hospital, the free bath house, and the
bath houses authorized shall be supplied with hot water in the order
named. My construction of this law was that Congress intended that
the free bath house should be supplied with water before any bath
house or hotel, and that supplying bath houses off the reservation
with water by gravity, and necessitating the purchase by the Govern-
ment of a pump and motor and payment of $200 a year for power for
the free bath house, was not in accordance with the spirit of the law.
I found there would be no practical difficulty in furnishing the free
bath house with all the water needed by gravity direct from the
springs (about 45,000 gallons daily), and this I proceeded to do at a
very slight expense by relaying some of the water pipes. The pump-
ing was then discontinued. In making this change one hotel off the
reservation was required to pump water for its bath house instead of
receiving it by gravity, and two bath houses on the reservation were
required to pump water for their cooling tanks, which were situated
too high to receive water by gravity from the reservoir supplying
their hot water for bathing.
An additional cooling tank, with a capacity of 14,600 gallons was
built on the grounds of the free bath house. At a small expense this
tank was connected by piping with the office building and also with
the water main along the reservation in front of the bath houses, and
the city water disconnected. All the cold water now used on the reser-
vation, in the official residence and grounds, the office building, the
free bath house, the government barns, and for watering the lawns,
shrubbery, and flower beds is drawn from the cooling tanks constructed
during the past year. With nearly 500,000 gallons of hot water run-
ning to waste daily it was not deemed good administration for the
Government to pay a local water company 30 cents a thousand
gallons for cold water, when by the construction of two cooling tanks
at a cost not exceeding $300, an unlimited supply of cold water would
be available at all times for use on the reservation.
THE FOUNTAIN STREET COLD SPRING.
The cold-water spring on Fountain street is the only one of its
kind in the central part of the city where cold water can be had free,
and during the busy season and in the summer many thousands of
gallons are carried away in gallon bottles and pails for family use.
Finding that the supply at times was running low I had the spring,
which is on the north side of Hot Springs Mountain, opened up, the
walls extended and cemented and the bottom deepened, with the
result that the flow has more than doubled, necessitating larger tiling
in the pavilion to hold the water. The increased supply has been
such as to meet all demands, which have become very heavy. The
spring is very popular and much resorted to by visitors, many of
whom make use of one of the two footpaths leading from it to the
mountain roads above. During the year these footpaths were made
HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION. 531
over with cement gravel and the grade rendered easier by putting in
several places a number of dressed stone steps 8 feet long, about 30
in all being used. The walks were protected from washouts by
cement gutters and catch basins were put in below and connected
with tile pipe to carry off the surface water. A substantial stone
and cement wall, 150 feet long, 4 J feet high, was also built on the
side of one of the paths which borders on the residence grounds,
where the grade is very heavy.
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES FOR FISCAL YEAR 1908."
RECEIPTS.
Balances, June 30, 1907:
In Treasury $6, 989. 36
In hands of chief disbursing clerk of department 380. 70
In hands of superintendent and special disbursing agent,
Hot Springs Reservation 50. 22
Repayment into Treasury .81
Total balance $7, 421. 09
Receipts:
Water rents for fiscal year 24, 240. 00
Ground rents for fiscal year 3, 850. 00
Total receipts 28, 090. 00
Grand total 35, 511. 09
EXPENDITURES.
Di-^ursements:
Salaries for fiscal year $14, 872. 00
Incidentals, repairs and miscellaneous sup-
plies 4, 017. 19
Expended by special disbursing agent $18, 889. 19
Expended by the department 2, 103. 22
Paid on Auditor's certificates by the Treasury 16. 37
Total expenditures- $21, 008. 78
Balances, June 30, 1908:
In Treasury 13, 963. 80
In hands of chief disbursing clerk of department 477. 4S
In hands of superintendent and special disbursing agent,
Hot Springs Reservation 61. 03
Available balance Hot Springs fund, July 1, 1908 14, 502. 31
Grand total 35, 511. 09
The number of baths given by the various bath houses and the
government free bath house during the year, was as follows:
Total number of paid baths 697, 449
Total number of complimentary baths 16, 405
Total number of baths at free bath house 184, 150
Grand total 898, 004
The above totals exceeded those for 1907 by 31,094, 2,224 and
21,430 baths, respectively.
a A pamphlet entitled " Laws' and Regulations relating to the Hot Springs Reserva-
tion," compiled in the department, gives a statement of all appropriations and revenues
of this reservation, from March 3, 1877, to December 31, 1907.
532
HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION.
BATH HOUSES.
The following table shows the amount of business done by each
bath house during the year, the number of tickets sold, the number
of baths given, and the total receipts after deducting the amount
paid for tickets redeemed. The total net receipts amounted to
$197,235.70, an increase over the previous year of $1,367.80. The
amount paid to bath attendants under the rates fixed by the depart-
ment, which came from the bathers and is not included in the
purchase price of bath tickets, is given in a separate table.
Business of bath houses, fiscal year ended June 30, 1908.
Arlington
Eastman o
Park&
Alhambra
Lamar
Magnesia
Horseshoe
Hale
Imperial
Palace
Ozark
Maurice
Majestic
Rockafellow
Rammelsberg
Hot Springs
Superior
St. Joseph's Infirmary
"Waverly
Rector
Ozark Sanitorium
Great Northern
Moody
Crystal
Total
,107
338
265
,667
,120
,562
.368
,200
,195
,075
,575
,567
,339
,340
,862
656
798
584
860
544
165
469
735
267
952
119
167
1,099
1,195
574
994
792
665
1,032
2,121
962
389
778
1,274
371
341
176
512
343
19
344
406
415
158
405
781
28
27,718 16,040 11,384
7,640
871
528
1,500
926
530
721
3,162
571
858
1,595
324
685
757
3,135
822
233
240
70S
1,199
145
1,510
747
939
30,346
41,667
9,159
7,763
47,497
37,187
39,172
39,389
36,282
32,216
54,753
99,905
63,851
32,694
36.677
59; 092
18,308
20.461
14.264
23,888
16,053
3,790
14,939
20,242
10,696
779,945
3.893
990
1,185
6,337
4,376
4, 162
2,366
2,819
2,989
7,286
9,335
8,954
5.014
2.794
6.335
1,837
1,863
360
2,931
1,791
327
1.836
2,116
600
37,774
8,169
6,578
41,160
32,811
35,010
37,023
33*, 463
29,227
47,467
90,570
54,897
27.6S0
33.883
52,757
16,471
18,598
13.904
20.957
14 262
3,463
13,103
18,126
10,096
82,496 ,697,449
ft .
£3
616
325
1,679
2,036
366
726
519
599
1,324
1,265
139
726
128
1,216
477
435
1.148
'695
687
105
923
144
127
11,946.50
495. 50
592. 75
1,584.25
1,531.85
1,040.50
473. 20
986. 70
1,195.60
1.821.70
1,867.00
3,134.00
1,754.90
838. 40
950. 25
643. 05
558. 90
108. 15
879. 55
627. 15
98.20
642.70
846. 65
150.10
16,405 24,767.55 197,235.70
$18,303.50
3 901.50
2,671.35
9,886.50
11,137.90
8. 364.90
7,335.25
11,292.00
11,038.45
11,413.30
17,152.00
18,439.30
9,253.60
9.800.55
7.789.50
5,330.15
5,350.00
4,004.65
6,073.75
4,834.35
996.30
4,363.50
6,016.15
2,487.25
« Two months, ten days only.
b Two months, twenty days only.
BATH RATES AND ATTENDANTS' FEES.
Although the year has been a prosperous one, as evidenced by the
statement of the income received, certain bath houses, as soon as the
bathing season began to decline, started to "cut" the maximum
rates established by the department to be charged for baths, in order
to compete for the custom of the lower-priced nouses. This did not
extend to all the higher and better class of bath houses, but it was
sufficient to demoralize prices, and caused sharp criticism. This
policy, I am glad to say, was not indulged in by any of the bath
houses off the reservation, but was confined entirely to the houses on
the reservation, which realize large profits and enjoy privileges not
accorded to the others. The cut prices prevail during the dull sea-
son, but as soon as the tide of visitors comes the prices go up again.
In order- to effectually stop the practice, I recommend that when a
bath house cuts the maximum rate established by the department,
HOT SPEINGS RESERVATION.
533
that the new rate be made the maximum rate for said bath house.
This will prevent a return to the higher rate when the busy season
advances and put the bath house among the lower-priced houses
whose business they seek to share only during the quiet season. If
the Government is powerless to establish and maintain minimum as
well as maximum rates, it can at least absolutely control the maximum
price to be charged, and when the higher-priced houses realize that if
they cut prices in quiet times to take away the business legitimately
belonging to the moderate-priced houses, which maintain the same
rates throughout the year, they will have to abide by the reduced
rate thereafter and not be allowed to return to the higher prices
with the advent of increased business, the practice of cutting rates
will come to a sudden end.
I submit herewith a table of the bath rates now in force. A few
changes will be recommended later to the department.
Table of maximum rates for course of 21 baths and for single baths.
Name of bath house.
Arlington
Alhambra
Majestic
Eastman
Great Northern
Hale
Horseshoe
Hot Springs. ..
Imperial
Lamar
Magnesia
Maurice
Twenty-
Single
one
baths.
bath.
$10. 00
$0. 50
5. 00
.30
7.00
.40
10.00
.50
7.00
.40
7.00
.40
5.00
.30
7.00
.40
8.00
.45
7.00
.40
5.00
.30
7.00
.40
Name of bath house.
Twenty-
one
baths.
O zark $4. 00
Ozark Sanitorium 6. 00
Park 10.00
Palace : ; 7. 00
Rockafellow 6. 00
Rammelsberg 3. 00
Superior 6. 00
St. Joseph's Infirmary j 6. 00
Waverly 6. 00
Mood v 1 8. 00
Crystal (colored) ; 5.00
Rector j 7. 00
Single
bath.
SO. 25
.35
.50
.40
.35
.20
.35
.35
.35
.45
.30
.40
The Secretary of the Interior also fixes the rate charged by the
attendants, which is $3 per course of 21 baths, or 15 cents for a single
bath in all bath houses, regardless of their rate. There are employed
in the 24 bath houses 102 male attendants, 51 male helpers, 45 female
attendants, and 13 female helpers, a total of 211. The fees paid to
such attendants for the past fiscal year are embodied in the following
table :
Attendants1 fees during fiscal year.
Bath houses.
Gross
amount
received.
Amount
returned
by
redemp-
tion bal n
tickets.
Net
amount
received.
Arlington
Eastman
$0,075.00
1,322.65
1,124.20
6, 874. 50
5, 409. 90
5,626.50
5, 703. 15
5,262.30
4, (.(18. 15
7,901.70
14,449.50
9, 192. 00
4, 703. 25
$573. 95
148. 05
177. 75
9.50. 55
656. 40
624. 30
283. 80
422. 85
448. 35
780. 60
1,400.25
1,343.10
752.10
$5, 501. 05
1, 174. 00
946. 45
5,923.95
4,753.50
5,002.20
5, 419. 35
4,839.45
4,219.80
7,121.10
13,049.25
7,849.50
3,951.15
Park.
Alhambra
Lamar
Magnesia
Hale.. .
Imperial
Palace
Ozark
Maurice.. .
Bath, houses.
Gross
amount
received.
Rockafellow
Rammelsberg
Hot Springs
Superior
St. Joseph's Iiif'y.-
Waverly
Rector
Ozark Sanitorium.
Great Northern...
Moodv
Crystal
Total
$5,300.55
8, 582. 40
2,647.80
2,949.45
2,052.00
3,454.20
2, 326. 35
545. 25
2, 170. 50
2,926.05
1,564. 35
112,832.30 11
Amount 1
returned Net
redT^ Sved
tionbath r<
tickets.
$419. 10
950. 2n
275. 55
279. 45
54.00
439. 65
49.05
275. 40
317. 40
90. 00
$4,881.45
7,632.15
2,670.00
1,998.00
3,014.55
2,057.70
496. 20
1.S95. 10
2,608.65
1 , 47 t 35
15 100,851.15
534
HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION.
WATER RENTS.
My recommendation of last year for an increase in the water rates
from $30 to $60 per tub a year, and of the ground rent of the Arling-
ton Hotel from $2,500 to $5,000 per annum having received the
approval of the Secretary of the Interior, the same was put in effect
January 1, 1908, and made applicable under the law to leases of
13 bath houses as of that date, and to 2 more leases later this year.
During 1909, 5 additional bath houses will come within the operation
of the law, leaving 4 which can not be required to pay the increased
rate until 1910-11 under the terms of their leases.
An examination of the tables which follow, giving the amounts
paid the Government for water, and the income received by the bath
nouses both on and off the reservation during the year, show an in-
crease in the net earnings per tub over last year in a majority of the
houses where the water rents were advanced. It will be observed
from the table relating to bath houses on the reservation that the
general average net earnings is $390.63 per tub; $9.05 per tub in
excess of last year.
One bath house which last year realized $718 per tub, fell off this
year to $716, while another one which last year showed net earnings
of $552, this year shows $625, an increase of $73 per tub.
The tables showing the business done fully justify the advance in
rates for the water supplied, and demonstrate that the bath houses,
at least those well managed, continue to make very large profits on
the amount of capital invested.
Rental paid for water and income received by bath houses on Hot Springs Reservation,
year ended June 30, 1908.
Bath houses.
Arlington
Imperial
Lamar
Horseshoe
Maurice
Magnesia
Palace
Ozark
Rammelsbcrg
Superior
Hale
Total
ADDITIONAL WATER SUPPLIED
Arlington Hotel
No.
tubs.
293
23
Tubbage
paid.
6 $1,575
6 1,125
6 1,800
900
6 1, 080
900
6 1,035
780
540
6 720
6 1,170
11,625
6 1,035
Net
receipts.
•$18,303.50
11, 038. 45
11,137.90
7,335.25
18,439.30
8,364.90
11,413.30
17,152.00
7,789.50
5, 350. 00
11,292.00
127,616.10
Gross
earnings
per tub.
! $522. 95
441.53
278.45
244. 50
768. 30
278. 96
496. 23
659. 69
432. 75
334. 37
434. 61
in
Net
earnings
per tub. a
d $472. 10
418.35
229. 99
210. 40
712. 30
244. 73
444. 99
625.78
397.62
261. 68
383. 00
(/)
Assessed
valuation.
$10, 000
8,000
6,500
6,000
8,000
6,000
7,000
5,000
4,500
6,000
8,000
75,000
Yearly-
taxes.
$205. 00
164. 00
133. 25
123. 00
164. 00
123. 00
143. 50
102. 50
92.25
123. 00
164.00
1, 537. 50
a The tubbage and taxes have been deducted.
6 Tubbage rates increased during fiscal year.
c Includes receipts from additional tubs in Arlington Hotel.
d Earnings figured on basis of bath house tubbage only.
« Total general average gross earnings per tub, $435. 55.
/ Total general average net earnings per tub, $390. 63.
The following table gives detailed information concerning the
bath houses off the reservation. This does not show the amount of
taxes paid, for the reason that nearly all the bath houses are con-
nected with hotels or have apartments to let and the assessment
covers both hotels and bath nouses, and are not separated on the
assessors' books.
HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION
535
Rental paid for water and income received by bath houses off Hot Springs Reservation,
year ended June 30, 1908.
Bath houses.
E astman c
Park e
Alhambra
Majestic
Rockafcllow
Hot Springs
St. Joseph's Infirmary
Waverly
Rector
Ozark Sanitorium
Great Northern
Moody
Crystal
Total
ADDITIONAL WATER SUPPLIED
Eastman Hotel h
Park Hotel h
Moody Hotel h
Ozark Sanitorium h
St. Joseph's Infirmary h
Horse Pool
Total
Number
tubs.
Tubbage ! Net
paid. \ receipts, a
d $1,800
d 1,800
720
d900
540
d720
240
<*750
360
dlSO
f*855
360
540
S3, 901. 50
2,671.35
9,886.50
9,253.60
9,800.55
5,330.15
4,004.65
6,073.75
4,834.35
996. 30
4,363.50
6,016.15
2,487.25
Gross
earnings
per tub.&
Gross
earnings
less tub-
bage.b
897. 52
66.78
411.93
462.68
544.47 |
333.13
500.57 i
303.68 I
402.86
249.07 I
229.65
501.34
155.45 I
251
9,765 69,619.60 | (/)
$52. 52
21.83
381. 93
417.68
514. 47
265. 63
470. 57
266. 18
372. 86
204. 07
184. 60
471.34
125. 45
W
i?A
1 1
d 1,080 '
5
d225 !
?,
60
6
d270
2
60
i?,
120
41
1,815 ! !
1
a Includes receipts from additional tubbage allowed.
b Earnings figured on basis of bath house tubbage only.
c Open two months ten days.
d Tubbage rates increased during fiscal year.
e Open two months twenty days.
/ Total general average gross earnings per tub, $283.67.
g Total general average gross earnings, less tubbage, $240. 62.
A Used in private bathrooms.
i Including extra water sufficient to supply 1 tub, authorized by Department letter of Jan. 13, 1891.
j Water sufficient to supply 2 tubs.
GROUND LEASES TO BATH HOUSES.
I again call to the attention of the department the injustice of the
lease system, which permits the owners of bath houses on the reser-
vation to occupy land on the reservation front worth not far from a
million dollars, without paying ground rent for the use of the same,
and to renew my former recommendation that you bring this matter
to the attention of Congress with a recommendation that the act of
March 3, 1891, be amended, so as to confer authority on the Secretary
to require the lessees of bath houses on the reservation to pay a rental
for the ground occupied, based on a fair rate- of interest on the value
of the same.
The bath houses have enjoyed long leases and all the benefits of
the money spent by the Government to improve and beautify the
reservation so as to make it attractive to the visitors, without addi-
tional outla}^" on their part. During the past ten years the total re-
ceipts of the bath houses about doubled, and they have received unu-
sually large returns on the amount of capital invested.
The 11 reservation bath houses have great advantage over those
off the reservation in securing business, on account of their close prox-
imity to the hot springs, which causes many persons to believe that
the water is consequently more efficacious than those some distance
away, a fallacy long ago exploded, as the hot water is delivered at all
the bath houses off the reservation 30° to 35° hotter than can be
536 HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION.
used for bathing. I have heretofore given my reasons why I believe
it is only fair and equitable to the Government, which has to stand
all the expense of maintaining and protecting the springs and the
entire reservation, that the bath houses as a whole, which realize
large profits annually, should pay a fair rate for the use of the land
they now occupy. I have not the slightest doubt if the present leases
could be vacated and re-let b}^ competition for a tenure of years,
requiring the persons acquiring them to pay the full value for the
buildings and replace the same with modern buildings, the Govern-
ment could derive an annual income five times greater than that
now received.
All the bath houses now having the use of the hot water should
stand on the same level, and no advantage shown to any one. This
can only be accomplished by a modification of the existing law so as
to permit the department to require the payment of ground rent by
the lessees on the reservation.
THE GOVERNMENT FREE RATH HOUSE.
The attention of the department was directed in my last annual
report to the fact that the government free bath house is far below
the standard, that the inside arrangement of the house is very faulty,
that some of the cooling rooms have no direct outside light or ventila-
tion and are insanitaiy. I desire to renew my former recommen-
dation that this condition be remedied.
The main building was constructed in 1890, but various additions
were made in 1891, 1893, 1898, and 1899. In 1902 Congress appro-
priated $25,000 for remodeling and enlarging the building, but the
money was mainly used in constructing and fitting up two wings to
the old building, the same being completed in 1904. The work was
done by contract, and the results show that poor materials were used,
and that the Government did not get a fair equivalent for its money.
The plastering on the walls disintegrated and will have to be replaced,
the woodwork decayed, hundreds of feet of iron pipe were embedded
in cinders under cement floors and rusted out, necessitating a change
in the system and the installing of new pipe; the asbestos roof and
tin gutters were of such poor material that they also have rotted and
rusted out, causing bad leaks, and a new roof will be required. The
building as it stands is not creditable to the Government, requiring
constant repairs, and lacking in sanitary features. With an annual
expenditure, however, of a few hundred dollars the building can be
maintained in a fair condition for a few years longer, but as soon as
sufficient funds are available from the revenues of the reservation
and can be spared, a new modern bath-house building should bo
erected and fully equipped in all respects with the latest bathing
appliances, to meet the needs of the thousands of poor, helpless, and
diseased persons who avail themselves of the act of Congress providing
for " maintenance of free baths for the invalid poor of the United
States," and come here seeking restoration to health.
A number of much needed improvements were made during the
year under the authority of the department, which have not only
increased the bathing facilities but, what is more important, made
it more potent for curing many cases and greatly benefiting hundreds
of other affected persons who came here and availed themselves
of the law permitting the free use of the hot waters. My recom-
mendation of last year for the installation of " pools" in place of indi-
HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION.
537
vidual tubs having received the approval of the department, which
recommendation was based upon the observation and opinions of
leading doctors, who for many years had an opportunity of carefully
studying the results of both the pool and tub systems, 10 pools
were installed during the year, 6 in the white men's, 1 in the colored
men's, 2 in the white women's, and 1 in the colored women's depart-
ment. These pools replaced 32 tubs and the change was made with-
out interrupting bathing, except to curtail the bathing hours two and
a half hours each day. The changes and construction of the pools
were made by the regular employees on the reservation force, who
cheerfully worked nights in order to hasten the completion of the
same. Twenty-four tubs were retained for individual cases. The
installation of the pools was immediately followed by a marked in-
crease in the number of bathers. During the first seven months of
the year, when tubs only were used, the average number bathed
daily was 424, but during the last five months when the pools were
in use the daily average increased to 618. The change has fully
doubled the bathing facilities of the house, and it is now practicable
to bathe 900 daily without overtaxing its capacity.
The following is the record of the free bath house during the
year. About one-tenth of the males bathed were veterans of the
civil war:
Applications for free baths 6, 224
Tickets issued on original application 8, 103
Applications refused '. 436
Tickets reissued on original application „ 3, 491
White males , 4, 245
White females 751
Colored males 1, 455
Colored females *. 740
Total number of baths given during the year 184, 150
Average number bathed daily during the first seven months 424
Average number bathed daily during last five months. 618
LEASES.
The different individuals and corporations now holding leases for
hot-water privileges from the government reservation, also ground
leases, together with the date and expiration of said leases, are given
in the folio wins: table :
Name of bath house, etc.
Lessee.
Tubs.
Date of lease.
Expiration
of lease.
Alhambra
Alhambra Bath House Co
24
Feb. 28.1894
Feb. 27,1914
Arlington
Majestic '
Ozark Sanitorium
Arlington Hotel Co
3.3 Mar. 3, 1892
20 Tan. 1.1 903
Mar. 2, 1912
Avenue Hotel Co
Dec. 31,1912
Ozark Sanitorium Co. a
4
40
19
26
30
16
25
40
30
24
26
23
40
12
18
8
16
20
Sept. 16.1905
Nov. 26,1892
May 25,1897
Jan. 1, 1893
Jan. 1,1895
Jan. 1, 1903
Jan. 1, 1902
Jan. 1, 1897
Jan. 1,1895
Jan. 1,1807
Jan. 1, 1904
Jan. 1,1907
May 12,1892
Apr. 16.1904
July 1,1901
Feb. 1, 1904
Sept. 15, 1896
Mar. 24,1893
Sept. 15,1907
Mar 11,1912
May 14,1912
Eastman
Great Northern
Hale
Horse Shoe
Hot Springs
Imperial
Lamar
Magnesia
Maurice
Ozark
Palace
New York Hotel Co
Roots <t Eastman a
Dec. 31,1907
D. Fellows Piatt
Doc. 31,1909
C. H. V. and G. M. Smith
Dec. 31,1912
Chas. N. Rix and Marv E. Barns a
M. C. Tombler and G. II. Bucks taff. . . .
Chas. B. Piatt
Dec. 31,1906
Pec. 31,1916
Dee. 31,1909
Dec. 31,1916
P. P. Sorrells and F. B. Latta
Dec. 31,1913
Dec. ;
Park
Rector
Rockafellow
St. Joseph's Infirmary
Superior
Waverly
Park Hotel Co
May 11,1912
Elias W. Rector
Apr. 15,1914
Time 30, 1916
Mahala J. Rockafellow
Sister Scholastica
Jan. 31,1914
Robert Proctor and R. A. Simpson a. .
New Waverly Hotel Co
Sept. 14, 1906
Mar. 23,1913
a Tenants holding over.
538
HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION.
Name of bath house, etc.
Lessee.
Rammelsberg.
Gilbert E. Hogaboom, Aaron II. and
Milo R. Buckstaff, Sinclair Main-
lands
Moody Nicholas M. Moody
Crystal Colored Knights of Pythias
Horse Pool Simon Cooper
Eastman Hotelc j New York Hotel Co
Park Hotelc j Park Hotel Co
Moody Hotel c Nicholas M Moody
O^ark Sanitorium c Ozark Sanitorium Co. a
St. Joseph's Infirmary c Sister Scholastica
^unngKeote,.c.:::::::::) -^1^^ note, co
Ground lease ; Hot Springs Mountain Observatory
I Co.
Tubs.
Date of lease.
Dec. 31,1906
July 1, 1900
Aug. 1, 1903
Jan. 7, 1908
May 12,1892
do
July 1, 1900
Sept. 16, 1905
Feb. 1, 1904
■Mar. 3, 1892
Oct. 16,1903
Expiration
of lease.
Dec. 31,1908
June 30,1910
July 31,1913
Oct. 29,1912
May 11,1912
Do.
June 30,1910
Sept. 15, 1907
Jan. 31,1914
Mar. 2, 1912
Aug. 31,1913
a Tenants holding over.
b Water sufficient to supply 2 tubs.
c Water used in private bath rooms.
d Including extra water sufficient to supply 1 tub; authorized by department letter of Jan. 13, 1891.
The total tubbage of the various houses, including the Eastman,
Arlington, Park, and Moody hotels, Ozark Sanitorium, and St. Joseph's
Infirmary, under the act of April 12, 1904, was 608 on June 30, 1908.
Keduced tubbage authorized from July 1 for the Great Northern,
Lamar, and Crystal bath houses makes the present total 594 tubs.
HOT SPRINGS MOUNTAIN OBSERVATORY.
The steel observation tower on the summit of Hot Springs Moun-
tain, which was constructed on the one acre of ground leased under
date of October 16, 1903, to the Hot Springs Mountain Observatory
Company, in accordance with plans approved by the Secretary of the
Interior, has been fairly welt patronized by visitors during the past
year, but has not realized that degree of prosperity justified by the
investment made. The tower is well constructed and affords a mag-
nificent view of the surrounding mountains and valleys wTithin a radius
of from 30 to 40 miles. *An admission fee of 25 cents is charged for
the ascension, the rate being fixed by the Government. During the
past year 14,418 persons were carried to the top of the observatory.
The gross receipts from July 1, 1907, to June 30, 1908, were $3,604.50,
and the total expenses $1,892.97, making the net earnings $1,711.53,
an increase over the previous year of $165.15.
NEW RULES AND REGULATIONS.
The revision of the rules and regulations issued by the Secretary of
the Interior on February 1, 1908, was much needed and has enabled
me to effectually stop many abuses that had been practiced by the
bath houses and the employees, and to check a disposition on their
part to ignore some of the rules altogether. The new rule forbidding
the employment of any person to act as a mercury rubber or masseur at
bath houses without the approval of the superintendent has had an
excellent effect and it is now possible to prevent, in a large degree,
that which could not be done before — the practice of impositions on
bathing patients.
One bath house has developed quite a business which, strictly
speaking, is not connected with the bathing system for which its lease
was granted. It has a masseur for the massage department, a mer-
cury rubbing department, a chiropodist and manicurist, a bootblack
department, and an arrangement with an outside tailor for pressing
HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION. 539
clothes while the patient is taking his bath. All these bring in quite
an income to the bath house annually, amounting, I am advised, to
some thousands of dollars. I believe that a new rule should be added
to the regulations, requiring all bath houses employing masseurs,
mercury rubbers, or persons to give electrical treatment, from which
an income is derived, to state in the monthly bath house report to the
superintendent the amount of money received from such extra source.
The department should know just how much money each bath house
receives under its lease, whether from baths or other sources not con-
templated when the leases were originally granted, and if it becomes
apparent that the latter is an important factor in the profits of the
house, the department can then determine whether further action is
necessary.
A number of complaints have reached me from registered physi-
cians that masseurs in certain bath houses have gone to the extent of
prescribing medicinally for bathers and treating them the same as if
they were physicians, and requesting me to take cognizance of such
actions. Inasmuch, however, as no evidence was adduced other than
oral statements, the persons treated declining to subscribe to a written
statement of the facts on the ground that it would bring them into
public notice and subject them to much annoyance, I did not feel
justified in taking any action, although believing the charges to be
true, but I indicated that prompt measures would be taken to remove
any masseur from the reservation for such practices, when satisfactory
written evidence was submitted. I feel sure that certain employees
of this class are disregarding the rules and that in time the proof will
be forthcoming.
THE DRUMMING EVIL.
While substantial gain has been made since the last annual report
in suppressing the drumming evil and many lawbreakers have been
forced out of business, it still exists in a marked degree, and despite
the warning notices distributed to visitors on all the trains coming
to this city and the efforts of the Visitors' Protective League and my-
self many visitors have fallen into the hands of drummers, have been
taken to drumming doctors, and fleeced of their money. I felt it to be
my duty to afford every protection possible to those coming here to
take the baths and have not hesitated to cause arrests and to prose-
cute violators of the law. Some of the drumming doctors whose ar-
rests I caused were convicted and fined, and others escaped convic-
tion by refunding the money paid by patients, and then inducing
them to leave the city before the trial was had. As a rule druminers
and drumming doctors are not much disturbed over municipal prose-
cution, but don't want to be prosecuted by a government ollicer.
They have a wholesome fear, born of experience, of being compelled
to account to the Government for violating the law. The Garland
County Medical Society and the Visitors' Protective League have been
untiring in their efforts, and spent money freely, to eliminate this
evil. Substantial results have ensued, but there are discouraging
features connected with local political conditions which will have to
be met and overcome before the situation clears itself. The st ate and
local laws afford ample protection to the visitor if carried out, but the
votes of the drumming element are a great factor in local and county
elections, and this has played an important part when endeavoring
to secure convictions.
540 HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION.
GOVERNMENT LOTS.
The Government still retains title to 169 lots in the city of Hot
Springs. Many of these are not advantageously located for residen-
tial purposes and will not command a price justifying any sale until
a large percentage of the vacant lots now owned by private individ-
uals have been built upon and a demand arises for additional ground.
Many of the Government lots have been rendered valueless for build-
ing purposes by the action of past city administrations in giving
leases to contractors to quarry for whetstone in streets deeded to the
city by the government, and this has been carried on to such an ex-
tent that at some places unsold government lots now front on a street
which has been excavated from 20 to 30 feet below the grade, render-
ing its use impossible and access to said lots from the street imprac-
ticable. I am not aware whether this matter was ever brought to the
attention of the department by my predecessors with a recommenda-
tion, so that steps could be taken to stop such action on the part of
the city and test its legal right to grant or make such leases, but if not
I believe it should have been done. About 15 per cent of the unsold
government lots are well situated and a number very valuable.
These would command a ready sale, but not at prices commensurate
with their actual value.
In my judgment no further sale of lots ought to be made for several
years, nor until practically all of the vacant private lots in the vicinity
are built upon and property gets a fixed value.
Appendix A, prepared in the office of the Secretary of the Interior,
shows all lots remaining unsold or undisposed of at the date of this
report, the title to which is in the United States, together with the
appraisals thereof by the Hot Springs Commission, and under the
supervision of the department in 1891, 1895, and 1904.
Appendix B, prepared in the department, shows the manner of
disposal and status of all lots laid out by the Hot Springs Commission,
or subsequently.
CONCLUSION.
The federal medical board has rendered valuable service to the
Government during the past year, having examined a large number
of applicants who desired to establish themselves here and prescribe
the use of the hot waters, many of whom were found devoid of proper
medical knowledge. A good many of those who failed remained
here and became street fakers, seeking to sell cure-all medicine at $1
a bottle from a platform wagon on the streets, upon which two colored
banjo and song men would attract an audience by their songs and
playing.
There has been no change since the date of my last report in the
status of claims instituted under the provisions of the sundry civil
act of March 3, 1901 (31 Stat., 1188), for the value of buildings
formerly located on the Hot Springs Mountain Reservation, which
were condemned by the Hot Springs Commission, and destroyed by
fire on the night of March 5, 1877, before said commission had issued
certificates therefor.
Ycry respectfully, W. Scott Smith,
Superintendent.
The Secretary of the Interior.
APPENDIXES.
APPENDIX A.
Schedule of appraisements of unsold lots on Hot Springs Reservation. a
10..
16..
16..
16..
17..
17..
17..
18..
18..
21..
21..
34..
34..
34..
34..
37..
49..
49..
49..
49..
70..
70..
72..
92..
92..
99..
100.
102.
114.
114.
114.
114.
114.
114.
114.
114.
114.
114.
114.
114.
115.
115.
115.
115.
115.
Block No.
Lot
No.
Area in
square feet.
10
5
3
4 i
5 i
6
7
80,000
(e)
35, 400
24,800
46, 700
52,600
67, 400
60,500
37,200
30,000
21,700
21,700
15,000
14,200
99, 400
67,000
61,000
47,200
61,200
43,200
107,500
11,950
12, 350
10,960
19, 560
5,170
5,170
37, 770
26, 400
26,250
27, 554
20,400
56,020
18, 400
No
areas
given
1904
appraisal.
39,300
30, 600
31,750
25, 750
43,000
Appraisals.
$25. 00 $500. 00 $375. 00
35. 00 750. 00 500. 00
45. 00 800. 00 500. 00
25. 00 400. 00 300. 00
35. 00 400 00 300 00
50. 00 500. 00 450. 00
45. 00 500. 00 400. 00
45. 00 600. 00 400. 00
25. 00 250. 00 175. 00
60. 00 500. 00 425. 00
60. 00 500. 00 375. 00
70. 00 700. 00 500. 00
50. 00 250. 00 200. 00
70. 00 200. 00 100. 00
50. 00 400. 00 250. 00
60. 00 400. 00 400. 00
65. 00 500. 00 350. 00
35. 00 400. 00 250. 00
45. 00 400. 00 200. 00
45. 00 400. 00 300. 00
35. 00 100. 00 75. 00
45. 00 750. 00 500. 00
45.00 750.00 400.00
35. 00 700. 00 450. 00
40. 00 800. 00 600. 00
60. 00 600. 00 400. 00
60. 00 600. 00 400. 00
95. 00 800. 00 600. 00
45.00 700.00 1,250.00
45.00 700.00 1,250.00
45. 00 700. 00 800. 00
35. 00 700. 00 700. 00
50.00 1,000.00 1,000.00
50.00 1,200.00 1,000.00
By sec. 19, act of Mar. 3, 1877, a
tract not exceeding 5 acres was
to be laid out by Hot Springs
Commission (this was block 114,
3.62 acres, as platted ) ,and granted
to county of Garland for county
buildings. Act of Mar. 22, 1904,
provided for reconveyance this
block to Government iiiexchange
for lots 1,2, 9, and 10, block 94.
The block subdivided into 12 lots
after reconveyance in 1904, and
appraised after general appraisal
list had been fded and approved.
M895.
50. 00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,500.00
800. 00
1,200.00
1,250.00
1,250.00
1,500.00
650.00
1,200.00
61904.
$500. 00
800.00
COO. 00
400.00
400. 00
500. 00
500. 00
600. 00
300.00
500. 00
500. 00
700. 00
250. 00
200. 00
500. 00
500.00
450. 00
300. 00
400. 00
400. 00
200. 00
600. 00
500.00
800. 00
800. 00
600. 00
600. 00
900. 00
1,500.00
1,500.00
1,000.00
900. 00
1,200.00
1,500.00
2, 500. 00
2,200.00
2,000.00
1.600.00
1,200.00
1,400.00
600. 00
500.00
700. 00
700.00
700.00
1,000.00
1.500.00
1 . 250. 00
1.. 500. 00
1,000.00
1,500.00
oTotal of 169 lots, including 3 lots selected for Barry Hospital, in block 115, and title retained by United
States, unsold in 1908.
b No sales took place under these appraisals.
<• Area not given on appraisal lists.
d January 16, 1907, department authorized occupancy portion lot by city for fire-house purposes pending
legislation or sale.
« Selections, Barry Hospital (see act of June 21, 1894). Title retained by United States.
541
542 HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION.
Schedule of appraisements of unsold lots on Hot Springs Reservation — Continued.
Block No.
117.
118.
118.
120.
120.
120.
121.
122.
122.
123.
130.
130.
138.
138.
138.
138.
138.
138.
139.
140.
144.
144.
145.
149.
150.
150.
159.
100.
163.
163.
103.
164.
104.
105.
105.
105.
105.
105.
165.
166.
166.
100.
100.
108.
168.
169.
169.
169.
169.
169.
170.
170.
172.
172.
172.
172.
172.
173.
173.
175.
175.
175.
175.
175.
175.
175.
175.
176.
178.
178.
179.
179.
179.
Lot
No.
Area in
square feet.
51,280
102,700
70,500
102,300
09, 450
02,340
07,500
62, 400
48,700
09,300
32,000
57,900
8,670
35, 580
25,170
25,420
28,200
13,875
01,700
23, 400
52, 710
37,850
65,379
21,360
55, 040
53,070
71, 100
70, 150
40, 750
32,000
40, 750
59, 100
50, 250
40, 700
51,020
08, 100
82, 220
48, 430
43,320
64, 510
81,050
68,320
71,200
57,010
42,030
75, 000
55, 840
50, 770
49,000
48,870
51,070
54,750
95, 900
47,800
74,870
80, 470
98, 280
83, 310
91,350
03, 875
80, 220
50, 030
43, 270
84, 730
83,250
98, 350
49,510
119,170
102, 300
71,190
22, 000
68,970
53, 730
52,000
82, 800
Appraisals.
Hot
Springs
Com-
$70.00
100. 00
75.00
50.00
30.00
30.00
50.00
40.00
40.00
50.00
40.00
80.00
15.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
30.00
35.00
25.00
40.00
30.00
35.00
20.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
25.00
25.00
20.00
25.00
25.00
35.00
40.00
25.00
25.00
35.00
40.00
35.00
35.00
25.00
20.00
30.00
25.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
50. 00
35.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
25. 00
25.00
25.00
30.00
20. 00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
25.00
25. 00
25. 00
35.00
25. 00
no.no
30. 00
35.00
1891.
$800.00
600.00
400.00
300.00
300.00
300. 00
700.00
500.00
500.00
1,000.00
150.00
200.00
175.00
100.00
200.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
150. 00
200.00
300.00
300. 00
150.00
200.00
300.00
250.00
300.00
250.00
300.00
200.00
300.00
150.00
150.00
100. 00
100.00
150.00
150.00
125.00
125.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
75.00
150.00
150. 00
150. 00
330. 00
250. 00
250. 00
250. 00
250.00
150. 00
250. 00
200. 00
1.50. 00
150. 00
75.00
100. 00
100. 00
100. 00
50.00
50. 00
100. 00
100. 00
125. 00
50.00
125. 00
175.00
150. 00
500. 00
250. 00
150.00
150.00
175. 00
1895.
(a)
o*i
(a)
$125.00
125.00
125.00
400.00
200.00
200.00
800.00
150.00
200.00
100.00
100.00
150.00
150.00
200.00
300.00
150.00
125.00
175.00
175.00
125. 00
150.00
200.00
150.00
300.00
200.00
150.00
100.00
150.00
100.00
100. 00
100.00
100. 00
125. 00
125.00
100.00
125.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
75.00
100.00
100. 00
100. 00
250.00
150.00
150. 00
150. 00
150.00
100. 00
175. 00
150. 00
100. 00
150. 00
75.00
75.00
75.00
125.00
125. 00
100. 00
75.00
75.00
75.00
50. 00
75.00
100.00
150.00
350. 00
175.00
100.00
100.00
100. 00
« Erroneously omitted from L895 and 1904 appraisals.
HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION. 543
Schedule of appraisements of unsold lots on Hot Springs Reservation — Continued.
Lot
No.
Area in
square feet.
Appraisals.
Block No.
Hot
Springs
Com-
mission.
1891. 1895.
1904.
179
9
10
1
12
6
7
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1
2
3
4
5
6
3
4
5
9
10
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
52,450
58,530
77,500
17,745
56,630
66, 700
29, 620
35, 750
36,030
48, 170
48,750
46,520
49,000
49,080
41,760
49,870
34,000
68, 400
68, 400
59,250
41,400
36, 600
66, 650
121,260
49, 230
33,000
42,800
29,220
51,920
28, 420
30,000
23, 100
21, 900
21,450
23, 100
16,650
16, 650
$15. 00
15.00
15.00
15.00
25.00
25.00
30.00
30.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20. 00
20.00
25.00
40.00
25.00
25.00
20,00
20.00
40.00
25.00
30.00
20.00
20.00
25.00
15.00
100. 00
300. 00
300. 00
300. 00
300. 00
300. 00
300. 00
300. 00
100. 00
$75.00 $100.00
100.00 (a)
150.00 1 100.00
50.00 | 50.00
100.00 ! 150.00
100.00 i 150.00
150.00 200.00
$100.00
179 ..
(a)
200.00
183 .
183
100. (X)
187
250.00
187
200.00
188
300. 00
188
150.00
100.00
100. 00
100. 00
100. 00
100. 00
100. 00
100. 00
100.00
500.00
150.00
150. 00
150.00
250.00
500.00
300. 00
300. 00
175. 00
100. 00
150.00
130. 00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
200. 00
125. 00
125. 00
100.00
100. 00
100.00
100.00
100. 00
150.00
375. 00
150.00
150.00
150.00
200. 00
375. 00
250.00
250.00
125.00
75.00
100. 00
100.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
350.00
350.00
250. 00
250.00
250. (X)
188
200.00
188
150.00
188
150. (X)
188
150.00
188
200.00
188
200.00
188 .
200.00
188...
300.00
189 .
700.00
189
200.00
189
150.00
189 .
150. 00
189
250.00
189
700.00
190
350.00
190
350.00
191
200. 00
193
75.00
193
100.00
193
100. OO
194 .
250.00
194 .
250.00
194 .
250.00
194 .
250.00
194
250.00
194
250.00
194
250.00
194
250.00
194
250.00
ABANDONED MILITARY RESERVATIONS
94
94
94
04
94
26, 550
29,930
34, 300
c 106 x 232
c 106 x 235
c 106 x 268
$50. 00
65.00
65. 00
95.00
85.00
85.00
$1,500.00
1,500.00
1, 500. 00
d.40
d.35
d.35
$1,500.00
1,250.00
1,000.00
d.35
d.30
d.30
$1,250.00
1,250.00
1,250.00
e 3, 500. 00
e 3, 000. 00
e 3, 000. 00
a Erroneously omitted from appraisals, and lot 11, sold in 1892, appraised instead.
b All of block 94 reserved for military post by President's order of November 17, 1880; relinquished to Sec-
retary of Interior August 15, 1890, for disposal under act of July 5, 1884 (23 Stat., 103). View taken by
department that manner of disposal should be governed by Hot Springs Act of 1891. Lots 1, 2, 9, and 10
disposed of by legislation.
c Front depth.
d Per front foot.
e Per lot.
APPENDIX B.
Schedule showing status of lots platted on the Hot Springs Reservation, Ark.a
Total
number
lots plat-
ted.
Titles ac-
quired under
commis-
sion's awards.
Auction sales.
Disposed
of by
special
legisla-
tion.
Unsold,
1908.
Block Nos.
1882.
1884.
1892.
1
8
7
11
13
9
15
11
9
4
8
10
8
3
8
5
8
18
17
4
16
7
3
3
7
2
23
5
4
8
4
8
5
6
10
4
4
9
10
10
8
8
3
5
6
6
4
10
10
17
10
11
8
13
11
15
Lot Nos.
4
1-7
1-11
1-9, 11-13
1-5, 7-9
1,2,4-10,12-
15
2,4-6,8,9
1,5,6
Lot Nos.
5
Lot Nos.
2,3,6
Lot Nos.
7,8
Lot Nos.
Lot Nos.
1
2
3
4
10
6
3
3,7,11
2,9
2
2,3,7
1,6,8
5
6
11
10
3,8
1,3
4,8
7
7
1
8
4,7
4
9
10
6
2-5,9,10
1-8
1-3
1
1
5
11
12
13
14
3,6,8
1,4
1,3,6
1,8
1,8,9
2,4,7
5
2,3,5
15
16
4,5
9,11,16
4,6,10
2,7,8
17
4, 12-14
2,3,5-7,10
3,5,7,11-16
15, 17, 18
18
2,17
19
1-4
3-16
4-7
1-3
1-3
1-7
1,2
1-20, 22, 23
1,2,5
1-4
2-8
1-4
1-8
1-5
1-6
3-6
1-4
3,4
3-5
1-10
1-10
1-8
1,3-8
1-3
1-5
1-3,6
1-6
1,2
5-8
5-8
9-13
1-10
1-11
1-8
2-13
1-11
1-15
20
1,2
21..
3
1,2
22
23...
24...
25...
26
21
27
3,4
28
29
1
30
1
31
32...
33 . .
34...
2,10
1,7-9
35
36...
1
1,8
2
2,7,9
6
38 ..
39
:::::::;::::
40
2
42
43
44
5
4
45
46
4
3,10
1,4
1,7,16
3
4,9
3,9
2,3,17
47
1,2
2
4,8
48
M0
49
5,6,14,15
50
51
52
r
53
1
54
55
I
a Compiled from records of department and General Land OfTieo in 1908.
i> Designated in ISSI for schools of Hot Springs, under sec. 5, act of June 16, 1880. Act of April 30, 1908,
granted title in fee.
544
HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION. 545
Schedule showing status of lots platted on the Hot Springs Reservation, Ark. — Cont'd.
Total
number
lots plat-
ted.
Titles ac-
quired under
commis-
sion's awards.
Auction sales.
Disposed
of by
special
legisla-
tion.
Unsold,
1908.
Block Nos.
1882.
1884.
1892.
56
9
21
13
10
9
8
13
13
16
7
7
21
20
19
19
14
11
9
10
17
14
32
17
11
9
10
1
7
6
13
20
14
15
53
9
12
19
12
10
8
11
8
13
14
10
11
6
6
7
12
13
10
15
10
13
9
11
Lot Nos.
1-9
1-21
1-13
1-10
1-8
1, 2, 4-8
6-13
1-8, 10-13
2-11,13,14
1-7
1-7
1-21
1-20
1-19
6-9, 11, 14-19
1-5,14
7-10
2-9
1-16
1-17
1-14
1-32
1-15, 17
1-11
1-9
1-10
1
1-7
1-6
1-13
1-20
1-14
1-15
1-52
1-9
1-8,10-12
1-2,17-19
Lot Nos.
Lot Nos.
Lot Nos.
Lot Nos.
Lot Nos.
57
58
59
60
9
3
1,3,5
9
1,15
61
62
2,4
63
64
12,16
65
66
67
68
69
70
12,13
11,12
5
1,2,5,10
6-8, 13
3,4,6
3,4
71
9,10
72
a 1,6 2
11
73
1
74
75
76
78...
cl6
80 .
82. .
84
85
88
87
83
d53
90
91
9
5,9,10
1,12
92
3,4,14
2,5,10
6-8,11,15,
16
3,4,6,7,9,
11
12,13
93
«8
A, 2, 9, 10
94/
3-8
95
1-8
1-11
1-8
1-13
1,2,13,14
96
97
98
99
6,11
2,7
2,9
3,6
4, 5, 10
3,4,9
3
1,2
3,7,12
1,5,6,8
7,8,10,11
8,9
100
10
101
1,4-6
102
Q\
5
1-6
1-3,5-7
1-12
1-13
1-8,10
1-12,14.15
1-5
1-13
1-9
1-11
104
4
105
106
107
9
13
6,8,10
103
109
7,9
110
Ill
112
a Act of July 14, 1892, granted to city for school purposes. Title passed.
b Designated in 1881 for schools of Hot Springs, under sec. 5, act of June 16, 18S0. Act of April o0, 190S,
granted title in fee.
c Formerly cemetery lot. Sec. 4, act of June 16, 1880, granted to city for park purposes upon removal of
burying ground. Act of February 10, 1900, amended said section, providing for relinquishment of described
tract in this lot to the Government and the reservation of same for the public (post-office) building pro-
vided for by act of March 2, 18^9, the title to remainder of lot thereupon to pass to city for park, build ng,
auditorium, or other public purposes. City of Hot Springs reconveyed des"ribed portion of lot 16 by
ordinance of March 2, 1900, and state legislature vested jurisdiction in United States over sites acquired
for public (federal) buildings by act approved February 12, 1901. Title to be cleared up.
d Act of June 22, 1892, made th:s a part of permanent reservation.
« Designated in 1881 for schools of Hot Springs, under sec. 5, act of June 16, 1880. Act of August 9,
1894, granted title in fee.
/ Block 94 reserved for military post by President's orderof November 17, 18S0; relinquished to Secretary
of Interior August 15,1890. These 4 lots authorized to be exchanged upon tha rer.nquishmeut of block 114
granted by act ofl877 to county of Garland for county buildings. Title to be perfected.
g Act of August 11 , 1894, granted to Henry James for $900. Payment made and title passed.
5S!)20— int 1908— vol 1
-35
546 HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION.
Schedule showing status of lots platted on the Hot Springs Reservation, Ark. — Cont'd.
Total
number
lots plat-
ted.
Titles ac-
quired under
commis-
sion's awards.
Auction sales.
Disposed
of by-
special
legisla-
tion.
Unsold,
1908.
Block Nos.
1882.
1884.
1892.
113
a6
612
9
6
3
4
2
4
3
4
4
6
13
19
16
32
12
13
12
17
6
3
29
22
25
24
14
34
4
19
10
24
13
14
3
15
13
15
17
11
3
11
14
17
14
9
8
8
10
10
11
8
9
6
4
7
8
11
5
13
Lot Nos.
3-5
Lot Nos.
2
Lot Nos.
1
Lot Nos.
Lot Nos.
«6
Lot Nos.
1146
1-12
115
1,7
1,4
2,9
2,3
c4-6
3,8
116
5,6
2,3
117
1
118
1
4
2
2,3
119
1
120
2
3
2
1
1,3,4
2
121
1
122
1
2
3,4
3
123
4
124
1-6
1-13
1-19
1-10
1-32
1-12
1-13
1-12
1-17
1-6
1-3
1-7,13-17,19
20, 22-29
1, 2, 5-15, 21
22
1-10,12,14,15
17-25
1-6,8,23,24
1-3,13,14
1-12,15,16,19
20,26-28
1-4
1-14
1-10
1-9, 13-24
1,13
1-4,11-14
1-3
1-15
3-10
1-5,9,13-15
1-9, 12-17
1-11
1-3
1-11
1-14
1-6,11-13,15
16
1,4,7-12,14
1-9
2,3
1-6
1-10
1-5,9,10
1,2,9-11
6-8
125
126
127
14-16
13
dll,12
128...
129
130
131:
132
133
134
135
10,21
18
8,9
3,4
11,13,16
7,19,20
4,5,12
13,14,21
22-24
11,12
16,20
«18
136
17,19
137
138
11,16
6,11
25,34
10,12,14
7-9
17,18,29-32
«21
9,13,15,17
139
18,22
10
140
33
141
142
17
15,16
18,19
143
144
10
7,12
5,7
11,12
145
2,10
6,10
4-6,8,9,11
9
3
146
«8
147
148
149 ..
13
7
1,2
6,8
11
10-12
10,11
12
150 ..
151 .
152 ..
153 .
154 .
155
156
7,17
2,5,6,13
8,14
9,10
157
3
158
159...
6
4,5,7,8
7
1
160
8
161
162. . .
8
3,8
1,2
1
6,7
163 ..
5
3
2,7
4,6,7
164
4,5
165 ..
3-6,8,9
166
1,6
1-3
2-5
167
4
4
168 ..
3
5
1,2,6,7
169
1,5,6
10,11
2-4,7,8
170 .
2,7
8,9
1,4,6
1-5
5,7,12,13
3,5
172
1,2
3,4
6,8-11
a Lot 6 not platted by commission, but cut out of No. 1. Act of June 16, 1880 (sec. 5), granted to Baptist
Church of Hot Springs. Title passed.
b Designated under sec. 19, act of Mar. 3, 1877, granting to county of Garland for county building. Act of
Mar. 22, 1904, provided for reconveyance to Government in exchange for 4 lots in block 94. Block 114
subdivided in 1904 after reconveyance.
c Designated under act of June 21, 1894, for occupancy by Barry Hospital. Title retained by United
States. This adds 3 lots to total shown as unsold.
<i Act of July 8, 1882, authorized sale of both lots to Woman's Christian Nat. library Assn. at assessed
valuation. 1'avment made and title passed.
e Designated' in 1881 for schools of Hot Springs, under sec. 5, act of June 16, 1880. Act of Apr. 30, 1908,
granted title in fee.
HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION. 547
Schedule showing status of lots platted on the Hot Springs Reservation, Ark. — Cont'd.
Total
Titles ac-
quired under
commis-
sion's awards.
Auction sales.
Disposed
of oy
special
legisla-
tion.
Unsold.
1908.
Block Nos.
ted.
1882.
1884.
1892.
173
4
8
10
7
16
11
14
5
8
20
12
7
10
6
7
15
6
4
5
7
18
9
7
9
Lot Nos.
Lot Nos.
Lot Nos.
Lot Nos.
1,2
2,4-8
8,10
3,4,6
5-13
7,8,10
11,12
Lot Nos.
Lot Nos.
3,4
174
1,3
175
1-7,9
176
j
2,7
5
177
1-4, 14-16
1,2,4-6,11
1-5,13,14
1-5
1-7
1-20
2,6,8,9
2,3,5
1-10
1-6
1
1-3,15
178
3,9
6-10
179
180
181
8
182
183
7,10,11
4,6,7
1,12
184
1
185
186
187
2-5
6
6,7
188
4,5,7-14
189
1-6
190
1,2
1-3
1-6
5,7,8
3,4
191
4
7
1-4,6,12-18
5
192
193
9-11
1-9
195
1-7
1-9
Total
2,135
1,529
101
149
170
20
al66
a Lots 4, 5, and 6, block 115, designated for occupancy by Barry Hospital, the title of which is
retained by United States, make a total of 169 unsold lots.
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